Pneumocystis pneumonia in stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma with immune-related acute kidney injury and thoracic radiotherapy:A case report

BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are therapeutic agents for advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)with high clinical antitumor efficacy.However,immune-related adverse events occur in 20%of these patients and often requiring treatment with immunosuppressive agents,such as corticosteroids.Consequently,this may increase the risk of patients to opportunistic infections.Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP),a rare but serious opportunistic infection typically observed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,can also occur in cancer patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid treatment.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 56-year-old male with squamous NSCLC treated with triplimab combined with paclitaxel,carboplatin,and radical thoracic radiation therapy.Following this regimen,he developed acute kidney injury(AKI)with elevated creatinine levels.After concurrent radical chemoradiotherapy ended,he developed a grade 3 immune-related AKI.High-dose corticosteroids were administered to treat AKI,and renal function gradually recovered.Corticosteroids were reduced to a dose of 10 mg prednisone equivalent daily eight weeks later;however,he developed severe pneumonia with spontaneous pneumothorax.Next-generation sequencing of the bronchoscopic lavage revealed PJP co-infection with herpes simplex virus 1 and cytomegalovirus.The inflammation was more severe in areas exposed to radiation.Piperacillin-tazobactam,acyclovir,sulfamethoxazole,and trimethoprim were used to control the infection.The patient recovered,and immunotherapy was terminated.CONCLUSION PJP is rare but can occur in patients with ICI adverse events and should be differentiated from tumor progression or immune-related adverse events.Thoracic radiation may increase risk,necessitating careful monitoring and prevention.

Next-generation sequencing technology for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunocompetent female:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP)is a serious fungal infection usually seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus,and it is more frequently found and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised people.Surprisingly,it rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients.However,the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen is made more difficult by the difficulty of obtaining accurate microbiological evidence with routine tests.This case reports a PCP patient with normal immune function who was diagnosed through next-generation sequencing(NGS).CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female who had no special disease in the past was admitted to the hospital with a persistent fever and cough.Based on the initial examination results,the patient was diagnosed with bipulmonary pneumonia,and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was administered.However,due to the undetermined etiology,the patient's condition continued to worsen.She was transferred to the intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure.After the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection through NGS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin,the patient gradually recovered and had a good prognosis.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes that,for patients with normal immune function the possibility of PCP infection,although rare,cannot be ignored.NGS plays an important role in the diagnosis of refractory interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure.

Do inhaled corticosteroids increase the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with lung cancer?

Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. It is relatively uncommon in patients with lung cancer. We report a case of PCP in a 59-year-old man with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with formoterol and a moderate daily dose of inhaled budesonide. He had also advanced stage non-small lung cancer treated with concurrent chemo-radiation with a cisplatin-etoposide containing regimen. The diagnosis of PCP was suspected based on the context of rapidly increasing dyspnea, lymphopenia and the imaging findings. Polymerase chain reaction testing on an induced sputum specimen was positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii. The patient was treated with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and systemic corticotherapy and had showed clinical and radiological improvement. Six months after the PCP diagnosis, he developed a malignant pleural effusion and expired on hospice care. Through this case, we remind the importance of screening for PCP in lung cancer patients under chemotherapeutic regimens and with increasing dyspnea. In addition, we alert to the fact that long-term inhaled corticosteroids may be a risk factor for PCP in patients with lung cancer. Despite intensive treatment, the mortality of PCP remains high, hence the importance of chemoprophylaxis should be considered.

Treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients using a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and caspofungin

