Simulation Monitoring for Rainfall Infiltration in Soil Based on High Density Electrical Method

Rainfall infiltration is a porous medium flow problem with variable saturation. Based on the theoretical analysis of the flow field, electrical conductivity of rocks, the electrical field, the paper simulates the coupling relationship between the water saturation in soil and the apparent resistivity distribution. It combines the Richards equation, the Archie formula and the Laplace equation. The experiment simulates the potential field data by the Wenner setting in electrical exploration on a two-layer geologic model with continuous rainfall during 5 days, which shows that the effective saturation in soil is increasing with the rainfall time, while the apparent resistivity is decreasing. This can provide a theoretical basis for the analyzing the rainfall infiltration and porosity of the soil by using high-density electrical method in the future.

FINITE DIFFERENCE MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF DENSIFYING CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES BY CHEMICAL VAPOR INFILTRATIONP ROCESSES

A finite difference (FD) model is proposed to simulate the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) processes for fabrication of carbon carbon composites. With iterative operation of many discrete values, the FD based model can be used to describe and analyze the real, continuous densification processing quantitatively. Many densification characteristics of carbon carbon composites can be predicated by modeling. The prediction results can be compared with experiment value directly, which shows its good ability for practical application. Special verification experiments are designed with Iso thermal CVI processing and slender cylindroid unidirectional C/C composites are prepared to verify the accuracy of the model. The modeling curve of density versus infiltration time is in good agreement with experiment values. According to modeling analysis, the effects of infiltration temperature and fiber volume fraction on densification are also discussed preliminarily. The conclusion obtained also accords with experiment or results in other literature, further approving the accuracy of the FD based model.

Reactivation of a huge ancient landslide by surface water infiltration

An ancient landslide, situated in Deqin County, Yunnan Province, China, was used to investigate the reactivation by water infiltration. This study considers the infiltration process and landslide stability using finite-element method(FEM)-based models. The results show that the reactivation of old landslide deposit was triggered by the long-term leakage of diversion ditch before October 2012, and the reactivation was triggered again by the intense rainfall on 7-9 October 2012. The old cracks, which formed in the earlier reactivation of landslide, played a key role for the rainfall infiltration. They offered a preferential path for much more rainfall to infiltrate fast into deep soil, and caused wetting front to move down faster in landslide. The old slip zone with lower permeability was another important factor to cause the infiltrated water to accumulate and form a high pore water pressure above slip zone. Then the high pore water pressure decreased the shear strength of slip zone and triggered the reactivation of the old landslide deposit again.

Volume and fat infiltration of spino-pelvic musculature in adults with spinal deformity

AIM: To investigate fat infiltration and volume of spino-pelvic muscles in adults spinal deformity(ASD) with magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and 3D reconstructions.METHODS: Nineteen female ASD patients(mean age 60 ± 13) were included prospectively and consecutively and had T1-weighted Turbo Spin Echo sequence MRIs with Dixon method from the proximal tibia up to T12 vertebra. The Dixon method permitted to evaluate the proportion of fat inside each muscle(fat-water ratio). In order to investigate the accuracy of the Dixon method for estimating fat vs water, the same MRI acquisition was performed on phantoms of four vials composed of different proportion of fat vs water. With Muscl'X software, 3D reconstructions of 17 muscles or group of muscles were obtained identifying the muscle's contour on a limited number of axial images [Deformation of parametric specific objects(DPSO) Method]. Musclar volume(Vmuscle), infiltrated fat volume(Vfat) and percentage of fat infiltration [Pfat, calculated as follow: Pfat = 100 ×(Vfat/Vmuscle)] were characterized by extensor or flexor function respectively for the spine, hip and knee and theirs relationship with demographic data were investigated. RESULTS: Phantom acquisition demonstrated a non linear relation between Dixon fat-water ratio and the real fat-water ratio. In order to correct the Dixon fatwater ratio, the non linear relation was approximated with a polynomial function of degree three using the phantom acquisition. On average, Pfat was 13.3% ± 5.3%. Muscles from the spinal extensor group had a Pfat significantly greater than the other muscles groups, and the largest variability(Pfat = 31.9% ± 13.8%, P < 0.001). Muscles from the hip extensor group ranked 2nd in terms of Pfat(14% ± 8%), and were significantly greater than those of the knee extensor(P = 0.030). Muscles from the knee extensor group demonstrated the least Pfat(12% ± 8%). They were also the only group with a significant correlation between Vmuscle and Pfat(r =-0.741, P < 0.001), however this correlation was lacking in the other groups. No correlation was found between the Vmuscle total and age or body mass index. Except for the spine flexors, Pfat was correlated with age. Vmuscle and Vfat distributions demonstrated that muscular degeneration impacted the spinal extensors most.CONCLUSION: Mechanisms of fat infiltration are not similar among the muscle groups. Degeneration impacted the spinal and hip extensors most, key muscles of the sagittal alignment.

