Modulation of High-Order Harmonic Generation from a Monolayer ZnO by Co-rotating Two-Color Circularly Polarized Laser Fields

By numerically solving the two-dimensional semiconductor Bloch equation,we study the high-order harmonic emission of a monolayer ZnO under the driving of co-rotating two-color circularly polarized laser pulses.By changing the relative phase between the fundamental frequency field and the second one,it is found that the harmonic intensity in the platform region can be significantly modulated.In the higher order,the harmonic intensity can be increased by about one order of magnitude.Through time-frequency analysis,it is demonstrated that the emission trajectory of monolayer ZnO can be controlled by the relative phase,and the harmonic enhancement is caused by the second quantum trajectory with the higher emission probability.In addition,near-circularly polarized harmonics can be generated in the co-rotating two-color circularly polarized fields.With the change of the relative phase,the harmonics in the platform region can be altered from left-handed near-circularly polarization to right-handed one.Our results can obtain high-intensity harmonic radiation with an adjustable ellipticity,which provides an opportunity for syntheses of circularly polarized attosecond pulses.

Self-polarized RGB device realized by semipolar micro-LEDs and perovskite-in-polymer films for backlight applications

In backlighting systems for liquid crystal displays,conventional red,green,and blue(RGB)light sources that lack polarization properties can result in a significant optical loss of up to 50%when passing through a polarizer.To address this inefficiency and optimize energy utilization,this study presents a high-performance device designed for RGB polarized emissions.The device employs an array of semipolar blueμLEDs with inherent polarization capabilities,coupled with mechanically stretched films of green-emitting CsPbBr3 nanorods and red-emitting CsPbI3-Cs4PbI6 hybrid nanocrystals.The CsPbBr3 nanorods in the polymer film offer intrinsic polarization emission,while the aligned-wire structures formed by the stable CsPbI3-Cs4PbI6 hybrid nanocrystals contribute to substantial anisotropic emissions,due to their high dielectric constant.The resulting device achieved RGB polarization degrees of 0.26,0.48,and 0.38,respectively,and exhibited a broad color gamut,reaching 137.2%of the NTSC standard and 102.5%of the Rec.2020 standard.When compared to a device utilizing c-plane LEDs for excitation,the current approach increased the intensity of light transmitted through the polarizer by 73.6%.This novel fabrication approach for polarized devices containing RGB components holds considerable promise for advancing next-generation display technologies.

High discrimination ratio,broadband circularly polarized light photodetector using dielectric achiral nanostructures

The on-chip measurement of polarization states plays an increasingly crucial role in modern sensing and imaging applications.While high-performance monolithic linearly polarized photodetectors have been extensively studied,integrated circularly polarized light(CPL)photodetectors are still hindered by inadequate discrimination capability.This study presents a broadband CPL photodetector utilizing achiral all-dielectric nanostructures,achieving an impressive discrimination ratio of~107 at a wavelength of 405 nm.Our device shows outstanding CPL discrimination capability across the visible band without requiring intensity calibration.It functions based on the CPL-dependent near-field modes within achiral structures:under left or right CPL illumination,distinct near-field modes are excited,resulting in asymmetric irradiation of the two electrodes and generating a photovoltage with directions determined by the chirality of the incident light field.The proposed design strategy facilitates ultra-compact CPL detection across diverse materials,structures,and spectral ranges,presenting a novel avenue for achieving high-performance monolithic CPL detection.

Fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters utilizing zero-line modes in a three-terminal device

Topological zero-line modes(ZLMs) with spin and valley degrees of freedom give rise to spin, valley and spinvalley transport, which support a platform for exploring quantum transport physics and potential applications in spintronic/valleytronic devices. In this work, we investigate the beam-splitting behaviors of the charge current due to the ZLMs in a three-terminal system. We show that with certain combinations of ZLMs, the incident charge current along the interface between different topological phases can be divided into different polarized currents with unit transmittance in two outgoing terminals. As a result, fully spin-polarized, valley-polarized and spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitters are generated. The mechanism of these splitters is attributed to the cooperative effects of the distribution of the ZLMs and the intervalley and intravalley scatterings that are modulated by the wave-vector mismatch and group velocity mismatch. Interestingly, half-quantized transmittance of these scatterings is found in a fully spin-valley-polarized electron beam splitter.Furthermore, the results indicate that these splitters can be applicable to graphene, silicene, germanene and stanene due to their robustness against the spin–orbit coupling. Our findings offer a new way to understand the transport mechanism and investigate the promising applications of ZLMs.

