BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.S...BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.展开更多
Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical histo...Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with formoterol and a moderate daily dose of inhaled budesonide. He had also advanced stage non-small lung cancer treated with concurrent chemo-radiation with a cisplatin-etoposide containing regimen. The diagnosis of PCP was suspected based on the context of rapidly increasing dyspnea, lymphopenia and the imaging findings. Polymerase chain reaction testing on an induced sputum specimen was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. The patient was treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticotherapy and had showed clinical and radiological improvement. Six months after the PCP diagnosis, he developed a malignant pleural effusion and expired on hospice care. Through this case, we remind the importance of screening for PCP in lung cancer patients under chemotherapeutic regimens and with increasing dyspnea. In addition, we alert to the fact that long-term inhaled corticosteroids may be a risk factor for PCP in patients with lung cancer. Despite intensive treatment, the mortality of PCP remains high, hence the importance of chemoprophylaxis should be considered.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully ...BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.展开更多
BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidenc...BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.展开更多
PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for...PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for that condition given its efficacy,approximately one third of patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity.1 For cases of severe to moderate PCP,if TMP-SMX treatment fails or is contraindicated,primaquine combined with clindamycin or intravenous pentamidine is recommended as second line therapy.2 However,both primaquine and pentamidine are associated with severe adverse reactions and often unavailable at hospitals in China.3 As a result,other treatment options have been explored.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infe...BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients,the most important risk factor for PJP is the use of glucocorticoids in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments.The management of glucocorticoids during the perioperative period in patients with dermatomyositis requires special care.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of PJP in the perioperative period.A 61-year-old woman with a history of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty in the orthopaedic department for bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head.She was given intravenous drip hydrocortisone before anesthesia and on the first day after surgery and resumed oral methylprednisolone on the second postoperative day.On the fifth day after surgery,the patient suddenly developed dyspnea.The computed tomography scan showed diffuse grid shadows and ground glass shadows in both lungs.Polymerase chain reaction testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci.The patient was eventually diagnosed with PJP and was administered with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.At the 6-mo review,there was no recurrence or progression.CONCLUSION Continued perioperative glucocorticoid use in patients with anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis may increase the risk of PJP.展开更多
Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with ...Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with PCP(excluding renal transplant patients) were examined retrospectively.Results The most common presenting symptoms at admission were fever(100%),cough without or with a little sputum(87.5%),and exertional dyspnea(75%).Beside these,they complained of chest tightness,fatigue,sweating and chills.Six patients(75%) presented with hypoxemia were diagnosed with type 1 respiratory failure during the course of illness.The most common CT feature was bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass opacities.Five patients had peripheral blood lymphocyte count less than 1 ×109/L.Four patients had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3.Serum LDH level was elevated in 5 patients(582±222.55).Among the 8 patients,2 patients died within 20 days of PCP diagnosis.Conclusion Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic and serious complication in chronic kidney disease patients treated with immunosuppressants.The disease progression is fast and patients with respiratory failure have a high mortality rate.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for better prognosis.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Ri...Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Rituxan.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy in our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020,of which 15(16.7%)patients,combined with PCP clinical data,including clinical symptoms,physical signs,chest imaging examination and treatment data were used for to analysis and summarization.Results:The clinical features of R-CHOP chemotherapy combined with PCP were fever,cough,and sputum.Some patients had fewer clinical symptoms.Common imaging manifestations were double lung membrane glass shadow,patchy shadow,and flocculent shadow.It can occur in all clinical stages,and the incidence of late stage is high,and there is no clear correlation with bone marrow suppression.Pneumocystis was found in 2 cases of sputum,and the rest of the patients were clinically diagnosed.The main therapeutic drugs are sulfamethoxazole(8/15),compound sulfamethoxazole(6/15),clindamycin(1/15,sulfa drug allergy),and adrenal cortex hormones(4/15).Fourteen cases were cured and 1 case died.Conclusion:The incidence of R-CHOP in advanced non-Hodgkin^lymphoma of PCP is high.Patients with clinical use of R-CHOP chemotherapy will encounter fever,cough,chest computed tomography(CT)film glass shadow,and diffuse patch shadow.Patients should be alert to the possibility of PCP and take sulfonamides as soon as possible for medical treatment.展开更多
Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunisti...Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.展开更多
We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Ou...We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Our review of literature identified this coinfection as unusual presentation.Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are increasingly recognized.It may occur at an early stage of HIV-infection.Whereas concurrent opportunistic infections may occur,coexisting Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PCP)and disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal pneumonia is uncommon.The lungs of individuals infected with HIV are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours and over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease.Pneumonia is the leading HIV-associated infection.We present the case of a man who presented dual Pneumocystis jiroveci and cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with HIV.Definitive diagnosis of PCP and Cryptococcus requires demonstration of these organisms in pulmonary tissues or fluid.In patients with<200/microliter CD4-lymphocytes,a bronchoalveolar lavage should be performed.This patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.After 1 week the patient showed clinical and radiologic improvement and was discharged 3 weeks later.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81860273the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects,No.QKHJC-ZK[2022]-260+1 种基金the Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission,No.gzwkj2021-320Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital National Natural Science Foundation,No.[2018]5764-09.