A study of the upper limit of solid scatters density for gray Lattice Boltzmann Method

The upper limit of the solid scatters density ns （x）, a key parameter for the simulation of flows in porous media with a gray Lattice Boltzmann Method, is studied by an analytical way for the infiltration Poiseuille flow between two infinite parallel plates. Analyses of three different gray Lattice Boltzmann schemes, separately proposed by Gao and Sharma et al., Dardis and McCloskey, and Thorne and Sukop, indicate that the effective domain of Gao and Sharma＇s scheme is restricted to ns 〈 1/2√3≈0.289, Dardis and McCloskey＇s scheme is restricted to ns 〈 （√57-1）/28≈0.234, and that there is no extra restriction on ns（x） with Thorne and Sukop＇s scheme. These results are obtained for the dimensionless relaxation time τ= 1. The above analytical results are verified by our numerical simulations. The use of a gray LBM is further illustrated by simulating the flow at the interface of a porous medium. Simulation results yield velocity profiles which agree very well with Brinkman＇s prediction.

High-temperature thermal stability of C/C−ZrC−SiC composites via region labeling method

To investigate the thermal stability of ceramic-matrix composites,three kinds of C/C−ZrC−SiC composites with different Zr/Si molar ratios were synthesized by reactive melt infiltration.Employing region labeling method,the high-temperature thermal stability of the composites was systematically studied by changing the temperature and holding time of thermal treatment.Results show that the mass loss rate of low Si composites has a growth trend with increasing temperature,and a crystal transformation from β-SiC toα-SiC occurs in the composites.In the calibrated area,SiC phase experiences Ostwald ripening and volume change with location migration,while ZrC phase experiences a re-sintering process with diffusion.Moreover,it is found that increasing temperature has a more obvious effect on the thermal stability than extending holding time,which is mainly attributed to the faster diffusion rate of atoms.

充水作用下露天煤矿内排土场边坡稳定性分析

为分析废弃矿坑改造成蓄水湖时充水高度对内排土场边坡稳定性的影响,采用室内相似试验、数值模拟和理论分析的方法对不同水位高度下内排土场边坡稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明:随着充水高度的增加,浸润线运移速度、边坡最大位移、孔隙水压力和边坡土体受到的压力整体呈增长趋势。充水高度越大,边坡倾角越大,边坡稳定系数越低。研究结论为露天煤矿改造成蓄水湖或蓄能水电站项目工程提供参考。

降雨条件下层状土坡三维边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发滑坡的重要因素之一,在降雨型滑坡的研究中,关于土壤水分剖面形状动态变化对三维边坡稳定性的影响有待进一步考虑。鉴于此,在前人工作的基础上,本文采用含修正形状系数的形状曲线描述土壤水分剖面的变化,结合非饱和土的水力特性,计算等效渗透系数,推导出改进入渗模型并拓展至双层土体入渗。利用GRASS GIS建立三维边坡模型,选取椭球面作为三维滑动面,通过蒙特卡洛法模拟椭球面参数,确定试算滑动面,采用Hovland三维极限平衡法计算考虑雨水入渗影响的三维边坡安全系数。根据湿润锋面、土层间界面和潜在滑动面三者的相对位置关系,将栅格单元柱分为5种情况考虑。通过算例分析验证所提出的降雨条件下三维边坡稳定性分析方法的可行性,结果表明:蒙特卡洛模拟试算样本数的最佳取值可定为2500次;最小三维边坡安全系数随着降雨历时的增加而减小,减小幅度为0.055~0.126。