Fully polarized Compton scattering in plane waves and its polarization transfer

Fully polarized Compton scattering from a beam of spin-polarized electrons is investigated in plane-wave backgrounds in a broad intensity region from the perturbative to the nonperturbative regimes.In the perturbative regime,polarized linear Compton scattering is considered for investigating polarization transfer from a single laser photon to a scattered photon,and in the high-intensity region,the polarized locally monochromatic approximation and locally constant field approximation are established and are employed to study polarization transfer from an incoming electron to a scattered photon.The numerical results suggest an appreciable improvement of about 10%in the scattering probability in the intermediate-intensity region if the electron’s longitudinal spin is parallel to the laser rotation.The longitudinal spin of the incoming electron can be transferred to the scattered photon with an efficiency that increases with laser intensity and collisional energy.For collision between an optical laser with frequency1 eV and a 10 GeV electron,this polarization transfer efficiency can increase from about 20%in the perturbative regime to about 50%in the nonperturbative regime for scattered photons with relatively high energy.

Polarization control of above-threshold ionization spectrum in elliptically polarized two-color laser fields

We study the above-threshold ionization(ATI)process of atoms exposed to fundamental and high-frequency lasers with arbitrary ellipticity by applying the frequency-domain theory.It is found that the angular-resolved ATI spectrum is sensitive to ellipticities of two lasers and emitted angles of the photoelectron.Particularly for the photon energy of the highfrequency laser more than atomic ionization potential,the width of plateau tends to a constant with increasing ellipticity of fundamental field,the dip structure disappears with increasing ellipticity of the high-frequency field.With the help of the quantum channel analysis,it is shown that the angular distribution depends mainly on the ellipticity of high-frequency field in the case that its frequency is high.Moreover,one can see that the maximal and minimal energies in quantum numerical results are in good agreement with the classical prediction.Our investigation may provide theoretical support for experimental research on polarization control of ionization in elliptically polarized two-color laser fields.

Bioinspired Polarized Optical Flow Enables Turbid Underwater Target Motion Estimation

Underwater target motion estimation is a challenge for ocean military and scientific research.In this work,we propose a method based on the combination of polarization imaging and optical flow for turbid underwater target detection.Polarization imaging can reduce the influence of backscattered light and obtain high-quality images underwater.The optical flow shows the motion and structural information of the target.We use polarized optical flow to obtain the optical flow field and estimate the target motion.The experimental results of different targets under varying water turbidity levels illustrate that our method is realizable and robust.The precision is verified by comparing the results with the precise displacement data and calculating two error measures.The proposed method based on polarized optical flow can obtain accurate displacement information and a good recognition effect.Moving target segmentation based on the Otsu method further proves the superiority of the polarized optical flow under turbid water.This study is valuable for target detection and motion estimation in scattering environments.

Generation of highly-polarized high-energy brilliant γ-rays via laser-plasma interaction

The generation of highly polarized high-energy brilliantγ-rays via laser–plasma interaction is investigated in the quantum radiation-reaction regime.We employ a quantum electrodynamics particle-in-cell code to describe spin-resolved electron dynamics semiclassically and photon emission and polarization quantum mechanically in the local constant field approximation.As an ultrastrong linearly polarized(LP)laser pulse irradiates a near-critical-density(NCD)plasma followed by an ultrathin planar aluminum target,the electrons in the NCD plasma are first accelerated by the driving laser to ultrarelativistic energies and then collide head-on with the laser pulse reflected by the aluminum target,emitting brilliant LPγ-rays via nonlinear Compton scattering with an average polarization of about 70%and energy up to hundreds of MeV.Suchγ-rays can be produced with currently achievable laser facilities and will find various applications in high-energy physics and laboratory astrophysics.

Recent progress on valley polarization and valley-polarized topological states in two-dimensional materials

Valleytronics, using valley degree of freedom to encode, process, and store information, may find practical applications in low-power-consumption devices. Recent theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that twodimensional(2D) honeycomb lattice systems with inversion symmetry breaking, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides(TMDs), are ideal candidates for realizing valley polarization. In addition to the optical field, lifting the valley degeneracy of TMDs by introducing magnetism is an efficient way to manipulate the valley degree of freedom. In this paper, we first review the recent progress on valley polarization in various TMD-based systems, including magnetically doped TMDs,intrinsic TMDs with both inversion and time-reversal symmetry broken, and magnetic TMD heterostructures. When topologically nontrivial bands are empowered into valley-polarized systems, valley-polarized topological states, namely valleypolarized quantum anomalous Hall effect can be realized. Therefore, we have also reviewed the theoretical proposals for realizing valley-polarized topological states in 2D honeycomb lattices. Our paper can help readers quickly grasp the latest research developments in this field.

