Interactive Effect and Spatial Characteristics of Agricultural Development Level and Transport Superiority Degree in Main Grain-producing Areas of the Central Jilin Province,China

To investigate the spatial synergy between agricultural development level and transport superiority degree in grain-producing areas of the central Jilin Province and the driving mechanism between them,22 counties in the central Jilin Province were used as the research units to calculate agricultural development level and transport superiority degree using the entropy weighting method,weighted travel time and raster cost distance.The spatial econometric model was used to analyze the mechanism of the mutual influence between the two.The main conclusions are as follows.1)Agricultural development level around Changchun,the provincial capital city,and in the areas of Changchun-Jilin and Changchun-Gongzhuling is high,whereas the development level of the counties in the southwest is low.2)Transport superiority degree of each county has improved,the overall connectivity of the road networks has been optimized,and the level of transportation accessibility has shown the development trend of‘centralization’,exhibiting the characteristics of proximity diffusion.3)Locally,there is spatial heterogeneity in the mutual driving effects of the two,with six main patterns.4)The theoretical conditions of von Thunen’s agricultural location have changed under the conditions of market economy due to the improvement of the transport networks,the new model of agricultural development,and the changes of the market system.

Measurement of Grain Production Efficiency in Main Grain-producing Areas and Analysis of Inter-provincial Differences--A Study Based on Super-SBM Model and Malmquist Index

China's food security mainly depends on the core areas of food production.Under the dual constraints of resource scarcity and environmental degradation,improving the grain production efficiency of the main grain-producing areas has become the fundamental way to strengthen the grain production capacity and improve the national food security capability,and to improve the efficiency of grain production in major grain-producing areas requires empirical support.This paper used the Super SBM model and the Malmquist index to measure the grain production efficiency of the main grain-producing areas from 2001 to 2020 from both static and dynamic perspectives,and compared the differences in grain production efficiency among different soil types and different provinces(autonomous regions)in the main grain-producing areas.The results showed that from 2001 to 2020,the grain production in the main grain-producing areas was in a relatively ineffective state,and the differences in grain production efficiency among different soil types and different provinces(autonomous regions)in the main grain-producing areas were obvious.The order of grain production efficiency in different soil types was black soil region>red-yellow soil region>paddy soil region>fluvo-aquic soil region,and the order of grain production efficiency of the provinces(autonomous regions)in the main grain-producing areas was Jilin>Heilongjiang>Inner Mongolia>Jiangxi>Hunan>Sichuan>Hubei>Jiangsu>Liaoning>Henan>Anhui>Shandong>Hebei.From 2001 to 2020,the total factor productivity of grain in the main grain-producing areas increased,but due to the trade-off between the technological progress and the growth of technical efficiency,the increase in the total factor productivity of grain in the main grain-producing areas was small,and the growth mainly came from the increase of input factors in this period.The total factor productivity of grain in Hebei,Heilongjiang,Liaoning,Jilin,Inner Mongolia,Shandong,Jiangsu,Henan and Anhui increased,but the increase was small,while the total factor productivity of grain in Jiangxi,Sichuan,Hunan and Hubei provinces declined.

Industrial Policy Analysis of Restricted Development Zones in Western China——A Study of State-level Main Producing Areas of Agricultural Products and Key Ecological Functional Areas

As one of the important policies of promoting the formation of main functional areas, the industrial policy directly determines the sustainable growth of space control ability of main functional areas. A restricted development zone is a type of main functional area which provides agricultural products and ecological products, assures the supply of national agricultural products and the stability of ecosystems, as well as safeguards the ecological functions and agricultural functions of wider regions by restricting its own development. Therefore scientific, complete and operable industrial policy support is needed. Restricted development zones are distributed widely in western China. With the restriction of their main functions, differential industrial policies should be implemented in the development of the restricted development zones: Dealing well with the relationship between industrial development and ecological protection, developing special industries which are friendly to resources and environment and appropriate for local conditions, guiding and encouraging industries to learn from regions with favorable development conditions, orderly withdrawing industries and enterprises adverse to main functions, facilitating industrial structure upgrading, optimizing industrial organization, improving industrial technological level and rationalizing industrial layout.

