Are cyclones in Jupiter's polar regions modulated by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability?

The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for this problem.The negative temperature gradient with respect to latitude may play an important role here.This temperature gradient is induced by solar radiation because of the small axial inclination of Jupiter.Our numerical simulations suggest that cyclones in the polar regions of Jupiter may be modulated or controlled by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability,driven by centrifugal force and the negative temperature gradient along the latitude.

Distribution of charged lunar dust in the south polar region of the moon

Lunar dust is one of the most threatening problems confronting the return of human beings to the moon.In this work we studied the spatial distribution behavior of charged lunar dust in the solar wind plasma environment in the south polar region of the moon and considered the influence of a mini-crater using Spacecraft Plasma Interactions Software.The distribution of dust and plasma at low solar altitude angles of 20°and 0°was studied,and the spatial density of lunar dust was~10^(10.4)m^(-3)and~10^(11.5)m^(-3),respectively.This is because a higher surface potential will result in transportation of small dust particles and photoelectrons can also neutralize positively charged lunar dust.The dust density in the plasma void region created by a mini-crater with a 5 m high wall was studied.We obtained a quasi-neutral electric environment in the plasma void region of the mini-crater,and the dust density was about a magnitude lower than that in other regions.The dust risk to a spacesuit is much lower on the nightside than on the dayside,but there is severe charged lunar dust transport in the region between light and shade,which is dominated by the difference in surface and plasma potential caused by photoelectrons.

Progress in application of MODIS for remote sensing in Polar Regions

The remote sensing technique is widely used in Polar Regions,and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete（MODIS） is one of the most important satellite sensors in the domain of remote sensing.In this article,MODIS sensor,including the information of its satellites,its system constitutes,its hardware characteristic,its large spectra and usual applications are briefly introduced first.Then,there is a particular introduction of MODIS＇s use in Polar Regions,which refers to the polar physiognomy,polar atmosphere and polar ocean,with citing many examples.At last,views about the development of MODIS and its series sensors in the future,including the improved applications in Polar Regions are given.

Evaluation of the Polar Code in different environments and for different maritime activities in the two polar regions

Because of the decrease in sea ice coverage,maritime activities in the polar regions have increased steadily over the years and several issues related to maritime activities have arisen.It is essential to understand these challenges because they could have serious political,environmental,and economic consequences.Although there are significant geographical and legal differences and differences in the types of activities between the Arctic and the Antarctic,a single International Maritime Organization Polar Code covers both regions.In this analysis,changes in polar regions are introduced,and the differences between the Arctic and Antarctic are discussed.The differences in maritime activities in the two polar regions are then discussed,and the Polar Code is evaluated in terms of these differences.

Soliciting Contributions to a Special Issue of "Current Research on Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases over the Polar Regions" in Advances in Polar Science

Dear Colleagues, We would like to invite you to submit manuscripts to a special issue entitled ＂Current Research on Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases over the Polar Regions＂ of the Journal Advances in Polar Science （APS）. APS is an international, peer-reviewed journal jointly sponsored by the Polar Research Institute of China （PRIC） and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration （CAA）. It is a quarterly journal published in March, June, September and December by Science Press of China and circulated internationally （ISSN 1674-9928, CN 31-2050/P）. Articles published in APS are free of charge with generous funding from PRIC. For more details, please visit the APS＇s websites. Thank you in advance for your consideration to submit manuscripts to this special issue, and we encourage you to share this announcement broadly with interested colleagues.

A mesoscale model used in the Polar regions:modification and verification

A polar version of mesoseale model, Polar MM5 is introduced in the paper. The modifications for the polar MM5 dynamics and physics compared with standard MM5 are described. Additionally, parallel simulations of the Polar MM5 and original MM5 reveal that the Polar MM5 reproduces better near-surface variables forecasts than the original MM5 over the North American Arctic regions. The well predicted near surface temperature and mixing ratio by the Polar MM5 confirm the modified physical parameterization schemes in the Polar MM5 are appropriate for the research region.

Sea Ice Observations in Polar Regions: Evolution of Technologies in Remote Sensing