文摘BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.
文摘Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with formoterol and a moderate daily dose of inhaled budesonide. He had also advanced stage non-small lung cancer treated with concurrent chemo-radiation with a cisplatin-etoposide containing regimen. The diagnosis of PCP was suspected based on the context of rapidly increasing dyspnea, lymphopenia and the imaging findings. Polymerase chain reaction testing on an induced sputum specimen was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. The patient was treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticotherapy and had showed clinical and radiological improvement. Six months after the PCP diagnosis, he developed a malignant pleural effusion and expired on hospice care. Through this case, we remind the importance of screening for PCP in lung cancer patients under chemotherapeutic regimens and with increasing dyspnea. In addition, we alert to the fact that long-term inhaled corticosteroids may be a risk factor for PCP in patients with lung cancer. Despite intensive treatment, the mortality of PCP remains high, hence the importance of chemoprophylaxis should be considered.
文摘BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.
文摘BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.
文摘PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for that condition given its efficacy,approximately one third of patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity.1 For cases of severe to moderate PCP,if TMP-SMX treatment fails or is contraindicated,primaquine combined with clindamycin or intravenous pentamidine is recommended as second line therapy.2 However,both primaquine and pentamidine are associated with severe adverse reactions and often unavailable at hospitals in China.3 As a result,other treatment options have been explored.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 81673776, and No. 82072494
文摘BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients,the most important risk factor for PJP is the use of glucocorticoids in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments.The management of glucocorticoids during the perioperative period in patients with dermatomyositis requires special care.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of PJP in the perioperative period.A 61-year-old woman with a history of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty in the orthopaedic department for bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head.She was given intravenous drip hydrocortisone before anesthesia and on the first day after surgery and resumed oral methylprednisolone on the second postoperative day.On the fifth day after surgery,the patient suddenly developed dyspnea.The computed tomography scan showed diffuse grid shadows and ground glass shadows in both lungs.Polymerase chain reaction testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci.The patient was eventually diagnosed with PJP and was administered with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.At the 6-mo review,there was no recurrence or progression.CONCLUSION Continued perioperative glucocorticoid use in patients with anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis may increase the risk of PJP.
文摘Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with PCP(excluding renal transplant patients) were examined retrospectively.Results The most common presenting symptoms at admission were fever(100%),cough without or with a little sputum(87.5%),and exertional dyspnea(75%).Beside these,they complained of chest tightness,fatigue,sweating and chills.Six patients(75%) presented with hypoxemia were diagnosed with type 1 respiratory failure during the course of illness.The most common CT feature was bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass opacities.Five patients had peripheral blood lymphocyte count less than 1 ×109/L.Four patients had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3.Serum LDH level was elevated in 5 patients(582±222.55).Among the 8 patients,2 patients died within 20 days of PCP diagnosis.Conclusion Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic and serious complication in chronic kidney disease patients treated with immunosuppressants.The disease progression is fast and patients with respiratory failure have a high mortality rate.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for better prognosis.
文摘Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Rituxan.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy in our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020,of which 15(16.7%)patients,combined with PCP clinical data,including clinical symptoms,physical signs,chest imaging examination and treatment data were used for to analysis and summarization.Results:The clinical features of R-CHOP chemotherapy combined with PCP were fever,cough,and sputum.Some patients had fewer clinical symptoms.Common imaging manifestations were double lung membrane glass shadow,patchy shadow,and flocculent shadow.It can occur in all clinical stages,and the incidence of late stage is high,and there is no clear correlation with bone marrow suppression.Pneumocystis was found in 2 cases of sputum,and the rest of the patients were clinically diagnosed.The main therapeutic drugs are sulfamethoxazole(8/15),compound sulfamethoxazole(6/15),clindamycin(1/15,sulfa drug allergy),and adrenal cortex hormones(4/15).Fourteen cases were cured and 1 case died.Conclusion:The incidence of R-CHOP in advanced non-Hodgkin^lymphoma of PCP is high.Patients with clinical use of R-CHOP chemotherapy will encounter fever,cough,chest computed tomography(CT)film glass shadow,and diffuse patch shadow.Patients should be alert to the possibility of PCP and take sulfonamides as soon as possible for medical treatment.
文摘Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.
基金Supported by the"Scientific Research Fund for Neglected Tropical Diseases"(Project Grant number J500798759)the Argentinian Institutes for Health System Improvement-a Public Health Agency.through a scholarship(Grant numbers300820891)
文摘We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Our review of literature identified this coinfection as unusual presentation.Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are increasingly recognized.It may occur at an early stage of HIV-infection.Whereas concurrent opportunistic infections may occur,coexisting Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PCP)and disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal pneumonia is uncommon.The lungs of individuals infected with HIV are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours and over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease.Pneumonia is the leading HIV-associated infection.We present the case of a man who presented dual Pneumocystis jiroveci and cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with HIV.Definitive diagnosis of PCP and Cryptococcus requires demonstration of these organisms in pulmonary tissues or fluid.In patients with<200/microliter CD4-lymphocytes,a bronchoalveolar lavage should be performed.This patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.After 1 week the patient showed clinical and radiologic improvement and was discharged 3 weeks later.