Changing Forestry Policy by Integrating Water Aspects into Forest/Vegetation Restoration in Dryland Areas in China

Restoration forestry (forest rehabilitation) or re-vegetation is one effective measure to solve environmental problems, notably soil erosion. It may be further stimulated by the Clean Development Mechanism for carbon sequestration. However, there is an intensive and on-going debate about the adverse effects arising from afforestation in dryland areas, such as soil drying up which may cause further damage to the success of forest restoration, and the water yield reduction from watershed which may harm the regional development. On other hand, some preliminary studies showed a possibility that these adverse effects may be diminished more or less by properly designing the system structure and spatial distribution of forest/vegetation in a watershed. However, it is urgent to develop an evidence-based and sustainable new forestry policy for harmonizing forest-water interrelation. As a leading country in afforestation, China is beginning to develop a more trans-disciplinary and cross-sectoral forestry policy for harmonizing forestry development with water management. The main points of the changing new forestry policy should include: (1) Establishing a regional development strategy focusing on harmonized forest-water relations; (2) Taking forest-water interactions as an important part of evaluation; (3) Reducing the 'eco-water' quota of forests through technical advancement; (4) Developing and extending water-adaptive forest management practices; (5) Strengthening forest ecohydrological research and decision support ability.

Deep reinforcement learning and its application in autonomous fitting optimization for attack areas of UCAVs

The ever-changing battlefield environment requires the use of robust and adaptive technologies integrated into a reliable platform. Unmanned combat aerial vehicles(UCAVs) aim to integrate such advanced technologies while increasing the tactical capabilities of combat aircraft. As a research object, common UCAV uses the neural network fitting strategy to obtain values of attack areas. However, this simple strategy cannot cope with complex environmental changes and autonomously optimize decision-making problems. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a new deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG) strategy based on deep reinforcement learning for the attack area fitting of UCAVs in the future battlefield. Simulation results show that the autonomy and environmental adaptability of UCAVs in the future battlefield will be improved based on the new DDPG algorithm and the training process converges quickly. We can obtain the optimal values of attack areas in real time during the whole flight with the well-trained deep network.

Review of China's policy and management system for the paid use of sea area Feng

As a carrier to develop various marine resources, sea area is regulated as a kind of important resources through legislation by many coastal countries with a management system for the paid use of sea area. Since the early 1990s, China has begun to implement the paid use and formed an institutional system comprised of three levels after developing it for more than two decades. From 2002 to 2015, the Chinese Government transferred the use right of sea area of 33,910 km2 by paid use and levied a total of 75.89 billion CNY (11.328 billion US dollars) of sea area use payment. Apart from this, the Government has gained rich experience in operating and managing the compensable use of sea area. After retrospectively analyzing the development history of paid use of China’s sea area, the research presents an institutional structure and the implementation of the management system for the paid use of sea area and the main problems therein. On this basis, management policies and feasible policy suggestions are proposed. Research results from this study can provide available references for other developing countries and emerging economies to apply and improve native management system for the paid use of sea area.

Spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on industrial structure upgrading from the empirical analysis of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas

This paper investigates the spatial effect of environmental regulation measures on the upgrading of industrial structure in the integrated development strategy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding areas.In order to reflect the effect of the environmental regulation and different regulation measures more truly,this paper constructs indices of the environmental regulation measures through the results of policy texts quantification.On the basis of the previous research,this paper divides environmental regulation into the following types:personnel and administrative measures of command and control;market-oriented fiscal,taxation,financial and other economic measures;guidance measures.Spatial panel regression results show that administrative measures of command control and market-oriented fiscal measures have a significant role in promoting regional industrial structure upgrading,but not conducive to the advancement of the industrial structure of adjacent areas.Their roles in promoting and inhibition are counteracted,which causes the total effect of industrial structure upgrading of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas are not significant.Personnel measures,financial measures,other economic measures and guidance measures do not have the short-term effect and spatial effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.

Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Toward a more open and collaborative climate change policy framework in Hong Kong and Macao within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao enjoy a high degree of autonomy from the national policy system in devising their local policies,including measures related to climate change.Hong Kong and Macao each have their own climate change policies,some aspects of which are more advanced than policies in China's Mainland.While their high degree of policy autonomy has advantages,this has also isolated them from China's larger environmental management and practices that continue to advance at scale.This paper reviews the climate change policies of the two special administrative regions and analyzes their strengths and innovations,particularly in adaptation.It also identifies areas where there could be closer engagement,collaboration,and capacity-building with the China's Mainland,which has the potential for greater positive impacts,especially on a regional basis.

Spatial Analysis of Federal Protected Areas and Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in Brazil

This study presents a spatial analysis of priority areas for biodiversity conservation (PABCs) in Brazil and their coverage by federal protected areas as an indicator of the level of protection afforded to biodiversity in the country and the convergence of environmental protection policies in the sphere of federal government. Georeferenced data were processed using a geographic information system, enabling the calculation of areas, analyses of superimpositions, localizations, and the obtainment of other information using spatial features manipulated in this system. A comparative analysis is done of the PABCs mapped in two periods (2003 and 2007) to ascertain the evolution of this public policy instrument in detecting environmental priorities in protected areas. The improved coverage of PABCs by protected areas in the more recent mapping indicates a good convergence of environmental policies, which are enhanced by technical improvements to mapping procedures and methods for identifying such areas. As a result, the priority areas for biodiversity conservation could become a protected area regulated and recognized by the federal government.

What Efforts has the Chinese Government Made to Reduce Educa­tional Inequality in Poor Areas?

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China’s per capita education level has risen from less than two years to 9.91 years.However,as the province with the lowest per capita education level in China,Tibet has only reached the level of 6.75 years per capita.This illustrates the worrying educational inequality that still exists between China’s poorer and more developed regions.This educational inequality can also be expressed by the Gini coefficient of education.In order to eliminate this educational inequality,the Chinese government has made great efforts.The Chinese government has expanded the demand for education through the right incentive system and the nine-year compulsory education law.On the other hand,the Chinese government directly or indirectly grants subsidies to education suppliers and demanders to achieve the purpose of increasing education output.Based on the positive externality of education itself,the Chinese government attaches great importance to the cultivation of human resources for offspring,and hopes to transform China’s quantity-based demographic dividend into quality-based demographic dividend,and finally realize sustained economic growth.We believe that some education-related policies promulgated by China have indeed reduced educational inequality in poor areas to some extent,but there is still potential for progress in further addressing educational inequality in poor areas by the Chinese government.

Research on the Formation Mechanism for the Co-agglomeration of Producer Services and Manufacturing in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is witnessing a surge in economic development,showcasing robust resilience in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries,along with the increasingly evident impact generated by such co-agglomeration.Based on the panel data collected from ten cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(excluding Zhaoqing)spanning from 2010 to 2020,we examined the formation mechanism for industrial co-agglomeration in the area from three dimensions:industrial correlation,spatial correlation,and policy guidance.Our analysis was based on a vertical correlation model and was validated using the seemingly unrelated regressions(SUR)method.The findings are as follows:(a)There currently exists no spatial correlation between the producer services and manufacturing sectors in the area,and the correlation between the two remains limited to the former providing specialized services to the latter.(b)Policy guidance has a positive impact on the location selection of industries within the area.By implementing a comprehensive range of favorable policies,local governments can provide effective and scientifically guided recommendations regarding the location of producer services and manufacturing sectors.Therefore,it is crucial to foster the collaboration between producer services and manufacturing sectors and further enhance the co-agglomeration between the two sectors.In addition,the government authorities should also strive to enhance its economic governance capacity,thereby facilitating the formation of such co-agglomeration.