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP)is an infectious disease common in immunocompromised hosts.However,the currently,the clinical characteristics of non-HIV patients with PJP infection have not been fully elucidated.AIM To explore efficacy of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)and caspofungin for treatment of non-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected PJP patients.METHODS A retrospective study enrolled 22 patients with non-HIV-infected PJP treated with TMP-SMX and caspofungin from 2019 to 2021.Clinical manifestations,treatment and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS Five patients presented with comorbidity of autoimmune diseases,seven with lung cancer,four with lymphoma,two with organ transplantation and four with membranous nephropathy associated with use of immunosuppressive agents.The main clinical manifestations of patients were fever,dry cough,and progressive dyspnea.All patients presented with acute onset and respiratory failure.The most common imaging manifestation was ground glass opacity around the hilar,mainly in the upper lobe.All patients were diagnosed using next-generation sequencing,and were treated with a combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin.Among them,17 patients received short-term adjuvant glucocorticoid therapy.All patients recovered well and were discharged from hospital.CONCLUSION Non-HIV-infected PJP have rapid disease progression,high risk of respiratory failure,and high mortality.Combination of TMP-SMX and caspofungin can effectively treat severe non-HIVinfected PJP patients with respiratory failure.

Lack of Response in Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia to Combined Caspofungin and Clindamycin Treatment: a Case Report

PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia (PCP) is among the most common opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first line therapy for that condition given its efficacy,approximately one third of patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity.1 For cases of severe to moderate PCP,if TMP-SMX treatment fails or is contraindicated,primaquine combined with clindamycin or intravenous pentamidine is recommended as second line therapy.2 However,both primaquine and pentamidine are associated with severe adverse reactions and often unavailable at hospitals in China.3 As a result,other treatment options have been explored.

Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia after total hip arthroplasty in a dermatomyositis patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP)is a serious opportunistic infection that occurs mostly in patients with immunodeficiency and long-term immunosuppressive therapy.In non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients,the most important risk factor for PJP is the use of glucocorticoids in combination with other immunosuppressive treatments.The management of glucocorticoids during the perioperative period in patients with dermatomyositis requires special care.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of PJP in the perioperative period.A 61-year-old woman with a history of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis and interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine.The patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty in the orthopaedic department for bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head.She was given intravenous drip hydrocortisone before anesthesia and on the first day after surgery and resumed oral methylprednisolone on the second postoperative day.On the fifth day after surgery,the patient suddenly developed dyspnea.The computed tomography scan showed diffuse grid shadows and ground glass shadows in both lungs.Polymerase chain reaction testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for Pneumocystis jiroveci.The patient was eventually diagnosed with PJP and was administered with oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.At the 6-mo review,there was no recurrence or progression.CONCLUSION Continued perioperative glucocorticoid use in patients with anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis may increase the risk of PJP.

Analysis of 8 chronic kidney disease patients complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Objective To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP) in patients with chronic kidney diseases.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of chronic kidney diseases complicated with PCP(excluding renal transplant patients) were examined retrospectively.Results The most common presenting symptoms at admission were fever(100%),cough without or with a little sputum(87.5%),and exertional dyspnea(75%).Beside these,they complained of chest tightness,fatigue,sweating and chills.Six patients(75%) presented with hypoxemia were diagnosed with type 1 respiratory failure during the course of illness.The most common CT feature was bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass opacities.Five patients had peripheral blood lymphocyte count less than 1 ×109/L.Four patients had CD4 cell count less than 200/mm3.Serum LDH level was elevated in 5 patients(582±222.55).Among the 8 patients,2 patients died within 20 days of PCP diagnosis.Conclusion Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic and serious complication in chronic kidney disease patients treated with immunosuppressants.The disease progression is fast and patients with respiratory failure have a high mortality rate.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for better prognosis.

Clinical Analysis of 15 Cases of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Complicated with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia Treated with R-CHOP Regimen

Objective:To investigate the clinical features of R-CHOP regimen in the treatment of non-Hodgkin^lymphoma with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP)in order to improve the understanding of PCP and the side effects of Rituxan.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy in our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020,of which 15(16.7%)patients,combined with PCP clinical data,including clinical symptoms,physical signs,chest imaging examination and treatment data were used for to analysis and summarization.Results:The clinical features of R-CHOP chemotherapy combined with PCP were fever,cough,and sputum.Some patients had fewer clinical symptoms.Common imaging manifestations were double lung membrane glass shadow,patchy shadow,and flocculent shadow.It can occur in all clinical stages,and the incidence of late stage is high,and there is no clear correlation with bone marrow suppression.Pneumocystis was found in 2 cases of sputum,and the rest of the patients were clinically diagnosed.The main therapeutic drugs are sulfamethoxazole(8/15),compound sulfamethoxazole(6/15),clindamycin(1/15,sulfa drug allergy),and adrenal cortex hormones(4/15).Fourteen cases were cured and 1 case died.Conclusion:The incidence of R-CHOP in advanced non-Hodgkin^lymphoma of PCP is high.Patients with clinical use of R-CHOP chemotherapy will encounter fever,cough,chest computed tomography(CT)film glass shadow,and diffuse patch shadow.Patients should be alert to the possibility of PCP and take sulfonamides as soon as possible for medical treatment.