降雨条件下土质挖方边坡的稳定性分析

边坡开挖会对原始斜坡体产生卸荷效应,降低了土坡抵抗外界荷载的能力,降雨入渗后易引发灾害,给边坡安全施工造成威胁。本文采用非饱和土抗剪强度理论,结合Morgenstern-Price条分法,对不同放坡角度下边坡的稳定性进行分析,同时采用具有不同降雨峰值的两组72 h实测降雨值,动态分析了边坡安全系数,同时探讨了孔隙水压力的变化规律。结果表明:(1)土体饱和度随基质吸力增加而不断减小;(2)由于粉细砂渗透系数大,同一吸力水平下,饱和度下降最快,其次为淤泥质壤土,而黏土的饱和度下降最慢,储水能力最好;(3)随着坡角增大,边坡的潜在滑动面会逐渐靠近开挖形成的临空面,即滑坡的体积会减小,边坡的安全系数越低;(4)总体上随着降雨时长增大,边坡的安全系数呈逐渐减小的趋势,但局部出现了回升的现象。因此在进行实际切坡工程时,应当尽量降低坡角来保持边坡稳定性,对于需要留取较陡边坡的工程,应采取相应的加固措施来防止边坡出现滑坡等灾害。同时,采用实际降雨数据对边坡稳定性分析能够真实反映边坡安全系数边坡变化,对边坡稳定性设计具有实际意义。

Numerical simulation of isothermal chemical vapor infiltration process in fabrication of carbon-carbon composites by finite element method

The chemical vapor infiltration process in fabrication of carbon-carbon composites is highly inefficient and requires long processing time. These limitations add considerably to the cost of fabrication and restrict the application of this material. Efforts have been made to study the CVI process in fabrication of carbon-carbon composites by computer simulation and predict the process parameters, density, porosity, etc. According to the characteristics of CVI process, the basis principle of FEM and mass transport, the finite element model has been established. Incremental finite element equations and the elemental stiffness matrices have been derived for the first time. The finite element program developed by the authors has been used to simulate the ICVI process in fabrication of carbon-carbon composites. Computer color display of simulated results can express the densification and distributions of density and porosity in preform clearly. The influence of process parameters on the densification of preform has been analyzed. The numerically simulated and experimental results give a good agreement.

高压断路器用CuW触头材料研究进展

CuW合金已作为触头材料被广泛用作高压SF6断路器和气体绝缘组合电器中,其抗侵蚀性能决定着开关设备的使用寿命。CuW触头材料主要的制备工艺包括熔渗法和粉末烧结法,最新的研究进展发现熔渗CuW合金的关键点在于W骨架的连接强度,而液相烧结CuW合金的关键在于熔融Cu与W颗粒之间的润湿性,明确了两种工艺的研究方向;对基于铝热还原工艺制备CuW合金的研究进行概述,提出思路是进行前驱体的烧结,降低反应物的活化能,从而促进自蔓延反应的进行;同时总结了目前CuW合金的改性研究在于增强相的添加和变形加工,旨在对工业上技术改进提供指导,但如何更好地应用于工业上仍需要一定时间的探索;最后着眼于弧触头的整体研究,明确CuW和CrCu之间的结合强度是弧触头整体材料的关键因素,也对后续整体材料的改进与发展提供新的方向。

碳化硅多孔介质内渗硅过程的仿真研究

对仿真熔硅在碳化硅多孔预制体内的渗流过程进行深入研究,不仅有助于了解反应熔渗过程缺陷的成因,还有助于揭示特殊渗流现象的成因。本文基于水平集法、N-S方程、杨氏方程,在由光学显微镜图像提取重构的二维孔道内,进行了熔硅毛细熔渗过程的仿真,重点模拟了由40μm颗粒经模压构成的预制体和基于颗粒级配工艺的预制体内的熔渗过程。结果表明:入渗过程中较大的入口有利于熔渗的快速进行,熔渗过程在同一区域由非饱和渗流逐步向饱和渗流演变;预制体内的大空腔、尖角区与盲孔等孔隙结构有较大概率演化出孔隙型缺陷;预制体的排气出口边界条件与熔渗趋肤成壳现象呈强相关性。