A survey on the chronic poverty of peasants in ethnic areas

The authors survey Changyang Tujia Autonomous County and Xuanen County in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hubei province.According to their results,about one-third of the existing poor population in these areas is stuck in chronic poverty,with few revenue-generating channels,poor physical health and low education levels.Special characteristics of chronic poverty include a tendency to return to poverty and intergenerational poverty transmission.The general causes include adverse natural environments,a shortage of human capital and an imperfect system.To solve chronic poverty quickly and effectively,we should hasten improving local natural conditions,develop more income-generating channels,establish a market shock-defending mechanism and intensify social relief and social security for the rural poor.

农村居家养老的需求、困境及对策——基于北京市生态涵养区调研

在我国农村严重老龄化和实施乡村振兴战略的背景下,农村养老必须开创一个既能不离乡土、不离乡情,又能享受专业化、人性化供养服务的中国特色居家养老新模式。生态涵养区财政收入低、老龄化程度深、养老服务成本高,是北京农村居家养老应重点关注的区域。基于调研数据,分析北京生态涵养区农村老龄化现状和居家养老的现实需求,指出其在政策机制、财政投入、协同联动等方面存在的主要问题,并提出以下政策建议:强化顶层设计,不断优化完善农村居家养老政策机制;加大政策补贴力度,合理制定补贴内容和补贴方式;促进多部门、多主体、多措施联动,统筹谋划农村居家养老。

电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业增长的影响研究

本文利用2000—2019年我国县域数据,采用多期DID等方法探讨了电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业发展水平的影响。研究结果显示,电子商务进农村综合示范政策对县域农业经济发展水平提高具有显著的促进作用,且这种促进作用具有长期效应。这一结果在考虑实验组非随机分配、更换因变量和调整样本后仍然稳健。电子商务进农村综合示范政策主要通过农业产业集聚、农业金融服务改善两个途径对县域农业发展水平产生影响。异质性分析表明,电子商务进农村综合示范政策对粮食主产区、经济欠发达地区、地形平缓地区的农业发展水平的促进作用更强。因此,应重视农村电子商务发展对推进乡村全面振兴、促进共同富裕的重要作用,政府要在农村电子商务带头人培训、电子商务基础设施建设、农业产业集聚的产业空间布局规划等方面发挥作用,注重数字普惠金融与县域农业发展的融合,强化数字普惠金融的支持力度。

我国数字经济创新政策热点领域图谱分析与空间布局研究

文章运用文本编码、内容分析系统梳理了我国31个省市自治区数字经济创新政策的热点与布局,并运用共词网络分析、聚类分析等方法对政策文件的热点领域图谱与空间布局进行了研究。研究发现,在关键词图谱方面,构建现代化的产业体系、建设高质量的数据平台、实现传统产业的数字化转型是我国现阶段各省市自治区数字经济创新政策的重点;在空间聚类图谱方面,要充分利用东部沿海地区数字经济发达省份的优势,与西部数字经济发展水平相对落后的地区开展跨区域数字经济联动协同发展;在数字产业化方面,人工智能、大数据、区块链等产业是各个省市自治区数字经济发展的热点,量子通信、VR/AR、智能机器人、数字内容和智能感知等数字产业的关注度不足,只有部分省份进行了产业布局;在产业数字化方面,数字政府、数字基础设施、数字服务、数字医疗等是数字应用场景的布局焦点,对于数字环境、数字贸易、数字文化、数字乡村和数字金融等产业的数字化转型,只有少部分省份进行了布局且政策强度不足。通过空间布局研究发现,我国数字产业化和产业数字化的政策空间布局存在区域间不平衡不充分的现象,即东中西部的省市自治区之间存在数字经济发展的“政策鸿沟”,80%省份布局的数字产业和数字应用场景集中在20%的数字经济领域,提出了各省市自治区数字经济空间差异化布局和协同发展的政策建议。

