Simulation of two-phase plume field of liquid thruster

When the liquid propellant thruster works,its plume field would contain many propellant liquid droplets,especially at pulse state.Liquid droplets may move along with the gas flow and deposit on the components of spacecraft as contamination.The simulation of the plume field involving the gas molecules and liquid droplets is an important part in contamination studies of thruster plume.Based on the PWS software developed by Beihang University(BUAA),axial-symmetric two-phase direct simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC) method is used with the liquid droplet taken as a kind of solid particle.The computation of gas-to-particle effect and gas reflection on the particle surface are decoupled.The inter-particle collision is also considered.The gas parameters at nozzle exit of 120N engine after 20 ms pulse work are taken as the entrance condition of the numerical simulation.Four test cases are conducted for comparison of different collision modules.Simulation results show that the effects of liquid propellant droplets mainly concentrate near the axis line of engine.The particle-to-gas collision would cause evident differences in the gas field and subtle differences in the particle phase.The liquid droplets in the plume field are generally accelerated and convected by the gas molecules.The DSMC method is proved to be a feasible solver to numerically simulate the two-phase flow involving solid phase and rarefied gas flow.

Experimental Study on the Effects of Magnetic Field Configuration near the Channel Exit on the Plume Divergence of Hall Thrusters

Experimental investigations into the effects of the magnetic field configuration near the channel exit on the plume of Hall thrusters were conducted. The magnetic field configuration near the channel exit is characterized by the inclination angle between the magnetic field lines and the thruster radial direction. Different inclination angles were obtained by varying the current ratio in the coils. The plume divergence angles were measured by a dual-directed probe. The results showed that the plume divergence angle increased obviously with the increase in the magnitude of the inclination angle near the channel exit. Therefore, in order to optimize the magnetic field for reducing plume divergence, the magnitude of the inclination angle should be reduced as much as possible. It suggests that the magnetic field configuration near the channel exit is another important factor that affects plume divergence.

Measurements and Visualization of the Fluid Field of the Plume from an Animal Housing Ventilation Fan

Various dispersion models have been developed to simulate the fate and transport of air emissions from animal housing systems to meet the increasing need for knowledge in this area. However, the accuracy of the models may be challenged due to the unknown plume rise and plume shape. This paper reports a combination of theoretical and field study of the plum rise and shape of air flow from a ventilation fan commonly used in mechanically ventilated animal houses. The theoretical modeling of the plume shape was conducted using a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package named FloEFD;the field measurements of the plume field was conducted using five 3D ultrasonic anemometers to simultaneously measure the air flow in the plume at various locations (four heights and five downwind distances). The TECPLOT package was used to visualize the plume flow field based upon anemometer measurements. While the plume shapes were found to be left-shifted by the CFD model and TECPLOT visualization, the magnitudes of the 3D wind velocities from field measurement were found to be significantly larger than those from CFD model. The plume field measurements indicated that the plume of a 0.6 m (24-inch) ventilation fan had a depth about 9 m, a width about ±6 m, and a rise (lifting) beyond the highest measurement point, 4.88 m (16 ft).

Odour Impact Determination of a Communal Toilet: Field Measurement with Panellists Using Dynamic Plume Method and Dispersion Modelling

In this study, downwind odour concentrations from a communal toilet facility were measured by trained human receptors using the plume method over a 10 day period from mid-May to mid-June 2015 over an approximate downwind area of 1000 m2 (about 800 m long and 30 m). Source emission measurements and extensive meteorological data were collected along with the field odor concentration measurements. Modelling of the measurement events at specific receptor locations using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was compared to field odor measurements at the same locations. The study also showed how subjectivity in the use of the human nose in measuring odour strength could be reduced by selecting odour inspectors using the “Standard Procedure for Testing Individual Odour Sensitivity”. Also an odour dispersion model using the US EPA SCREEN3 model was built and simulated and the output of the simulated model compared with the measured data. A paired t-test, t(5) = -1.29, p = 0.902 (p > 0.05), showed that there was no statistically significant difference between simulated model output and measured data, hence the possible of using odour dispersion models improved operation of a communal toilet in relation to odour impact.

