Bioinspired Polarized Optical Flow Enables Turbid Underwater Target Motion Estimation

Underwater target motion estimation is a challenge for ocean military and scientific research.In this work,we propose a method based on the combination of polarization imaging and optical flow for turbid underwater target detection.Polarization imaging can reduce the influence of backscattered light and obtain high-quality images underwater.The optical flow shows the motion and structural information of the target.We use polarized optical flow to obtain the optical flow field and estimate the target motion.The experimental results of different targets under varying water turbidity levels illustrate that our method is realizable and robust.The precision is verified by comparing the results with the precise displacement data and calculating two error measures.The proposed method based on polarized optical flow can obtain accurate displacement information and a good recognition effect.Moving target segmentation based on the Otsu method further proves the superiority of the polarized optical flow under turbid water.This study is valuable for target detection and motion estimation in scattering environments.

A new method for deriving broad-band polar motion geodetic excitations

While the geodetic excitationχ(t)of polar motion p(t)is essential to improve our understanding of global mass redistributions and relative motions with respect to the terrestrial frame,the widely adopted method to deriveχ(t)from p(t)has biases in both amplitude and phase responses.This study has developed a new simple but more accurate method based on the combination of the frequency-and time-domain Liouville's equation(FTLE).The FTLE method has been validated not only with 6-h sampled synthetic excitation series but also with daily and 6-h sampled polar motion measurements as well asχ(t)produced by the interactive webpage tool of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service(IERS).Numerical comparisons demonstrate thatχ(t)derived from the FTLE method has superior performances in both the time and frequency domains with respect to that obtained from the widely adopted method or the IERS webpage tool,provided that the input p(t)series has a length around or more than 25 years,which presents no practical limitations since the necessary polar motion data are readily available.The FTLE code is provided in the form of Mat Lab function.

Polar Functions for Fractional Brownian Motion

Let X (t)(t∈R^N) be a d-dimensional fractional Brownian motion. A contiunous function f:R^N→R^d is called a polar function of X(t)(t∈R^N) if P{ t∈R^N\{0},X(t)=t(t)}=0. In this paper, the characteristies of the class of polar functions are studied. Our theorem 1 improves the previous results of Graversen and Legall. Theorem2 solves a problem of Legall (1987) on Brownian motion.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF INCREMENTAL RATE TYPE FOR POLAR CONTINUA

The relations between various couple stress tensors and their change rates are derived. The equations of angular momentum and the corresponding boundary conditions of incremental rate type are presented. Thus the equations of motion and the boundary conditions of incremental rate type of Cauchy form, Piola form and Kirchhoff from for polar continua are obtained in combination of these results with those for classical continuum mechanics derived by kuang Zhenbang.

A new polar motion prediction method combined with the difference between polar motion series

After the first Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign(1 st EOP PCC),the traditional method using least-squares extrapolation and autoregressive(LS+AR)models was considered as one of the polar motion prediction methods with higher accuracy.The traditional method predicts individual polar motion series separately,which has a single input data and limited improvement in prediction accuracy.To address this problem,this paper proposes a new method for predicting polar motion by combining the difference between polar motion series.The X,Y,and Y-X series were predicted separately using LS+AR models.Then,the new forecast value of X series is obtained by combining the forecast value of Y series with that of Y-X series;the new forecast value of Y series is obtained by combining the forecast value of X series with that of Y-X series.The hindcast experimental comparison results from January 1,2011 to April 4,2021 show that the new method achieves a maximum improvement of 12.95%and 14.96%over the traditional method in the X and Y directions,respectively.The new method has obvious advantages compared with the differential method.This study tests the stability and superiority of the new method and provides a new idea for the research of polar motion prediction.

