Design and Development of Composite Plywood that Integrates Fire Resistance,Water Resistance and Wear Resistance

In order to improve the fire resistance,water resistance and wear resistance of ordinary plywood products in the wood processing industry,three composite structures of plywood products S1,S2 and S3 were designed in this paper,and a reasonable production process was proposed.Through the physical and mechanical properties and fire resistance testing and technical and economic analysis,the applicability of composite plywood was evaluated.The results of the study showed that the physical mechanics of the three kinds of composite structure plywood met the standard requirements,and their fire resistance was far better than that of ordinary plywood.Among them,the S1 structural board had the best overall physical and mechanical properties.The S3 structural board showed the best fire resistance,which was about 1.9 times more than that of ordinary plywood,and the added cost was the lowest.The thin cork board added to the S2 structural board had poor fire performance since the air in the cork board cavities had a certain combustion-supporting effect,which inhibited the fire resistance of high-pressure laminate(HPL)layer.Moreover,the additional cost of the S2 board was the highest,and its comprehensive performance was the worst.The S3 structural plywood product composed of HPL fireproof board with a thickness of about 1 mm in the surface layer and ordinary plywood with a thickness of about 12 mm in the core layer was the most cost-effective product,which could meet the needs of various fields such as construction,home furnishing,decoration and transportation.

Influence of Formulation and Hot-Pressing Conditions on the Performance of Bio-Based Molasses Adhesive for Plywood

Molasses can serve as a natural adhesive for plywood and particleboard.However,several disadvantages remain,including lower dimensional stability and low bonding strength compared to other adhesives.Therefore,modifications are needed to use molasses as an adhesive for plywood.This research aims to improve bio-based molasses(MO)adhesive for plywood using citric acid(CA)adhesive.In addition,this research aims to analyze the effect of adding citric acid and to investigate the optimum hot-pressing temperature to produce the best quality plywood.In the first stage,the molasses and citric acid were combined in a ratio of 100:0,75:25,50:50,25:75,0:100 w/w%.Then,the second stage focuses on analyzing the influences of pressing temperature based on an optimum first stage.The research demonstrated that the addition of CA altered the gelation time,solid content,viscosity,and pH of the molasses adhesives.In addition,the thermal properties of molasses adhesives were changed after mixing with citric acid.These phenomena indicate changes in characteristics,such as the curing of adhesive.Overall,the characteristics of plywood showed a steady improvement as the CA ratio increased but revealed a significant decline for the 25:75 MO-CA ratio.By raising the pressing temperature from 180℃ to 200℃,the quality of plywood was effectively improved.The plywood that was bonded using adhesives with a 50:50 MO-CA ratio exhibited superior mechanical properties and improved dimensional stability compared to the plywood bonded solely with MO.Furthermore,the optimal mechanical and physical properties resulted in plywood bonded with a 50:50 MO-CA ratio when subjected to a pressing temperature of 200℃.The Thermal and FTIR measurements revealed that CA established ester bonds with both the MO and wood veneers.In conclusion,the mechanical characteristics of plywood were improved,while maintaining its excellent dimensional stability.

Study of Burning Behaviors and Fire Risk of Flame Retardant Plywood by Cone Calorimeter and TG Test

A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine,guanidine sulfamate,disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood.The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone calorimeter and TG.Results showed that:(1)High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for the fire resistance of the plywood.(2)The limiting oxygen index(LOI)and residual mass of plywood processed using the flame retardant was increased by 87.52%and 58.66%compared to those of the untreated plywood,while the average heat release rate(av-HRR),total heat release(THR),effective heat of combustion(EHC),total smoke release(TSR),CO yield(COY),CO_(2) yield(CO_(2)Y)and oxygen consumption were decreased by 44.3%,82.9%,47.0%,86.0%,89.9%,50.1%and 83.1%,respectively.(3)Treated plywood which had a low fire growth index(FGI)displayed a later combustion heat release rate peak and slower flame spread than observed for the untreated material.Combustion of treated plywood displayed a higher fire performance index(FPI),indicating a longer time to ignition.This suggests that burning structures from this material would be subject to a longer time for escape from the structure and would present lower fire risk than similar structures containing treated plywood.(4)TG results demonstrated that the presence of the flame retardant can decrease the pyrolysis temperature for hemicellulose and cellulose,change the decomposition and reaction progress for plywood degradation and promote dehydration carbonization and accelerated charformation.Moreover,the formed char was more stable than that combustion of untreated plywood.(5)The flame retardant contains nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),boron(B),chlorine(Cl)and guanidine(Gu)compounds.The adhesive also contains N and P compounds.These substances display flame resistance and supplement each other to generate flame retardance than any one used alone.By changing the thermolysis and thermal decomposition processes,the heat release and smoke release from plywood,undergoing combustion was reduced.This controlled generation of combustible substances and promoted dehydration and carbonization to form char.As a result,the flame resistance of plywood was improved significantly.The probability of smoke asphyxia or poisoning death of those trapped in structures containing treated plywood during fire accidents can be decreased dramatically.

Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

The study characterized the curing behaviors of phenol formaldehyde(PF)resin under different vacuum degrees and explored the properties of 9-ply plywood panels hot-pressed under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions.The changes in core temperature and moisture content of the plywood mats during hot pressing were investigated as well.It was found that the gel times and gel temperatures of PF resin decreased with the increase of vacuum degree using a self-made device.FTIR spectra indicated the degree of polycondensation of hydroxymethyl gradu-ally increased with the increase in temperature.It was also observed that a higher degree of vacuum led to a slower polycondensation reaction rate of PF resin.During different hot-pressing processes,the bonding strengths in the innermost and uppermost gluelines of the vacuum hot-pressed plywood panels were up to 30%–50%higher than their counterparts of conventional hot-pressed products.A less difference in the bonding strengths between these two gluelines was also observed for vacuum hot-pressed products.In addition,the core of vacuum hot-pressed plywood was found to have a greater heating rate and higher temperature at thefinal stage of hot pressing,which was beneficial to cure the PF resin.The results from this study indicate a promising potential of introducing a vacuum during hot pressing to improve the quality and productivity of plywood products and provide a basis for adopting vacuum to hot press wood composites.

Research on utilizing recycled plastic to make environment-friendly plywood

In our study, we replaced traditional adhesives with compounds made with recycled plastic shopping bags in order to make hot-melt plywood using various amounts of plastic film, different hot-pressing temperatures and hot-pressing times. All three variables have an effect on the intensity and water-resistance of plywood. The results show that the bonding strength of plywood does not increase with increasing amounts of plastic film. When the hot-pressing temperature is increased to 150℃, the bonding strength does not necessarily increase any further. At a hot-pressing time of 6 min, the bonding strength reaches a maximum, after which it will decrease. The optimum hot-pressing parameters are as follows： 100 g·m^-2 of recycled plastic, a hot-pressing temperature of 150℃ and a hot-pressing time of 6 min. This study puts forward a new idea of making use of plastic waste, which, ultimately, may solve the problem of formaldehyde emission without damaging the environment. It has enormous potential market applications.

Effect of moisture and fungal exposure on the mechanical properties of hem-fir plywood

Hem-fir plywood were exposed to two brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta, and one white rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, to investigate the effect of fungal decay on mechanical properties of plywood. Results showed that modulus of rupture （MOR） and modulus of elasticity （MOE） of hem-fir plywood declined significantly by inoculating fungi, and weight loss of sample had a modest decrease. The fungi also made a greater effect on MOR than on MOE. Of three fungi, Postia placenta caused a most significant weight loss, and Gloeophyllum trabeum resulted in a largest flexural properties loss. Substantial declines in MOR and MOE of hem-fir plywood were also observed when the plywood samples were stored under wet conditions over 15 weeks, even in the absence of fungal attack.

Preparation of adhesive for bamboo plywood using concentrated papermaking black liquor directly

Adhesive for bamboo plywood prepared directly using lignin existing in the black liquor as a kind of material replacing phenol was proposed on the basis of the same structural properties of lignin and phenol. The results indicate that the reaction time of black liquor methylating is 30min, when the ratio of alkali to formaldehyde is controlled at approximately 0.20, decomposition rate of formaldehyde is the lowest and the effect of black liquor methylating is the best, the optimal molar ratio of phenol： formaldehyde to NaOH to H2O of preparing phenolic resin is 1.00 ： 1.50 ： 0.50 ： 9.00, and the suitable viscosity is 27 - 30 Pa· s. At different mass ratios of methylated black liquor to phenolic resin, all terms of performance of black liquor phenolic resin are excellent and satisfy the requirement. All terms of performance of bamboo plywood prepared using this technique are hetter than that of excellent bamboo plywood of national criteria. Using this technique, the cost is depressed by 28.69% without altering the traditional adhesive producing technique flow, and without using additional equipment.