金刚石粒径对金刚石/Cu-B合金复合材料热物理性能的影响

采用Cu-B合金为基体,选用粒径分别为110、230、550μm的金刚石颗粒作为增强体,利用气压熔渗工艺在1100℃、10 MPa气体压力下制备金刚石/Cu-B合金复合材料,研究金刚石颗粒粒径对复合材料组织结构、界面相分布及热物理性能的影响。结果表明,随着金刚石粒径的增大,复合材料热导率上升,热膨胀系数减小,复合材料界面处硼碳化合物含量增加,界面结合情况得到改善。由金刚石颗粒粒径为550μm时,复合材料热导率最高,可达680.3 W/(m·K),热膨胀系数最小,为4.905×10^(−6)K^(−1),符合高效热管理器件对金刚石/金属基复合材料的热物理性能要求,在电子产品散热器件方面具有良好的应用前景。

湖北省2019-2021年岩溶碳汇估算及其驱动因子分析

碳酸盐岩在水循环过程中的碳汇效应显著,加之岩溶地貌在我国分布广泛,所以探求岩溶碳汇潜力的研究对制定区域增汇策略具有重要意义。选取位于西南岩溶区的湖北省为重点研究区域,基于水化学径流法及入渗-平衡化学法进行定量化计算和比较,利用ArcGIS空间分析技术整体评估湖北省2019-2021年岩溶碳汇的空间格局与量级,探索更适宜应用于区域尺度的岩溶作用碳汇估算方法,综合分析岩溶碳汇的驱动因子,发掘更大的增汇潜力。研究结果表明:(1)采用入渗-平衡化学法估算3 a碳汇强度大小为2020年>2019年>2021年,丰水年(2020年)岩溶碳汇总量约为枯水年(2019年)的6倍,3 a年均碳汇强度为12.84 t/(km^(2)·a),碳汇总量达163.89×10^(4) t/a;(2)相较于水化学径流法,入渗-平衡化学法计算结果更为准确,获取数据资料较为简单,大小空间尺度都具有一定的普适性;(3)碳汇作用变化是高度动态的,气候变化下变化幅度主要由径流深决定,碳汇强度随径流深增大而变强,土地利用类型调控着岩溶作用碳汇强度;(4)鄂西南地区岩溶作用强烈,可建立岩溶碳汇试验区,定量评估人工干预所带来的增汇效果。研究结果不仅提供了精确易行的岩溶碳汇估算方法,而且确定了湖北省岩溶碳汇的量级与空间格局,摸清了碳汇强度驱动因子的共同耦合作用,体现了岩溶碳汇的人为可调控性以及复杂性,进一步为环境保护政策、人工增汇措施的制定提供了可靠的科学依据。

Effect of microalloying on wettability and interface characteristics of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses with W substrate

The infiltration casting method is widely employed for the preparation of ex-situ composite materials.However,the production of composite materials using this method must necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the wettability and interface characteristics between the reinforcing phase and the bulk metallic glasses(BMGs).This work optimized the composition of Zr-based BMGs through microalloying methods,resulting in a new set of Zr-based BMGs with excellent glass-forming ability.Wetting experiments between the Zr-based BMGs melts and W substrates were conducted using the traditional sessile drop method,and the interfaces were characterized utilizing a scanning electron microscope(SEM)equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The work demonstrates that the microalloying method substantially enhances the wettability of the Zr-based BMGs melt.Additionally,the incorporation of Nb element impedes the formation of W-Zr phases,but the introduction of Nb element does not alter the extent of interdiffusion between the constituent elements of the amorphous matrix and W element,indicating that the influence of Nb element on the diffusion of individual elements is minute.

浅埋富水砂层隧道复合注浆治理技术研究

青岛地铁四号线张村站横通道为浅埋富水砂层,为了解决开挖过程中面临的涌水涌砂问题,采用多方法复合注浆加固技术进行治理。模袋桩布置于重点加固区外轮廓,模袋桩工法能起到桩体加固作用,同时可以控制注浆扩散,抑制地表抬升;分段钢管桩布置于重点加固区域内部,采用分段注入的方式,均匀扩散有利于加固效果,且能避免局部不均匀注浆造成的抬升问题;在中粗砂地层中,水泥浆液的渗滤效应是不可忽视的,注浆扩散半径按1.2m进行考虑,实践证明是合理的。浅埋富水砂层注浆结束后,配合真空降水,实现了隧道内的无水施工环境。钢管桩、模袋桩和注浆三种方法构成了复合加固技术,配合其他辅助工艺方法,有效解决了浅埋富水砂层的治理难题,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。