IGS polar motion measurement accuracy

We elaborate an error budget for the long-term accuracy of IGS（International Global Navigation Satellite System Service） polar motion estimates, concluding that it is probably about 25-30 μas（1-sigma）overall, although it is not possible to quantify possible contributions（mainly annual） that might transfer directly from aliases of subdaily rotational tide errors. The leading sources are biases arising from the need to align daily, observed terrestrial frames, within which the pole coordinates are expressed and which are continuously deforming, to the secular, linear international reference frame. Such biases are largest over spans longer than about a year. Thanks to the very large number of IGS tracking stations, the formal covariance errors are much smaller,around 5 to 10 μas. Large networks also permit the systematic frame-related errors to be more effectively minimized but not eliminated. A number of periodic errors probably also influence polar motion results, mainly at annual, GPS（Global Positioning System） draconitic, and fortnightly periods, but their impact on the overall error budget is unlikely to be significant except possibly for annual tidal aliases. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised in interpreting geophysical excitations near any of the suspect periods.

Improved geophysical excitations constrained by polar motion observations and GRACE/SLR time-dependent gravity

At seasonal and intraseasonal time scales, polar motions are mainly excited by angular momentum fluctuations due to mass redistributions and relative motions in the atmosphere, oceans, and continental water, snow, and ice, which are usually provided by various global atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological models（some with meteorological observations assimilated; e.g., NCEP, ECCO, ECMWF, OMCT and LSDM etc.）. Unfortunately, these model outputs are far from perfect and have notable discrepancies with respect to polar motion observations, due to non-uniform distributions of meteorological observatories,as well as theoretical approximations and non-global mass conservation in these models. In this study,the LDC（Least Difference Combination） method is adopted to obtain some improved atmospheric,oceanic, and hydrological/crospheric angular momentum（AAM, OAM and HAM/CAM, respectively）functions and excitation functions（termed as the LDCgsm solutions）. Various GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment） and SLR（Satellite Laser Ranging） geopotential data are adopted to correct the non-global mass conservation problem, while polar motion data are used as general constraints. The LDCgsm solutions can reveal not only periodic fluctuations but also secular trends in AAM, OAM and HAM/CAM, and are in better agreement with polar motion observations, reducing the unexplained excitation to the level of about 5.5 mas（standard derivation value; about 1/5-1/4 of those corresponding to the original model outputs）.

Improvement of the prediction accuracy of polar motion using empirical mode decomposition

Previous studies revealed that the error of pole coordinate prediction will significantly increase for a prediction period longer than 100 days, and this is mainly caused by short period oscillations. Empirical mode decomposition （EMD）, which is increasingly popular and has advantages over classical wavelet decomposition, can be used to remove short period variations from observed time series of pole co- ordinates. A hybrid model combing EMD and extreme learning machine （ELM）, where high frequency signals are removed and processed time series is then modeled and predicted, is summarized in this paper. The prediction performance of the hybrid model is compared with that of the ELM-only method created from original time series. The results show that the proposed hybrid model outperforms the pure ELM method for both short-term and long-term prediction of pole coordinates. The improvement of prediction accuracy up to 360 days in the future is found to be 24.91% and 26.79% on average in terms of mean absolute error （MAE） for the xp and yp components of pole coordinates, respectively.

Reassessment of electromagnetic core-mantle coupling and its implications to the Earth’s decadal polar motion

The observed Earth’s polar motion on decadal time scales has long been conjectured to be excited by the exchange of equatorial angular momentum between the solid mantle and the fluid outer core,via the mechanism of electromagnetic(EM)core-mantle coupling.However,past estimations of the EM coupling torque from surface geomagnetic observations is too weak to account for the observed decadal polar motion.Our recent estimations from numerical geodynamo simulations have shown the opposite.In this paper,we re-examine in detail the EM coupling mechanism and the properties of the magnetic field in the electrically conducting lower mantle(characterized by a thin D '-layer at the base of the mantle).Our simulations find that the toroidal field in the D'-layer from the induction and convection of the toroidal field in the outer core could be potentially much stronger than that from the advection of the poloidal field in the outer core.The former,however,cannot be inferred from geomagnetic observations at the Earth’s surface,and is missing in previous EM torque estimated from geomagnetic observations.Our deduction suggests further that this field could make the actual EM coupling torque sufficiently strong,at approximately 5×1019 Nm,to excite,and hence explain,the decadal polar motion to magnitude of approximately 10 mas.