Pentamidine in Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in heart transplant recipients

Despite advances in transplantation techniques and the quality of post-transplantation care, opportunistic infections remain an important cause of complications. Pneumocystis jirovecii(P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic organism, represents an important cause of infections in heart transplantation patients. Almost 2% to 10% of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation have Pneumocystis pneumonia. Prophylaxis is essential after surgery. Various prophylaxis regimes had been defined in past and have different advantages. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) has a key role in prophylaxis against P. jirovecii. Generally, although TMP/SMX is well tolerated, serious side effects have also been reported during its use. Pentamidine is an alternative prophylaxis agent when TMP/SMX cannot be tolerated by the patient. Structurally, pentamidine is an aromatic diamidine compound with antiprotozoal activity. Since it is not effectively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it is frequently administered via the intravenous route. Pentamidine can alternatively be administered through inhalation at a monthly dose in heart transplant recipients. Although, the efficiency and safety of this drug is well studied in other types of solid organ transplantations, there are only few data about pentamidine usage in heart transplantation. We sought to evaluate evidence-based assessment of the use of pentamidine against P. jirovecii after heart transplantation.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective To investigate the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).Methods The data of 98patients with suspected pulmonary infection after alloHSCT who underwent pathogen detection from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between June 2016 and August 2023 at Nanfang Hospital were analyzed.

Pulmonary coinfection by Pneumocystis jiroveci and Cryptococcus neoformans

We communicate the diagnosis by microscopy of a pulmonary coinfection produced by Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jiroveci,from a respiratory secretion obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of an AIDS patient.Our review of literature identified this coinfection as unusual presentation.Opportunistic infections associated with HIV infection are increasingly recognized.It may occur at an early stage of HIV-infection.Whereas concurrent opportunistic infections may occur,coexisting Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PCP)and disseminated cryptococcosis with cryptococcal pneumonia is uncommon.The lungs of individuals infected with HIV are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours and over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease.Pneumonia is the leading HIV-associated infection.We present the case of a man who presented dual Pneumocystis jiroveci and cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with HIV.Definitive diagnosis of PCP and Cryptococcus requires demonstration of these organisms in pulmonary tissues or fluid.In patients with<200/microliter CD4-lymphocytes,a bronchoalveolar lavage should be performed.This patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.After 1 week the patient showed clinical and radiologic improvement and was discharged 3 weeks later.

外周血T淋巴细胞亚群在AIDS合并PCP患者中的表达及与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系

目的:观察获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的表达,并分析其与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系。方法:回顾性收集2018-2020年该院收治的AIDS合并PCP患者的资料,全部患者均接受复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗3周,采用倾向性评分匹配按2∶1匹配后,纳入治疗有效组88例、无效组38例,共126例作为观察组;另收集同期于该院就诊的63例AIDS未合并PCP的患者资料,作为对照组;查阅患者病历资料,统计患者基线资料、实验室指标等,重点分析AIDS合并PCP患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+))的表达,及其与复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的关系。结果:对照组患者系统抗人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)治疗占比最高,其次为有效组,无效组最低,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);无效组患者治疗前血清LDH、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比最高,其次为有效组,对照组最低;对照组患者CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平最高,其次为有效组,无效组最低,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);组间其他资料、指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Logistics回归分析结果显示,治疗前LDH水平高、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比高是AIDS合并PCP患者复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗无效的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),系统抗HIV治疗、CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞百分比高、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平高是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05);绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)预测AIDS合并PCP患者复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗效果的AUC>0.70,具有一定的预测价值。结论:CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)在AIDS合并PCP患者中呈异常表达,且与复方磺胺甲噁唑的治疗效果有关。