数字经济对农业农村现代化的影响研究——基于“宽带中国”试点政策的证据

数字经济正成为实现农业农村现代化的必由之路,“宽带中国”是推动数字经济发展的重要政策举措。该文利用2008—2022年中国295个地级市的面板数据,构建多期双重差分模型,基于“宽带中国”试点政策检验数字经济对农业农村现代化的影响,并对数字经济影响农业农村现代化的机制以及异质性进行进一步分析。研究发现:数字经济对农业农村现代化具有显著促进作用;机制分析表明,数字经济能够通过技术进步与人力资源促进农业农村现代化水平提升;异质性分析表明,数字经济对农业农村现代化的影响存在着区域异质性与农业农村发展水平异质性。基于此,该文提出要大力发展数字经济、推动数字基础设施建设,加强数字乡村建设、促进农业农村现代化发展,推动技术进步与人力资源水平提升,实施差异化发展政策,缩小区域差距等建议。

“三农”领域高校智库建设现状及发展路径探析

“三农”领域高校智库在“三农”问题分析、决策拟定及政策工具弥补纠正等方面发挥着重要作用。为促进中国“三农”领域学术研究与智库研究有效对接,分析相关高校智库建设现状,总结其发展行为、运行机制、成果水平等方面及特点。研究发现,中国“三农”领域的高校智库建设主要依托一批专业化的研究团队和学术机构,在“三农”领域智库中数量占比最高且呈现快速增长趋势,并表现出强烈的地域性特征,在推动农业产业高质量发展方面发挥重要作用;但面临着服务乡村振兴的激励有限、协同合作能力有限、农业生产活动复杂性与农村调查公益性、成果实效水平不高和政策转化力度不够、资源及资金投入缺乏多元化与灵活性等困境。针对此,提出发挥涉农学科优势、推动成果评价制度改革、营造良好生态体系、畅通资政服务渠道、打造政产学研联盟共同体、构建“旋转门”机制、与新农村发展研究院协同建设等对策建议,以期对“三农”领域高校智库体系的建设与转型升级有所裨益,更好地满足新时期全面推进乡村振兴战略的智力需求。

新时代民族地区中等职业教育的政策扶持:实践、问题、建议——以云南省为例

中等职业教育是我国民族地区普及高中阶段教育、促进产业转型发展的重要途径。新时代职业教育政策体系不断完善、工业4.0、“一带一路”倡议为云南省中等职业教育发展带来机遇,但云南省中等职业教育发展受到教育资源空间分布不均衡、教育质量亟待提升、内涵式发展意识缺失等问题的阻碍。因此,云南省在抓住机遇的同时,更要直面问题,从分区施策、改革政策与评估、打造地区精品课程和精品专业等方面应对新时代的挑战。

政策变迁对粤港澳大湾区人口流动的影响研究

自2019年《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》正式出台至今,粤港澳大湾区在珠三角城市群的基础上结合港澳优势已发展成为中国开放程度最高,经济活力以及人口集聚能力最强的城市群之一,在国家发展大局中具有重要的战略地位。粤港澳大湾区与国内其他城市群相比,人口迁移流动除了受到户籍制度的影响,还受到社会制度差异的制约。采用双重差分方法对粤港澳大湾区人口流动进行实证分析的结果表明,粤港澳大湾区建设的提出以及《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》的出台对于粤港澳大湾区人口流动具有显著的促进作用,从具体政策影响来看,创业就业政策、税收支持政策以及优质生活政策对于粤港澳大湾区人口流动的促进作用更具直接性。由此,要实现粤港澳大湾区生产要素特别是人口和劳动力高效便捷流动,实现大湾区转型发展、创新发展,仍需要进行制度和政策创新,在就业、税收、优质生活、通关服务以及人才引进等方面出台更多切实有利于人口流动、劳动力资源优化配置的政策,如建立统一的公共服务平台、统一个人所得税税收征收标准、提升生活便利度等措施。