High-sensitivity closed-loop three-axis atomic magnetometer using two elliptically polarized laser beams

The high-sensitivity three-axis detection of magnetic fields is widely used in various applications.Our study demonstrates an atomic magnetometer detecting vector magnetic field,of which the core components are one glass cell and two elliptically polarized laser beams.The light-intensity noise is suppressed by differential detection technology,so a higher sensitivity is obtained compared with our previous work.The three-axis average sensitivities of the atomic magnetometer simultaneously reached 14 fT/Hz^(1/2)along the x axis,11 f T/Hz^(1/2)along the y axis,and 25 fT/Hz^(1/2)along the z axis.Furthermore,the atomic magnetometer's dynamic range was further improved to 150 n T,and its bandwidth was increased to over 200 Hz using a closed-loop control system.The proposed three-axis atomic magnetometer with a large dynamic range and a wide bandwidth holds great promise for biomagnetic measurement in a more challenging environment.

Elliptically polarized high-order harmonic generation of Ar atom in an intense laser field

High-order harmonic generation(HHG) of Ar atom in an elliptically polarized intense laser field is experimentally investigated in this work.Interestingly,the anomalous ellipticity dependence on the laser ellipticity(ε) in the lower-order harmonics is observed,specifically in the 13rd-order,which displays a maximal harmonic intensity at ε ≈ 0.1,rather than at ε = 0 as expected.This contradicts the general trend of harmonic yield,which typically decreases with the increase of laser ellipticity.In this study,we attribute this phenomenon to the disruption of the symmetry of the wave function by the Coulomb effect,leading to the generation of a harmonic with high ellipticity.This finding provides valuable insights into the behavior of elliptically polarized harmonics and opens up a potential way for exploring new applications in ultrafast spectroscopy and light–matter interactions.

Internal collision double ionization of molecules driven by co-rotating two-color circularly polarized laser pulses

The double ionization process of molecules driven by co-rotating two-color circularly polarized fields is investigated with a three-dimensional classical ensemble model. Numerical results indicate that a considerable part of the sequential double ionization(DI) events of molecules occur through internal collision double ionization(ICD), and the ICD recollision mechanism is significantly different from that in non-sequential double ionization(NSDI). By analyzing the results of internuclear distances R = 5 a.u. and 2 a.u., these two recollision mechanisms are studied in depth. It is found that the dynamic behaviors of the recollision mechanisms of NSDI and ICD are similar. For NSDI, the motion range of electrons after the ionization is relatively large, and the electrons will return to the core after a period of time. In the ICD process,electrons will rotate around the parent ion before ionization, and the distance of the electron motion is relatively small. After a period of time, the electrons will come back to the core and collide with another electron. Furthermore, the molecular internuclear distance has a significant effect on the electron dynamic behavior of the two ionization mechanisms. This study will help to understand the multi-electron ionization process of complex systems.

Cell polarization in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and advances

Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as ‘cell polarization.’ There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations(microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.

Path Integral Approach to the Interaction of Two-Electron Atoms with Elliptically Polarized Pulses

We study the dynamics of a two-electron atom interacting with a pulsed, elliptically polarized, ultrashort, excited coherent state. We use path integral methods and integrate on the photonic part. We angularly decompose the Coulomb interaction term of the two electrons and the interaction term of the two electrons with the photonic field and solve the sign problem. We give results on the survival probability of the ground state of Helium.