Evolution of remote sensing sensors technologies is presented, with emphasis on its suitability in observing the polar regions. The extent of influence of polar regions on the global climate and vice versa is the spearhead of climate change research. The extensive cover of sea ice has major impacts on the atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the polar regions in particular and teleconnection on other processes elsewhere. Sea ice covers vast areas of the polar oceans, ranging from ~18 × 106 km2 to ~23 × 106 km2, combined for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. However, both polar regions are witnessing contrasting rather contradicting effects of climate change. The Arctic sea ice extent is declining at a rate of 0.53 × 106 km2·decade–1, whereasAntarcticaexhibits a positive trend at the rate of 0.167 × 106 km2·decade–1. This work reviews literature published in the field of sea ice remote sensing, to evaluate and access success and failures of different sensors to observe physical features of sea ice. The chronological development series of different sensors on different satellite systems, sensor specifications and datasets are examined and how they have evolved to meet the growing needs of users is outlined. Different remote sensing technology and observational methods and their suitability to observe specific sea ice property are also discussed. A pattern has emerged, which shows that microwave sensors are inherently superior to visible and infrared in monitoring seasonal and annual changes in sea ice. Degree of successes achieved through remote sensing techniques by various investigators has been compared. Some technologies appear to work better under certain conditions than others, and it is now well accepted that there is no algorithm that is ideal globally. Contribution of Indian remote sensing satellites is also reviewed in the context of polar research. This review suggests different primary datasets for further research on sea ice features (sea ice extent, ice type, sea ice thickness, etc.). This work also examines past achievements and how far these capabilities have evolved and tap into current state of art/direction of sensor technologies. Effective monitoring and syntheses of past few decades of research pinpoint useful datasets for sea ice monitoring, thereby avoiding wastage of resources to find practical datasets to monitor these physically inaccessible regions.

Parameter Inversions of Multi-Layer Media of Mars Polar Region with Validation of SHARAD Data

HF (high frequency) radar sounder technology has been developed for several missions of Mars surface/subsurface exploration. This paper presents a model of rough surface and stratified sub-surfaces to describe the multi-layer structure of Mars polar deposits. Based on numerical simulation of radar echoes from rough surface/stratified interfaces, an inversion approach is developed to obtain the parameters of Polar Layered Deposits, i.e. layers thickness and dielectric constants. As a validation example, the SHARAD radar sounder data of the Promethei Lingula of Mars South Polar region is adopted for parameters inversion. The result of stratification is also analyzed and compared with the optical photo of the deep cliff of Chasma Australe canyon. Dielectric inversions show that the deposit media are not uniform, and the dielectric constants of the Promethei Lingula surfaces are large, and become reduced around the depth of 20 m - 30 m, below where most of the deposits are nearly pure ice, except a few thin layers with a lot of dust.

Some properties of field-aligned electron events in high-altitude polar regions

Using data from the Cluster spacecraft from January 2003 to December 2004, we perform a statistical study on some properties of the field-aligned electron(FAE) events and interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) By dependence of FAE events with different durations in high-altitude polar regions. A total of 1335 FAE events were observed by the C3 spacecraft. More down-flowing events were observed in the Southern Hemisphere, and more up-flowing events were observed in the Northern Hemisphere. It proves that down-flowing events mainly originate from magnetosphere or solar wind and up-flowing events are mainly derived from ionosphere. Short-lifetime events showed a morning concentration in the magnetic local time distribution, and long-lifetime events were concentrated both before and after noon. For the IMF By dependence of the FAE events, short-lifetime events were much affected by IMF By and resulted in a morning concentration, while the long-lifetime events were almost unaffected by IMF By. With further analysis, we determined that the short-lifetime and long-lifetime events had different sources.

Simulation and evaluation of 2-m temperature over Antarctica in polar regional climate model

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis ERA40,National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) 20th-century reanalysis,and three station observations along an Antarctic traverse from Zhongshan to Dome-A stations are used to assess 2-m temperature simulation skill of a regional climate model.This model(HIRHAM) is from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany.Results show:(1) The simulated multiyear averaged 2-m temperature field pattern is close to that of ERA40 and NCEP;(2) the cold bias relative to ERA40 over all of Antarctic regions is 1.8℃,and that to NCEP reaches 5.1℃;(3) bias of HIRHAM relative to ERA40 has seasonal variation,with a cold bias mainly in the summer,as much as 3.4℃.There is a small inland warm bias in autumn of 0.3℃.Further analysis reveals that the reason for the cold bias of 2-m temperature is that physical conditions of the near-surface boundary layer simulated by HIRHAM are different from observations:(1) During the summer,observations show that near-surface atmospheric stability conditions have both inversions and non-inversions,which is due to the existence of both positive and negative sensible heat fluxes,but HIRHAM almost always simulates a situation of inversion and negative sensible heat flux;(2) during autumn and winter,observed near-surface stability is almost always that of inversions,consistent with HIRHAM simulations.This partially explains the small bias during autumn and winter.