A data processing method for MAPR hydrothermal plume turbidity data and its application in the Precious Stone Mountain hydrothermal field

Hydrothermal plume is an important constituent of seabed hydrothermal circulation and is also one of the characteristics of active hydrothermal vents. Portable Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders （MAPR） attached to a towed deep-sea instrument was used to search for hydrothermal plumes and hydrothermal vents. We introduced the basic principle of MAPR based on deep towing technology to detect plumes, then analyzed the factors affecting the quality of the MAPR data and presented a data correction method for MAPR, including instrument location correction, noise reduction processing, system error elimination and seawater background reduction. Finally we applied the method to analyze MAPR data obtained during the Chinese DY115-21 cruise on R/VDayang Iin the “Precious Stone Mountain” hydrothermal field on the Gala-pagos Microplate. The results provided a better understanding of the distribution of the hydrothermal activ-ity in this field, indicating the presence of a new hydrothermal vent.

低功率平面型霍尔推力器的工作特性研究

为了解决低功率霍尔推力器存在的寿命问题,本文设计了一种平面型霍尔推力器。该推力器取消了内部放电通道,前壁和阳极在同一平面,电离和加速过程完全发生在推力器外部的开放空间中。推力器在0.6~1.0 mg/s的氙气流量下,实现稳定放电。本文实验研究了不同运行参数下推力器的阳极电流特性、推力特性和羽流束流特性。结果表明,阳极电流的振荡频谱主要集中在20~60 kHz,与常规霍尔推力器的呼吸振荡频率范围相似。在62~245 W的功率下,推力为3.2~10.5 mN,阳极效率为8%~22%。推力水平与同功率等级的传统霍尔推力器相当,而阳极效率偏低。利用法拉第探针获得离子的束流特性,结果表明:较低的羽流发散效率是造成目前推力器阳极效率偏低的主要因素。结合实验结果,分析了平面型霍尔推力器与传统霍尔推力器在离子加速方面的差异。本文设计的平面型霍尔推力器为解决霍尔推力器的壁面侵蚀问题提出了一种可能的方案。

冷却塔热羽对核电厂周围流动与扩散影响的数值模拟研究

以某核电厂为研究对象,利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了自然通风冷却塔对核电厂周围气流流动与污染物扩散的影响,并与风洞实验结果进行了比对,以验证模式有效性。结果表明:冷却塔背风侧,在近尾流区风速显著减小,湍流强度显著增大。冷却塔位于烟囱下风向时热羽排放对烟囱污染物扩散的影响较大,污染物通过冷却塔自然卷吸,出现二次排放现象,有热羽排放时的地面轴线扩散因子在1000 m前小于无热羽排放的。

基于滑移流模型的真空容器内羽流流场数值仿真

预示真空容器内羽流的力、热分布规律是制定大型真空羽流试验方案、提升试验环境模拟有效性的关键前提之一。针对“嫦娥七号”飞跃器点火试验,利用考虑H_(2)O与CO_(2)吸附的滑移流计算流体力学(CFD)方法,对真空容器内羽流流场压力、温度及气体组分时空分布的初期变化进行了仿真计算。结果表明,流场整体温度与H_(2)O组分质量分数均随时间推移呈急剧上升后平稳下降趋势,而压力则随时间推移呈波动上升趋势。基于该结论提出了试验优化建议。该方法为真空容器内羽流流场仿真提供了新思路,可为后续相关试验方案设计提供支撑。

船舶湿法脱硫排气白色烟羽治理技术

基于温湿图切线模型,采用直接加热法、空气加热混合法和冷凝法对温度为20~30℃、相对湿度为80%的船舶烟气进行消白设计。经湿法脱硫后,对于温度为30℃的烟气,用空气加热混合法所需的临界温升为直接加热法的49%,且空气加热混合法工艺较简单,经济性更好。针对某船舶主机设计空气加热混合法除白烟方案,加装混合器后,烟气和空气混合更均匀。CFD计算结果显示,在当量比为7.6%的理想空气条件下,混合器可使换热效果从4%提升至62%;当量比为13.7%时经济性较好,换热效果可达90%。

Application Study of Trajectory Plume Model in Atmospheric Environmental Impact Assessment

[ Objective] The research aimed to study application of the trajectory plume model in atmospheric environmental impact assessment. [ Method] Trajectory plume model was used to retrospectively evaluate regional atmospheric improvement degree by fuel gas desulfurization project in Mawan Power Plant of Shenzhen. On this basis, we analyzed applicability of the model in atmospheric prediction of the construction project. [- Re- sult~ Under the situation of complex flow field and variable weather condition, the trajectory plume model displayed good prediction accuracy, to- gether with the use of flow field diagnosis model. Under complex weather condition, this model could be complementary to atmospheric environmen- tal quality prediction model recommended by new atmosphere guidelines, which had the value of popularization in future atmospheric environmental evaluation and planning. [ Conduslon~ Trajectory plume model had broad application potential in atmospheric environmental impact assessment.