Reinforcement of Lignin-Based Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive with Nano-Crystalline Cellulose (NCC): Curing Behavior and Bonding Property of Plywood

The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20&degC/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10&degC/min. But at 20&degC/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.

LARIX GMELINI TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVE FOR PLYWOOD

Larix tannin-phenol-formaldehyde (TPF) adhesive, having 60% by weight of phenol bcing replaced, was evaluated for its utilization in plywood. The kinetic characteristic of the TPF resin was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results obtained from the DSC scans show that the resin has a little bit different thermochemical behavior from that of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. Two kinds of plywood panels wcre produced using the TPF adhesive in laboratory. The desired test results met the Chinese GB 9846-88 and ZB B70006-88, respectively, and the long assembly time of TPF resin in preparing plywood can be improved by mixing with the filler.All the properties of plywoods bonded with the TPF adhesive were compared with those obtaincd with synthetic PF adhesive.

MALDI ToF Investigation of the Reaction of Soy Protein Isolate with Glutaraldehyde for Wood Adhesives

Soy protein adhesives are currently a hot research topic in the wood panels industry for the abundant raw material reserves,reasonable price and outstanding environmental features.But their poor water resistance,low bonding strength and intolerance to mold are major drawbacks,so that proper modification before use is essential.Glutaraldehyde is one of the more apt cross-linking agents for soybean protein adhesives,which can effectively improve the bonding strength and water resistance of the adhesive.Equally,glutaraldehyde is also an efficient and broad-spectrum fungicide that can significantly improve the anti-fungal properties of a soy protein adhesive.In the work presented here,matrix assisted laser desorption ionization(MALDI-ToF)mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the reaction mechanism of glutaraldehyde cross-linking soybean protein.The results confirmed the reaction of the aldehyde group with amino groups of the side chains and the amide groups of the peptide linkages constituting the skeletal chain of the protein.The laboratory plywood and particleboard bonded with glutaraldehyde-soy bean protein adhesives were prepared to determine the adhesive bonding properties,the dry strength,24 h cold water soaking wet strength and 3 h hot water(63°C)wet strength of plywood were 2.03,1.13 and 0.75 MPa,respectively,which satisfied the requirements of industrial production.

房屋吊顶结构中镀锌轻钢龙骨腐蚀原因分析

采用能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对房屋吊顶结构中镀锌轻钢龙骨的表面锈蚀物进行表征,采用离子色谱(IC)对难燃胶合板的特征离子进行分析,找出轻钢龙骨表面锈蚀的原因,并通过实验进一步验证。结果表明:难燃胶合板中含有吸湿性的阻燃剂(磷酸铵、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸氢二铵中的一种或几种及硫酸铵),其在潮湿的环境中吸收水分后形成了腐蚀性电解质溶液,导致龙骨发生锈蚀。

Cost Comparison of Different Types of Formworks

Formwork is the temporary moulds in the construction which is fabricated based on the drawing and design of the structure and into which the concrete is poured to form the required structure.Formwork is an essential part of the construction as it has been used by the Romans.The formworks must be strong enough to withstand all types of loads.The joint must be in proper condition to avoid any kind of leakages.The materials used for the formworks should be economical,easily available and durable.The formworks can be made up of different materials such as plywood,steel,aluminum,composite material,etc.In steel formwork the plates used for the slab support are made up of galvanized steel and these are fabricated as per the requirements.Aluminum plates are used in the aluminum framework along with the other components made up of aluminum.The selection of a suitable framework is important in any project because it bears about 25%to 30%cost of the total cost of construction.In the present study,different types of formworks such as steel,plywood and aluminum were studied in a project and a comparison was made on the reusability and easiness in handling and maintenance.Also,a comparison of the formwork used in the construction of the 5th and 11th-floor tower based on the specific plan and drawing was done.The results showed that the aluminum formwork was found to be efficient and suitable among all formworks,although the cost was higher compared to other formwork materials.

利用CONE研究阻燃胶合板的动态燃烧行为

利用锥形量热仪CONE调查了磷氮硼系阻燃剂FRW处理胶合板在不同热辐射通量条件下的动态燃烧行为.结果显示:随热辐射通量提高,未阻燃胶合板的热释放速率峰值、烟气释放量和火势增长指数上升明显,火灾危险性高;阻燃胶合板的成炭率较高、热释放和烟释放较低;在燃烧过程中CO产率受热辐射通量增大的影响较小;FRW能显著抑制胶合板的可燃性,从而降低胶合板在使用过程中的火灾安全风险.