Polar motion prediction using the combination of SSA and ARMA

High-precision polar motion(PM) prediction is of important significance in astronomy, geodesy, aviation,hydrographic mapping, interstellar navigation, and so on. SSA can effectively extract the trend and period terms of PM,in the process of achieving high-precision medium-and long-term polar motion prediction,it is necessary to solve the end effect problem and overfitting problem of SSA forecasting method;therefore, ARMA was applied to decreasethe end effect, and a suitable combination of reconstructed components was determined to avoid the high variance reaction of SSA overfitting. Based on the decomposition and reconstruction of the PM by SSA, the reconstructed components are determined to participate in the SSA iterative fitting model according to the variance contribution rate. The combination of the reconstructed components representing the polar motion period term and the trend term is determined according to the correlation analysis of the selected reconstructed components. After the above work, the principal component prediction sequence is obtained by fitting the period term and the trend term to convergence, respectively, and then, the SSA end effect is modified, and the residual term is predicted based on ARMA. The test results show that he prediction accuracy of SSA + ARMA at the front of the X and Y directions are improved by 96.90% and 97.53% compared with those of SSA, respectively,and the forecast accuracy of 365 days are improved by 37.93% and 19.53% in the X and Y directions compared with those of Bulletin A, respectively.

EARTH ROTATION EQUATIONS CONTAINING BOTH NUTATION AND POLAR MOTION

The theory of Smith (1977,1980) is generalized to include both forced and free rotations by introducing an arbitrarily rotating nutation frame.The Eulerien equations are transformed to include the following unknowns:the angular velocity of the nutation frame with respect to the spatial frame,which represents the nutation,and the angles defining the orientation of the Earth with respect to the nutation frame,which represents the polar motion.Together with the definition of the nutation frame (as the definition of the nutation frame is arbitrary to some extent),one can solve simultaneously forced and free nutation and polar motion.As demonstrative examples,studies of nutation and polar motion are made by assuming the nutation axis to be the Earth’s figure axis,rotation axis and angular momentum axis respectively.And the case of the celestial ephemeris pole is also studied.

Excitation of Annual Polar Motion by the Pacific,Atlantic and Indian Oceans

The global oceans play important roles in exciting the annual polar motion besides the atmosphere. However, it is still unclear about how large the regional oceans contribute to the annual polar motion. We investigate systemically the contributions of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans to the excitation of the annual polar motion, based on the output data of ocean current velocity field and ocean bottom pressure field from ＂Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean （ECCO）＂ ocean circulation model over the period 1993-2005. The result shows that due to its particular location and shape, the Atlantic Ocean makes a less significant contribution to the x-component of the annual polar motion excitation than the Pacific and Indian Oceans, while all these three oceans contribute to the y-component of the annual polar motion excitation to some extent.

Collective motion of polar active particles on a sphere

Collective motion of active particles with polar alignment is investigated on a sphere.We discussed the factors that affect particle swarm motion and define an order parameter that can show the degree of particle swarm motion.In the model,we added a polar alignment strength,along with Gaussian curvature,affecting particles swarm motion.We find that when the force exceeds a certain limit,the order parameter will decrease with the increase of the force.Combined with our definition of order parameter and observation of the model,the reason is that particles begin to move side by side under the influence of polar forces.In addition,the effects of velocity,rotational diffusion coefficient,and packing fraction on particle swarm motion are discussed.It is found that the rotational diffusion coefficient and the packing fraction have a great influence on the clustering motion of particles,while the velocity has little influence on the clustering motion of particles.

Polarization Jitters Caused by Fiber Nonlinearity in PM Optical Communication System

The phenomenon of polarization jitters caused by fiber nonlinearity is investigated. A general formula about the polarization jitter is concluded in polarization multiplexing (PM) system based on two orthogonal linear polarization states when the best polarization correction is used. A 100 Gb/s PM system based on NRZ code is investigated by simulation, and the Stocks parameter about polarization jitter and Poincare sphere diagrams are got for different power and phase difference of two orthogonal polarized light. The results show that the polarization jitters will be suppressed when the combined PM signal is the linear or circular polarization state.