异基因造血干细胞移植后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床特征分析

目的:总结异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后合并耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PJP)患者的临床特征。方法:回顾性分析2018年7月至2023年7月在苏州大学附属第一医院和苏州弘慈血液病医院诊断的21例allo-HSCT后PJP患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学表现及治疗转归。结果:在21例患者中,男女比例为2.5∶1,中位年龄为36(15-62)岁,移植后并发PJP的中位时间为225 d。临床表现缺乏特异性,主要临床症状为呼吸道症状(呼吸困难、咳嗽、咳痰等)和发热;实验室检查发现15例患者外周血淋巴细胞计数降低,19例患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞绝对值<200/μl,20例患者的C反应蛋白水平明显升高,14例患者的乳酸脱氢酶升高,14例患者的1,3-β-D葡聚糖试验水平升高;胸部CT表现分为磨玻璃型、结节型、混合型3种,其中磨玻璃型发生率最高(18/21),结节型2例、混合型1例。通过mNGS技术均检测出耶氏肺孢子菌序列数在15-57570之间,11例患者为混合感染。根据患者具体病情予以TMP-SMX、卡泊芬净、甲基强的松龙等个体化治疗,17例患者病情获得好转,4例死亡,均死于呼吸衰竭。结论:PJP是allo-HSCT后危急重症,诊断不易,早期诊断与及时治疗可取得更好的预后。mNGS诊断PJP的敏感性高,为临床提供早期精准诊断治疗可能,值得应用和推广。

对耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者进行复方磺胺甲唑治疗药物监测的重要性研究

耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)是人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodefi-ciency virus,HIV)患者较为常见和严重的机会性感染之一。随着免疫抑制剂及化疗药物等的使用,目前国内报道PJP多数为非HIV免疫抑制患者。复方磺胺甲唑(sulfamethoxazole complex,SMZco)是治疗PJP的一线药物,其药动学存在广泛的个体差异。本文通过引用1例药物监测下SMZco治疗PJP的病例,从SMZco的药代动力学、剂量相关不良反应以及最佳治疗剂量研究等方面进行系统综述,旨在表明对PJP患者进行SMZco治疗药物监测的重要性,通过药物监测以确保患者达到有效治疗浓度,减少不良反应的发生。

中国肾脏移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床诊疗指南

肾脏移植术后受者因使用免疫抑制药长期处于免疫抑制状态,是耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PJP)感染的高危人群。肾脏移植术后6个月内和强化抗排斥反应治疗后是PJP发生的高危期,发热、干咳、进行性呼吸困难和低氧血症是肾脏移植术后PJP常见的临床表现。甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑(TMP-SMX)可有效预防和治疗PJP,显著降低PJP的发生率和患者病死率。为规范肾脏移植术后PJP的诊断、治疗和预防,中华医学会器官移植学分会组织国内相关专家,从临床关注问题出发,制订《中国肾脏移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎临床诊疗指南》,指导肾脏移植术后PJP的预防和临床综合治疗。

肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎发病的危险因素分析

目的分析探讨肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)发病的危险因素。方法回顾性收集2015年的1月至2021年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肾移植术后的PJP患者作为病例组,并按照相应的移植时间设立对照组,收集两组患者相关基线数据及可能的危险因素,对各因素进行单因素分析,单因素分析中有显著统计学差异的纳入Logistic回归进行多因素分析,所有检验均为双侧检验,P<0.05差异有统计学意义。结果共收录肾移植术后PJP患者34例,其中女性13例(38.2%),年龄47(34,58)岁,非PJP患者68例,女性12例(17.6%),年龄39(34,50)岁。肾移植术后PJP主要集中在肾移植术后1年以内(共24例,占70.6%)。在多因素分析中,年龄>60岁[OR值9.18,95%CI 1.15~73.50,P=0.037]、糖尿病[OR值25.63,95%CI 5.80~113.18,P<0.001]、D0时严重淋巴细胞减低[OR值38.94,95%CI 5.16~293.79,P<0.001]及D0前6个月内有CMV感染史[OR值17.52,95%CI 1.13~271.61,P=0.041]有显著统计学差异。结论年龄(>60岁)、合并糖尿病、严重淋巴细胞减低以及感染前6个月以内有CMV感染等因素是肾移植术后PJP发病的独立危险因素。

肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎的临床表现及诊治分析

目的分析探讨肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia,PJP)的发病情况及临床诊治情况。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2021年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的肾移植术后PJP患者的临床表现、实验室及影像学结果以及诊治过程。结果本研究共收录肾移植术后耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者34例,其中男性21例,女性13例。感染时间为肾移植术后8.5(6.0,18.0)月;主要临床表现为发热31例(占91.2%)、干咳14例(占41.2%)及喘憋13例(占38.2%);相关感染指标中(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖[147.7(60.0,258.7)pg/mL]、乳酸脱氢酶[(393.94±107.94)U/L]及C-反应蛋白[30.5(12.8,57.5)mg/L]明显升高,与出院时结果差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);病原学检查以痰耶氏肺孢子菌PCR检测为主,阳性率为56.7%,肺泡灌洗液(BALF)PCR、痰液、肺泡灌洗液及血液的宏基因组二代测序(macrogenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)检测阳性率为100%;研究中有25例(占73.5%)患者使用标准剂量复方磺胺甲噁唑(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,TMP-SMZ)抗感染治疗,9例(占26.5%)病变相对严重或合并肾功能不全者使用低剂量TMP-SMZ联合卡泊芬净,两组治愈率均为100%;治疗中共出现骨髓抑制12例(占35.3%)、Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭11例(占32.4%)、急性肾损伤9例(占26.5%)、急性肝损伤3例(占8.8%),两组间各并发症发生率无统计学差异(P=0.439,1.000,0.386,0.549)。结论可疑的临床及肺CT表现结合(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖的升高及痰耶氏肺孢子菌PCR检测有利于PJP的早期诊断,BALF的PCR及相关标本mNGS检测可协助提高诊断阳性率,标准剂量TMP-SMZ或低剂量联合卡泊芬净对PJP疗效值得肯定,但骨髓抑制、肝肾功能损伤等合并症仍需关注。

亚洲诺卡菌合并耶氏肺孢子菌感染1例并文献复习

肺诺卡菌病与肺孢子菌肺炎均是临床少见的机会感染性疾病,均好发于免疫力受损的患者。然而,两者合并感染鲜有报道,临床及影像学表现复杂,诊治困难。本文报告1例亚洲诺卡菌合并肺孢子菌感染患者的诊治经过并进行文献复习,以提高对该病的认识。

猪传染性胸膜肺炎发病机制研究进展

猪传染性胸膜肺炎(porcine pleuropneumonia,PCP)是由猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP)引起的一种严重呼吸道疾病,在全世界广泛流行。APP主要通过直接接触、气溶胶和污染物在猪群之间传播,猪只感染后,多种毒力因子触发一系列细胞因子级联反应,引发“炎症风暴”造成脓毒血症,导致肺脏病变及坏死,最急性型的死亡率可达80%~100%。PCP在我国的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,已成为危害养猪业最严重的疾病之一,给我国养殖业造成严重的经济损失。临床上常用抗生素治疗PCP,但由于细菌耐药性日益严重,使得抗生素对该病的防控愈发困难。此外APP血清型较多,不同类型血清型之间交叉免疫不强,导致疫苗防控效果不理想,感染后死亡率和发病率均处于上升趋势。目前,人们对APP发病机制的研究主要集中在毒力因子方面,关于该菌的侵袭过程(如细菌的定植和营养获取、逃避宿主防御、诱导组织损伤等)对PCP的发生、发展及预后的影响尚不清楚。因此,文章主要综述了PCP的发病机制,揭示了多种因素的作用,以期了解APP的感染过程及机体的免疫机制,在抗炎和增强免疫力等环节为防治PCP提供理论依据。