湖冰作为极地海冰技术中试基地的探讨

极地海冰技术验证需在不同环境中开展测试,渤海海冰的不稳定性无法保障反复的长期试验时间,寻求利用国内寒区湖泊作为中试基地,解决室内缺少接近极地条件的中试难题。为此,在含章湖、青海湖、乌梁素海和呼和诺尔湖开展湖冰生消、物理性质、力学性质等调查研究,并与南、北极海冰的物理和力学性质进行对比评估。结果表明,含章湖、青海湖、乌梁素海湖和呼和诺尔湖均有时间充裕的冰封期。呼和诺尔湖冰厚最大,超过1 m;乌梁素海冰厚超过50 cm;含章湖和青海湖冰厚相似,最大冰厚超过30 cm。含章湖、青海湖和乌梁素海冰晶体均以柱状冰为主,与极地一年冰晶体结构相似。含章湖和青海湖冰的盐度及密度与北极夏季海冰相似。含章湖冰的单轴压缩强度比极地夏季海冰强度高;乌梁素海湖冰强度与南极普里兹湾固定冰强度相似。研究结果表明国内一些湖泊可作为极地海冰技术验证的中试基地。

中国极地海洋微生物研究进展

极地海洋环境蕴含丰富的微生物资源,其独特的生命特征、特殊的极端环境适应及生态效应机制,都有着重要的科学研究意义及应用开发前景。回顾我国近10年来在极地海洋微生物领域的研究,所取得的主要进展包括:(1)揭示了南北极海洋微生物群落特有的结构和功能、二甲基硫/二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMS/DMSP)循环相关基因及可培养细菌基因组的独特生物地理学特征;(2)发现了极地海洋细菌通过代谢DMSP抵御原生动物捕食的新生态功能、温度响应新机制及新的几丁质氧化降解利用通路;(3)揭示了噬菌体对极地海洋细菌种群的调控作用;(4)阐明了极地海洋细菌产生的系列新型有机质降解酶的催化机制及其应用潜力;(5)建立了极地海洋细菌胞外多糖的制备工艺,评估了其在医学及食品等领域的应用潜力;(6)分离鉴定了系列极地海洋微生物新物种。以上研究成果先后发表在Nature Microbiology,Nature Communica-tions,Microbiome,ISME Journal等国际知名期刊上,提升了我国极地海洋微生物研究的水平、影响力和话语权。未来加强多学科交叉研究及前沿技术应用研发将进一步促进我国极地海洋微生物学研究的发展。

极地船型冰区强弱构件冰载荷分配

为了探究极地船型冰区结构横骨架式次要构件(骨材)与主要支撑构件(PSM)之间连接构件处的冰载荷分配规律,提出适用于骨材与PSM间连接构件处载荷的工程实用化计算方法。基于国际船级社协会极地船级规范中的设计冰载荷,提出横骨架式构件在设计冰载作用下由骨材承载分配至PSM处的载荷的工程实用化计算方法;将《散货船和油船共同结构规范》(HCSR)中的强弱构件间载荷分配方法拓展应用于极地船型冰区骨材与PSM间冰载荷分配中,在某极地科考船舯部冰带区有限元模型外板上施加设计冰载荷,根据舷侧横骨架式典型节点的应力计算出骨材与PSM间连接构件处的冰载荷值。计算结果表明,通过数值计算得到的载荷值与采用工程实用化计算方法得到的载荷值基本一致,HCSR中强弱构件间载荷分配方法可应用于极地船型中,横骨架式由骨材承载分配至PSM处的冰载荷工程实用化计算方法有效,研究结果可为后续极地船型冰区结构连接构件结构设计提供设计输入。

多源极轨卫星微波温度计资料实时区域同化系统

基于中尺度数值预报模式WRF和WRFDA同化系统,实现多源极轨卫星微波温度计资料实时区域同化,并对同化产品进行评估和应用。2018年同化试验结果表明:通过质量控制和偏差订正,AMSU-A资料第5~9通道亮温观测增量O-B(观测值O和背景场的正演辐射模拟值B的差值)的标准差有效降低,同化后各通道亮温分析残差O-A(观测值O和分析场的正演辐射模拟值A的差值)的标准差有效降低。同化预报产品被应用在暴雨强对流个例和台风个例中,取得良好效果。

月球内部水和月表水冰资源的评估研究

水是地球上的生命之源,也是未来星际旅行重要的推进剂材料,因此在人类对月球和其他地外天体的探测过程中,水是最受关注的战略资源之一。美国Apollo和前苏联Luna登月计划之后二十多年间,月球“无水”的观点曾被广泛接受。文章系统阐述了月球内部水和月表水研究进展、月球水成因、水资源量评估和开发利用方法。近年对月表水资源的探测和月球样品中水含量的深入研究,揭示出月球并非“无水”,月球内部含有较为丰富的水,月表的极区可能有可观的水资源,月表中低纬度地区也广泛存在太阳风成因的水。月球的水成因主要包括自身来源的水、小行星和彗星来源水、太阳风成因水等。据估测,月表极区水冰的资源量约为142.8亿吨,月表太阳风成因水含量约为34万吨,为未来月球基地的建设和深空探测提供了重要的资源保障。并就月球水资源利用的提出多种开发利用方案,包括热能采矿法、月球极地推进剂开采前哨战、钻取一体化开发利用系统等。