北京市大气气溶胶PM_(2.5)中极性有机化合物的测定

提出了用GC MS分析大气细粒子中极性有机化合物的测定方法 ,给出了 2类衍生化反应的最佳条件 .标准物质工作曲线相关系数在 0 995～ 1 0 0 0之间 ,仪器精密度为 1 %～ 1 0 % ,标准物质的标准偏差为 3%～ 2 0 % ,实际样品的标准偏差为 3%～ 1 7% ,仪器定量限为 0 1～ 4 0ng·μL-1 .实测了北京市夏、秋、冬 3季大气细粒子样品 ,定量极性有机化合物 4 2种 ,其中一元羧酸 30种、二元羧酸 5种、无水单糖 3种、甾醇类 3种和苯甲酸 。

基于PM-FBG的可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器

利用保偏光纤光栅(PM-FBG)设计了一种线性腔可开关双波长掺铒光纤激光器。由于与保偏光纤光栅两个反射峰对应的激射双波长的两纵模在偏振态上是正交的,在均匀展宽的掺铒光纤中增强的偏烧孔(PHB)效应减小了不同模式间的竞争,因此可在常温下得到稳定的双波长。另外,通过调整偏振控制器的状态,可使激光器在稳定的双波长状态或在两波长之间转换。实验结果表明,在100 mA的泵源电流抽运下,双波长同时激射时的激光消光比大于36 dB,室温下激光工作稳定,5 h内,激射激光双波长基本无变化,峰值抖动小于0.06 dB。最后验证了泵源驱动电流与激射光谱的关系。

基于PM的多功能超宽带调制技术的研究

基于相位调制器(PM)级联高斯带通滤波器,提出了一种超宽带(UWB)多功能调制方案,可以实现通断键控(OOK)、脉冲极性调制(PBM)和脉冲形状调制(PSM)。该方案结构简单,只需单个光源,利用率较高,仅改变比特序列发生器(BSG)的编码就可实现三种UWB调制格式间的灵活切换;产生的三种信号只包含一个波长,在光纤中传输时无需复杂的非线性控制和色散管理。使用光通信软件Optisystem进行模拟,研究了光源功率、调制速率以及两支路PM和滤波器系统误差的影响,对OOK、PBM和PSM信号的传输性能进行了分析。结果表明,光源功率和调制速率在一定范围内变化时,可以获得性能最佳的UWB调制信号。

一种考虑PMX与PMY之间相关性的极移预报新方法

提出采用多元回归模型(MAR)与最小二乘(LS)组合进行极移预报。该模型考虑极移PMX和PMY的LS拟合残差之间的相关性,采用PMX残差和PMY残差一起构建预报模型进行残差预报。通过与LS+AR预报结果的对比表明,LS+MAR模型的预报结果更优。此外,通过与EOP_PCC预报结果的对比也说明,LS+MAR模型的短期极移预报精度能够达到国际先进水平。

P波质点偏振与Rayleigh波分析法对于地震计方位角的检测

以往对于宽频带地震计方位角的研究主要基于P波质点偏振原理,通过计算P波能量在横向分量上的最小值所对应的角度,来获取地震计北南方向与地理北极之间的夹角。此外,也可以利用Rayleigh波椭圆运动特性来估计存在方位偏差台站的地震计方位角。本文基于这2种不同方法对公开的中国地震台网20个台站进行地震计方位角偏差估计,结果表明,2种方法计算得到的方位角偏差具有较好的一致性,说明可以在后期地震计方位角检测时适当加入Rayleigh波分析方法。

类蛛网纤维膜的制备及捕获PM污染物研究

PM2.5和PM10污染物对人类健康造成巨大威胁,但传统的商业纤维难以实现对细颗粒物(PM)的高效过滤,亟需一种新型的过滤技术。利用静电纺丝技术考察了CS/PVP纤维纺丝的工艺参数,发现当CS/PVP溶液质量比为4∶5时,纤维表面光滑,并出现类蛛网结构的粗细纤维。利用纺丝膜材料进行PM过滤测试,结果显示:所获得的纳米纤维对PM具有较强的吸附力。在以香烟烟雾作为污染源的实验中,纳米纤维对PM2.5和PM10的过滤效率达99.85%、99.98%,并保持较低的压降损失。进一步采用该膜材料在杭州进行实地PM吸附试验,结果表明空气过滤膜在雾霾环境中能够保持较好的净化效果。