Combined effects of ambient gas pressures and magnetic field on laser plasma expansion dynamics

In this work,we investigated the influence of air gas pressures on the expansion features of nanosecond laser ablated aluminum plasma in the absence and presence of a nonuniform magnetic field using fast photography.A particular emphasis was given to the plume dynamics（shape,size） with the combined effects of ambient gas pressures and an external magnetic field.Free expansion,sharpening effect,and hemi-spherical structures of the aluminum plasma were observed without a magnetic field under different gas pressures.Analysis of the resulting plume images with the combined effects of air gas pressures and a magnetic field show significant changes,such as plume splitting,elliptical geometry changes,radial expansion,and plume confinement.Furthermore,the total size of the plasma plume with a magnetic field was measured to be smaller than the plasma plume without a magnetic field at several background pressures.

Characteristics of Upper Mantle Activity in the South China Sea Region and the Indochina Mantle Plume

Abstract According to computed results of the mantle traction field beneath the lithosphere based on satellite-modelled gravity anomalies of different degrees, it has been revealed that the three types of mantle convection on different scales existing in the South China Sea region is the key factor controlling the geodynamics. The mantle convection models on large and middle scales have been proved by natural seismic S-wave tomographic data and interpreted by using the present mantle plume concept. In consideration of other relevant geological and geophysical data, the authors put emphasis on discussing the expression form, origin and age of the Indochina mantle plume and its important effect on the conversion of organic matter and hydrocarbon accumulation in Cenozoic basins.

平行场刷形等离子体羽的放电特性及其聚合物表面改性

大气压等离子体射流可以在开放空间产生富含活性粒子的等离子体羽,在材料生长、表面改性、生物医疗等领域具有广泛的应用前景.由于通常等离子体羽的截面尺度很小,造成等离子体射流应用时效率较低,因此,急需产生大尺度的等离子体羽.目前报道的大尺度的等离子体羽多是交叉场等离子体羽,相比于平行场等离子体羽而言其化学活性较低.针对于此,本文利用双电极结构的平行场氩气射流,通过交流激励产生了大尺度的刷形等离子体羽.利用电学、光学和光谱学手段对刷形等离子体羽的放电特性进行了表征.在此基础上,利用该平行场刷形等离子体羽对聚合物(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET))进行了改性研究.通过研究PET表面的水接触角(WCA)、拉曼光谱、X线光电子能谱(XPS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)照片,发现刷形等离子体羽能实现PET表面的大尺度均匀改性.改性后的PET表面含氧极性官能团数量显著增加,并且PET表面的粗糙度增加,因此亲水性得到改善,此种亲水性改良对不同的聚合物具有普适性.这些研究结果对于大尺度等离子体射流的深入研究及等离子体表面改性的应用均具有一定参考价值.

水下气泡羽流运动模型仿真

为了准确描述水下气泡羽流的流动结构,开展水下气泡羽流运动模型模拟与仿真研究。将速度场的估计问题转换为回归预测问题,降低速度场估计复杂度,通过四级级联深度卷积神经网络以由粗到细的形式测量矢量,完成由粗到精的羽流运动速度场估计,提升测量精度。通过k-ε双方程模型分析水下气泡羽流流场的变化规律,并采用积分离散技术对方程离散化处理,获取计算空间对应的离散化方程,通过边界条件处理方法建立水下气泡羽流运动模型,实现水下气泡羽流运动模拟。经过实验测试分析压强、空隙率和纵横比对水下气泡羽流运动的影响,实验结果验证了所提方法可以获取准确的水下气泡羽流运动规律,说明其具有有效性。