Lightweight and polarized self-attention mechanism for abnormal morphology classification algorithm during traditional Chinese medicine inspection

Objective To propose a Light-Atten-Pose-based algorithm for classifying abnormal morphol-ogy in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)inspection to solve the problem of relying on manual labor or expensive equipment with personal subjectivity or high cost.Methods First,this paper establishes a dataset of abnormal morphology for Chinese medi-cine diagnosis,with images from public resources and labeled with category labels by several Chinese medicine experts,including three categories:normal,shoulder abnormality,and leg abnormality.Second,the key points of human body are extracted by Light-Atten-Pose algo-rithm.Light-Atten-Pose algorithm uses lightweight EfficientNet network and polarized self-attention(PSA)mechanism on the basis of AlphaPose,which reduces the computation amount by using EfficientNet network,and the data is finely processed by using PSA mecha-nism in spatial and channel dimensions.Finally,according to the theory of TCM inspection,the abnormal morphology standard based on the joint angle difference is defined,and the classification of abnormal morphology of Chinese medical diagnosis is realized by calculat-ing the angle between key points.Accuracy,frames per second(FPS),model size,parameter set(Params),and giga floating-point operations per second(GFLOPs)are chosen as the eval-uation indexes for lightweighting.Results Validation of the Light-Atten-Pose algorithm on the dataset showed a classification accuracy of 96.23%,which is close to the original AlphaPose model.However,the FPS of the improved model reaches 41.6 fps from 16.5 fps,the model size is reduced from 155.11 MB to 33.67 MB,the Params decreases from 40.5 M to 8.6 M,and the GFLOPs reduces from 11.93 to 2.10.Conclusion The Light-Atten-Pose algorithm achieves lightweight while maintaining high ro-bustness,resulting in lower complexity and resource consumption and higher classification accuracy,and the experiments prove that the Light-Atten-Pose algorithm has a better overall performance and has practical application in the pose estimation task.

Cloud Top Pressure Retrieval Using Polarized and Oxygen A-band Measurements from GF5 and PARASOL Satellites

Cloud top pressure(CTP)is one of the critical cloud properties that significantly affects the radiative effect of clouds.Multi-angle polarized sensors can employ polarized bands(490 nm)or O_(2)A-bands(763 and 765 nm)to retrieve the CTP.However,the CTP retrieved by the two methods shows inconsistent results in certain cases,and large uncertainties in low and thin cloud retrievals,which may lead to challenges in subsequent applications.This study proposes a synergistic algorithm that considers both O_(2)A-bands and polarized bands using a random forest(RF)model.LiDAR CTP data are used as the true values and the polarized and non-polarized measurements are concatenated to train the RF model to determine CTP.Additionally,through analysis,we proposed that the polarized signal becomes saturated as the cloud optical thickness(COT)increases,necessitating a particular treatment for cases where COT<10 to improve the algorithm's stability.The synergistic method was then applied to the directional polarized camera(DPC)and Polarized and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance(POLDER)measurements for evaluation,and the resulting retrieval accuracy of the POLDER-based measurements(RMSEPOLDER=205.176 hPa,RMSEDPC=171.141 hPa,R^(2)POLDER=0.636,R^(2)DPC=0.663,respectively)were higher than that of the MODIS and POLDER Rayleigh pressure measurements.The synergistic algorithm also showed good performance with the application of DPC data.This algorithm is expected to provide data support for atmosphere-related fields as an atmospheric remote sensing algorithm within the Cloud Application for Remote Sensing,Atmospheric Radiation,and Updating Energy(CARE)platform.

Steering the energy sharing of electrons in nonsequential double ionization with orthogonally polarized two-color field

Using the semiclassical ensemble model,the dependence of relative amplitude for the recollision dynamics in nonsequential double ionization(NSDI)of neon atom driven by the orthogonally polarized two-color field(OTC)laser field is theoretically studied.And the dynamics in two typical collision pathways,recollision-impact-ionization(RII)and recollisionexcitation with subsequent ionization(RESI),is systematically explored.Our results reveal that the V-shaped structure in the correlated momentum distribution is mainly caused by the RII mechanism when the relative amplitude of the OTC laser field is zero,and the first ionized electrons will quickly skim through the nucleus and share few energy with the second electron.As the relative amplitude increases,the V-shaped structure gradually disappears and electrons are concentrated on the diagonal in the electron correlation spectrum,indicating that the energy sharing after electrons collision is symmetric for OTC laser fields with large relative amplitudes.Our studies show that changing the relative amplitude of the OTC laser field can efficiently control the electron–electron collisions and energy exchange efficiency in the NSDI process.