Impact of weather conditions and building design on contaminant infiltration from crawl spaces in Swedish schools-Numerical modeling using Monte Carlo method

Some Swedish school buildings built in the 1960s and 1970s experience indoor air quality problems,where the contaminants are suspected to come from the crawl space underneath the building.The poor indoor air quality causes discomfort among pupils and teachers.Installing an exhaust fan to maintain a negative pressure difference in the crawl space relative to indoors or increasing the ventilation in the classroom are two examples of common measures taken to improve the indoor air quality.However,these measures are not always effective,and sometimes the school building has to be demolished.The relation between pressure distribution,contaminant concentration in the classroom,outdoor temperature,wind,mechanical ventilation,and air leakage distribution is complex.A better understanding of these relations is crucial for making decisions on the most efficient measure to improve the indoor air quality.In this paper,a model for contaminant infiltration from the crawl space is used together with the Monte Carlo method to study these relations.Simulations are performed for several cases where different building shapes,building orientations,shielding conditions,and geographical locations are simulated.Results show,for example,that for a building with an imbalanced ventilation system,air is leaking from the crawl space to the classroom for the majority of cases and that concentration levels in the classroom are usually the highest during mild and calm days.

青铜峡引黄灌区农田灌溉水入渗与玉米分层吸水规律研究

玉米是干旱区灌溉农业的主要作物之一,研究灌溉水入渗与玉米分层吸水规律对理解玉米农田系统中土壤-植被-大气连续体(SPAC)输水过程尤为重要。以地处干旱气候带的宁夏青铜峡引黄灌区为研究区域,采集了玉米生育期内降水、灌溉水、地下水、玉米茎秆以及1 m内不同深度的7层土壤样品,分析了其δ^(2)H、δ^(18)O的变化特征,并在氢氧稳定同位素的指示下,结合土壤体积含水率研究了灌溉水进入田间后的入渗过程,进而分别运用直接对比法和贝叶斯混合模型研究了玉米对各层土壤水分的吸收比例和规律。结果表明:(1)青铜峡引黄灌区历次降水、灌溉水、地下水的氢氧同位素呈富集趋势,玉米茎秆水氢氧同位素逐渐贫化;土壤水氢氧同位素在浅层(0~30 cm)富集,浅层以下趋于稳定。(2)灌区大气降水线为δ^(2)H=6.67δ^(18)O-9,降水受云下二次蒸发作用影响显著,降水和灌溉水进入田间后在土壤表面进行了强烈的蒸发,地下水受降水和灌溉水补给。(3)灌溉水在进入田间后的5 d内迅速下渗,活塞流是灌区内土壤水的主要入渗形式。(4)灌区玉米主要吸收0~30 cm浅层土壤水,整个生育期吸收比例达到44.70%;灌水后玉米的主要吸水层位没有发生变化,浅层贡献比例最大。(5)玉米对土壤水的分层吸收利用与土壤温度、土壤体积含水率密切相关,浅层土壤温度的升高以及由于蒸腾和蒸发作用导致的土壤体积含水率降低,促使玉米增加对中深层土壤水的利用;浅层土壤水分对玉米生长至关重要,干旱情况下需要通过及时灌溉补充玉米主要吸水土壤层水分以保证其正常的生长发育。

铺层方式对VIHPS制备的GO-CF混杂增强复合材料弯曲性能的影响

本文首先采用真空浸渗热压工艺(VIHPS)制备了不同铺层方式的氧化石墨烯-碳纤维(GO-CF)混杂增强复合材料,并对该材料进行三点弯曲试验,再通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征其微观断口形貌。然后使用Digmat软件的FE模块建立微-纳跨尺度的代表性体积单元(RVE)模型,将该模型导入ANSYS Workbench软件中进行三点弯曲仿真模拟。复合材料三点弯曲试验结果表明,随着沿试样宽度方向(Y向)纤维铺层的增加,复合材料的弯曲强度从433.2 MPa降低至12.7 MPa,弯曲模量从13.8 GPa降低至0.2 GPa,它们分别降低了97.07%和98.55%。最后通过对比试验与仿真结果发现,两种结果的变化趋势基本一致,且仿真结果与试验结果接近。复合材料在弯曲变形过程中,受到拉伸和压缩的共同作用,其中导致复合材料失效的方式主要包括基体开裂、界面脱粘和纤维断裂。