重力驱动的自然对流下hcp金属枝晶生长的相场-格子玻尔兹曼方法研究

开发了一种耦合并行-自适应网格划分算法的相场-格子玻尔兹曼方法来模拟hcp金属的等轴和柱状枝晶生长,重点讨论了重力驱动的自然对流以及自然对流与强制对流耦合对枝晶生长的影响。模拟结果表明,二维情况下的hcp金属枝晶在重力驱动的自然对流下呈现非对称生长,同时揭示了溶质偏析和溶质羽流的演化过程。研究得出,溶质羽流的形成是由枝晶的溶质阻塞和熔体流动时溶质传输之间的竞争决定的。引入适当的强制对流可以消除溶质羽流的形成并抑制枝晶尖端溶质浓度的局部波动。研究还发现,重力驱动的自然对流丰富了hcp金属3D枝晶形貌的多样性。

基于PIC-DSMC算法的嵌套霍尔推进器仿真性能研究

随着航天技术的发展,新型嵌套式霍尔推进器解决了传统单通道霍尔推进器功率不高和运行模式单一的问题,在航天领域发挥着愈加重要的作用。为了研究质量流量和磁场强度对嵌套型霍尔推进器性能的影响,本文采用PIC-DSMC算法,追踪和模拟等离子体粒子在电磁场作用下的运动和碰撞过程,对羽流场进行仿真。模拟结果表明:质量流量和磁场强度对推力贡献成正相关,推进器的比冲和羽流发散角则会受到双通道的综合影响。适当增大内通道的运行功率能够提升推进器整体效率。本文的模拟结果初步证明了嵌套霍尔推进器运行工况和磁场设计的可行性,并进一步为推进器的实验和优化提供了数据支持。

场致发射电推力器羽流分布特性仿真

场致发射电推力器(FEEP)是微型电推进装置的典型代表。为深入理解结构参数对推力器性能的影响机制,本文采用PIC粒子模拟方法进行泰勒锥射流纳米尺度结构至宏观毫米尺度结构的羽流场仿真,并分析结构参数变化导致的羽流形貌差异及其对推力器性能参数的影响。研究结果表明:发射极高度是决定推力器束流是否会分叉的关键参数,低于300μm的发射极高度易于导致束流分叉并严重影响推力器性能和寿命;引出栅极槽宽是决定束流发散角和推力比冲性能的关键参数,其影响幅值可达30%~50%,羽流发散角随槽宽增加而增大,推力比冲随之减小;发射极-引出栅极间距对推力器性能影响相对较小,可在较大范围内支持推力器稳定高效工作。根据FEEP推力器性能随结构参数的变化规律,建议结构参数取值范围为:发射极高度500~1000μm,引出栅极槽宽2000μm左右,发射极-引出栅极间距360~1300μm。

数字全息干涉术用于微波等离子体推进器羽流场的研究

利用数字全息干涉术研究了微波等离子体推进器羽流场的分布特征,由所记录的羽流场的数字全息图,经数值再现,得到了羽流场的相位分布,进而计算出等离子体羽流场的电子数密度.通过相位倍增法增加了羽流场的干涉条纹密度,从而能够更直观地反映出羽流场的折射率分布.结果表明,数字全息干涉术是研究微波等离子体推进器羽流场的一种有效方法.

隧道火灾纵向通风下羽流触顶区温度变化研究

根据Boussinesq相似性,利用流体力学基本方程,建立隧道火灾羽流三维模型,并借助量纲分析方法,推导了触顶区温升公式。在假设的隧道模型下,通过改变火源功率和纵向风速设计了多个算例,利用温升公式进行计算,并与场模拟结果比较,归纳了触顶区温度的变化规律。结果表明,同一火源功率下,触顶区温度随纵向风速增加而降低,并趋于一稳定值,其大小约为最高温度的1/3。还对温降过程中的突变现象进行了分析,讨论了中心低温区及不同羽流对温度的影响。最后对火灾救援的通风策略提出了建议。

带燃气舵的固体火箭发动机尾流仿真

燃气舵的扰动使得固体火箭发动机高度欠膨胀的尾流场显得更加复杂。文中采用数值仿真计算的方法对比研究了不同高度下相同自由来流马赫数时的带燃气舵发动机尾流场的特性。得到存在燃气舵扰动时固体火箭发动机高度欠膨胀尾流场的轴向截面呈十字状;并且随着高度的增加尾流场膨胀程度增加,温度边界向外扩展;同时得到尾流场的长度约为200倍的发动机喷管出口直径。