阻燃胶合板研究的现状和对策

通过对胶合板的燃烧理论和木材阻燃机理中的障碍理论、热理论和不燃气体稀释理论等的简述 ,浅析了胶合板的阻燃机理 ;同时综述了国内外用于胶合板阻燃处理的无机、有机和有机改性三大类阻燃剂 ,成品阻燃处理和生产过程中施加阻燃剂的阻燃处理方法以及 3种常用的阻燃胶合板生产工艺路线的研究现状 ;归纳了燃烧试验法、研究型测试法、发烟性和毒性测试法及木质材料应用性等 4种阻燃效果测试方法 ,从而提出我国阻燃胶合板产业的发展对策。图 1参

室内火灾条件下复合板装潢材料火灾特性的实验研究

运用ＩＳＯＲｏｏｍ方法在全尺寸室内墙角火源条件下进行了复合板装潢材料火灾特性的研究，详细讨论了复合板的点燃、火焰传播和炭化物性以及室内火灾的发展过程。在墙角火源条件下，室内火灾发展过程可分为四个不同阶段，而在每一发展阶段，东面和北面墙上复合板分别存在四个和三个明显不同的区域。当区域四内的复合板被点燃、燃烧面积急剧扩大时轰燃现象发生。炭化结果表明，墙上复合板存在两个剧烈燃烧区：一个发生在区域一，另一个在侧墙与天花板交界的区域。研究旨在为建立室内火灾条件下复合板装潢材料的火灾特性模型提供实验依据。

FRW阻燃胶合板的DMA分析

The thermodynamic parameters of FRW fire-retardant plywood at different temperatures were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) equipment such as storage modulus, loss modulus and loss angle tangent. The influences on the thermodynamic properties of FRW fire-retardant plywood by the FRW fire retardant were analyzed between the FRW fire-retardant plywood and the untreated plywood. The results showed that the transition temperature of FRW fire-retardant plywood’s storage modulus was delayed than the untreated plywood. Its value was also higher than the untreated plywood. Meanwhile the glass transition temperature of plywood treated by FRW fire retardant was raised. FRW fire-retardant plywood could keep the better mechanical performances and ability of deformation-resistance at higher temperature and during longer period than the untreated plywood.

FRW阻燃桦木胶合板的性能研究

选用东北林业大学木材科学与应用技术研究所研制的专利产品——新型FRW木材阻燃剂处理桦木单板,用以研制阻燃性能优异的FRW阻燃桦木胶合板,并对其各项物理力学性能和阻燃性能进行了测试。研究结果表明:FRW阻燃桦木胶合板的物理力学性能可达到国家标准GB 9846.4—88《胶合板 普通胶合板通用技术条件》的规定,阻燃性能达到日本标准JISD1322-77中规定的难燃一级品的标准和国家标准GA/T42.1《阻燃木材燃烧性能试验方法—木垛法》中的规定的阻燃木材标准。

表层单板经过阻燃处理的胶合板性能的研究

对表层单板进行BL—环保阻燃剂浸渍处理,并对由此制成的胶合板的阻燃性能和环保性能两个指标进行考察。试验设计了四个因素进行正交试验,采用综合平衡法对结果进行了分析。结果表明胶合板层数对这两个指标的影响最大,应重点考虑。笔者通过分析提出了最优的水平组合。

桉木与杨木阻燃胶合板的性能对比分析

采用磷氮硼复合阻燃剂浸渍处理桉木和杨木单板,分别制备5层阻燃胶合板,检测其物理力学性能和阻燃性能。结果表明:阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,均满足GB/T 9846-2004《胶合板》中Ⅱ类要求,抗弯性能满足LY/T 1738-2008《实木复合地板用胶合板》要求;两树种胶合板相比,杨木阻燃胶合板的胶合强度较好,桉木阻燃胶合板的抗弯性能及阻燃性能更优。

木质材料系列阻燃技术的研究

ＷＦＲ木质材料系列阻燃技术包括多功能系列阻燃剂及阻燃型木材、胶合板、刨花板和中密度纤维板的生产工艺。ＷＦＲ系列阻燃剂阻燃效果好，流失性小，低毒、防腐。用ＷＦＲ生产的板材阻燃性能和物理力学性能好。人造板板材甲醛释放量低。