Defects‑Rich Heterostructures Trigger Strong Polarization Coupling in Sulfides/Carbon Composites with Robust Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Defects-rich heterointerfaces integrated with adjustable crystalline phases and atom vacancies,as well as veiled dielectric-responsive character,are instrumental in electromagnetic dissipation.Conventional methods,however,constrain their delicate constructions.Herein,an innovative alternative is proposed:carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated(CACR)strategy,which induces a series of sulfides nanoparticles rooted in situ on the surface of carbon matrix.This unique configuration originates from strategic vacancy formation energy of sulfides and strong sulfides-carbon support interaction,benefiting the delicate construction of defects-rich heterostructures in M_(x)S_(y)/carbon composites(M-CAs).Impressively,these generated sulfur vacancies are firstly found to strengthen electron accumulation/consumption ability at heterointerfaces and,simultaneously,induct local asymmetry of electronic structure to evoke large dipole moment,ultimately leading to polarization coupling,i.e.,defect-type interfacial polarization.Such“Janus effect”(Janus effect means versatility,as in the Greek two-headed Janus)of interfacial sulfur vacancies is intuitively confirmed by both theoretical and experimental investigations for the first time.Consequently,the sulfur vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs displays broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm,compared to sulfur vacancies-free CAs without any dielectric response.Harnessing defects-rich heterostructures,this one-pot CACR strategy may steer the design and development of advanced nanomaterials,boosting functionality across diverse application domains beyond electromagnetic response.

Integration of Electrical Properties and Polarization Loss Modulation on Atomic Fe–N‑RGO for Boosting Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Developing effective strategies to regulate graphene’s conduction loss and polarization has become a key to expanding its application in the electromagnetic wave absorption(EMWA)field.Based on the unique energy band structure of graphene,regulating its bandgap and electrical properties by introducing heteroatoms is considered a feasible solution.Herein,metal-nitrogen doping reduced graphene oxide(M–N-RGO)was prepared by embedding a series of single metal atoms M–N_(4) sites(M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Nb,Cd,and Sn)in RGO using an N-coordination atom-assisted strategy.These composites had adjustable conductivity and polarization to optimize dielectric loss and impedance matching for efficient EMWA performance.The results showed that the minimum reflection loss(RL_(min))of Fe–N-RGO reaches−74.05 dB(2.0 mm)and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB_(max))is 7.05 GHz(1.89 mm)even with a low filler loading of only 1 wt%.Combined with X-ray absorption spectra(XAFS),atomic force microscopy,and density functional theory calculation analysis,the Fe–N_(4) can be used as the polarization center to increase dipole polarization,interface polarization and defect-induced polarization due to d-p orbital hybridization and structural distortion.Moreover,electron migration within the Fe further leads to conduction loss,thereby synergistically promoting energy attenuation.This study demonstrates the effectiveness of metal-nitrogen doping in regulating the graphene′s dielectric properties,which provides an important basis for further investigation of the loss mechanism.

Role of macrophage polarization in diabetic foot ulcer healing:A bibliometric study

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers(DFUs)are a significant contributor to disability and mortality in diabetic patients.Macrophage polarization and functional regulation are promising areas of research and show therapeutic potential in the field of DFU healing.However,the complex mechanism,the difficulty in clinical translation,and the large heterogeneity present significant challenges.Hence,this study was to comprehensively analyze the publication status and trends of studies on macrophage polarization and DFU healing.AIM To examine the relevant literature on macrophage polarization in DFU healing.METHODS A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database.Relevant literature was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database between 2013 to 2023 using literature visualization and analysis software(VOSviewer and CiteSpace)and bibliometric online platforms.The obtained literature was then subjected to visualization and analysis of different countries/regions,institutions,journals,authors,and keywords to reveal the research’s major trends and focus.RESULTS The number of publications on the role of macrophage polarization in DFU healing increased rapidly from 2013 to 2023,especially in the latter period.Chinese researchers were the most prolific in this field,with 217 publications,while American researchers had been engaged in this field for a longer period.Qian Tan of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Qian Ding of Nanjing University were the first to publish in this field.Shanghai Jiao Tong University was the institution with the most publications(27).The keywords“bone marrow”,“adjustment,replacement,response,tissue repair”,and“activation,repair,differentiation”appeared more frequently.The study of macrophage polarization in DFU healing focused on the regulatory mechanism,gene expression,and other aspects.CONCLUSION This study through the bibliometric method reveals the research trends and development trends in this field of macrophage polarization in DFU healing from 2013 to 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection database.The key hotspots in this field mainly include the regulation of macrophage activation,gene expression,wound tissue repair,and new wound materials.This study provides references for future research directions.