极地环境下圆管液滴撞击特性分析

覆冰是威胁极地环境下海洋工程装备上部设施安全运行的潜在危险,而液滴收集系数反映了结冰对象捕获过冷却液滴的有效程度,因而是覆冰生长预测的关键参数。本文采用欧拉法对颗粒两相圆柱绕流进行数值仿真,通过研究液滴的斯托克斯数(St)和液滴雷诺数(Rew)两个关键因素,对液滴运动轨迹的影响规律进行分析。研究发现,斯托克斯数对液滴运动轨迹影响明显,在St较大(St>1)时,收集系数完全取决于St,而Rew的影响较弱,随着Rew的增加,整体收集系数和局部收集系数缓慢减小;在St较小(0.26<St<1)时,随着Rew的增加,局部和整体收集系数显著减小;由于流体在圆柱下游形成漩涡,在St<0.26时具有更大的随流性,驱使液滴卷吸入圆柱尾部近壁区,甚至与圆柱后壁发生碰撞,使得局部和整体收集系数随Rew增加而变大。

用于极地的中尺度大气模式Polar MM5的改进和检验

介绍了一个用于极地研究的中尺度大气模式———Polar MM5,阐述了该模式区别于标准的中尺度大气模式MM5的动力学和物理特征。利用Polar MM5获得了10 d的模拟结果表明,Polar MM5能较好地模拟高纬度地区近地面气象变量特征,尤其是对近地面温度和水汽混合比可得到高精度模拟结果,证实了在高纬度地区对标准MM5所进行的物理参数化方案的改进是切实有效的。

极地微生物资源研发现状及需求分析

极地因其极端的自然环境与相对的地理隔离,进化出了独特而多样的微生物资源。极地微生物蕴藏了生命耐受极端环境的奥秘、承载了生物地球化学循环的重要使命,其研究可为生命科学、地学、天体生物学等研究提供有价值的启示,具有独特的科学研究意义。同时,极地微生物所蕴含的新颖物种、基因与产物是极地自然资源的重要组成,是可持续利用的重要战略资源,对其开发利用具有现实的经济价值和社会效益。本研究基于详实的科学数据、文献报道、专利与案例分析等情况,深入阐明了极地微生物研究的重要性,总结了极地微生物研发趋势与需求,并提出了相应的研发建议。本研究结果可为极地微生物资源相关研究、政策、项目等布局提供参考。

极地高密度烧结雪层无侧限压缩离散元分析

从新雪变成老雪的过程叫作“烧结”,对雪层进行人工压实和烧结是建设极地机场跑道的主要方法,雪层烧结使雪颗粒间胶结尺寸增加,雪层强度增强。为探究人工压实烧结雪层在无侧限压缩荷载下的胶结接触破坏规律和承力机理,本研究采用三维离散元方法模拟了密实烧结雪层无侧限压缩试验,在室内试验结果基础上构建雪的胶结接触模型并标定接触参数,通过建立压实烧结雪离散元模型,进行了无侧限压缩加载模拟。模拟的结果验证了离散元模拟的有效性并表明:(1)在无侧限压缩下,密实烧结雪试样在剪切带区域发生集中胶结破坏,胶结断裂主要归因于接触在受拉状态下受剪;(2)冰雪颗粒的破碎会影响冰雪道面的抗剪强度,因此需要慎重考虑高应力对内摩擦角的影响。本研究将为极地地区通过压实烧结雪层简单现场试验预测其复杂应力路径下的力学特征提供科学支持。

Progress in polar upper atmospheric physics research in China

The Chinese Antarctic Great Wall, Zhongshan, Kunlun and Arctic Yellow River stations have unique geographical locations, well suited to carry out polar upper atmospheric observations. This paper reviews the tremendous history of nearly 30 years of Chinese polar expeditions and major progress in polar upper atmospheric physics research. This includes the polar upper atmospheric physics conjugate observation system at Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic and Yellow River Station in the Arctic, and original research achievements in polar ionospheric fields, aurora and particle precipitation, the polar current system, polar plasma convection, geomagnetic pulsations and space plasma waves, inter-hemispheric comparisons of the space environment, space weather in polar regions, power spectrum of the incoherent scatter radar, ionospheric heating experiments and polar meso- spheric summer echoes, polar ionosphere-magnetosphere numerical simulation and others. Finally, prospects for Chinese polar upper atmospheric physics research are outlined.