Multi-Dimensional Analysis of China’s“Double Reduction” Policy

Under China’s“Double Reduction”policy,although the educational pressure has somewhat reduced,the mechanism of talent selection through examinations still exists,which means competition remains,leading to the internalization of education.This article analyzes the challenges faced by the“Double Reduction”policy from historical and current perspectives.The reasons for the internalization of education are examined and four recommendations for the further implementation of the“Double Reduction”policy are presented.

The Role of Mathematics in STEAM Education under the“Double Reduction”Policy

This essay delves into the pivotal role of mathematics within the context of STEAM(science,technology,engineering,arts,and mathematics)education under China’s“Double Reduction”policy.Amidst a shifting global education landscape that emphasizes holistic growth,policies such as the“Double Reduction”strategy underscore the significance of well-rounded development alongside academic excellence.By advocating for a balanced approach to education,the policy resonates with the principles of STEAM education,which seeks to cultivate versatile and innovative individuals.Mathematics,acting as a unifying force,connects disparate STEAM disciplines,fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and preparing students to thrive in a rapidly evolving,technology-driven world.This essay provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted role of mathematics in STEAM education,drawing on specific cases and scholarly references to highlight its contributions to creativity,critical thinking,and holistic development.

Research on the Well-off Family Education Investment under the Policy of Double Reduction

Chinese education is like a large competitive game in the past time,with a lot of over-step learning and pre-emptive education increasing the extra—curricular pressure on primary and secondary school students day by day.In 2021,the national"double reduction"policy was implemented,and in 2022,the"Family Education Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China"was introduced.With the combined effect of"one government,one law",the status and role of family education have become more prominent,so it is of great practical significance to understand the education investment behavior of Chinese families.Therefore,this study is a case study of three students and their families from different schools in Weifang,Shandong Province in China.Through semi-structured interviews,this paper discusses the educational investment of well-off families after the implementation of the double reduction policy.The results show that art-related learning content dominates the education expenditure of well-off families after the implementation of the double-reducing policy,while cultural tutoring decreases.Becasue of(a)parents mainly want to cultivate their children's interests and hobbies or provide guidance for weak subjects;(b)the lack of understanding of the double reduction policy,leading to parents and students blindly follow the trend,increasing the pressure of students and parents'anxiety.This study focuses on the feelings of students and parents after the implementation of the double reduction policy,and attaches importance to the problems arising after the implementation of the policy.The findings are helpful to provide reference for future research on the educational investment of wealthy families after the implementation of the double reduction policy.

Analysis of the Influence and Countermeasures of China’s New Educational Policy“Double Reduction”-Take an After-School English Training Institution as an Example

Recently,the Chinese government has published a new policy,called“Double Reduction”,addressing the problems of the workloads of the students under high school,and in the after-school training institution.Under this current situation,many after-school training institutions are confronting serious difficulties,even have to shut down and exit the market.Thus,it is of great significance to carefully analyze and discuss the influence on a certain case and its countermeasures.The article discusses the background of the“Double Reduction”policy,which is exam-oriented education,quality-oriented education,and education modernization.The article analyzes the influence and countermeasures of the“Double Reduction”on a medium size after-school English training institution in Wenzhou,Zhejiang,China.By using the method of interview,this article presents specific data about the influence and detailed plans of transition.

The Correlation Study between Thinking Styles and English-Speaking Learning Strategies of Junior School Students under the Background of “Double Reduction” Policy

Based on Cognitive Style Theory,Oxford’s Speaking Learning Theory and Communicative Competence Theory,this paper adopts questionnaire method,uses Sternberg’s Thinking Style Inventory modified by Zhang Lifang,as well as Oxford’s Learning Strategies Scale,and combines with the actual situation of junior high school students’oral learning to design the questionnaire of speaking learning strategies.Eighth graders of a junior middle school in Sichuan Province are randomly selected as the research object.The statistical tool SPSS23.0 is used to conduct the descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation analysis of the questionnaire results to explore the overall situation of junior high school students’thinking styles and the use of English-speaking learning strategies as well as their correlation.According to the research,junior high school students generally tend to executive style,liberal style,conservative style,legislative style,hierarchic style.The use of speaking learning strategies is at an average level.They tend to use memory speaking strategies,social speaking strategies,affective speaking strategies,and cognitive speaking strategies.As a whole,there is a relatively significant correlation between thinking styles and speaking learning strategies.Specifically,there is a partial correlation between thinking styles and speaking learning strategies.

How to Optimize Homework Evaluation under the"Double Reduction"Policy?--An Analysis Based on Teachers'Attention Allocation

It is essential to ensure that teachers allocate adequate attention to homework evaluation and effectively carry it out in order to successfully implement the"double reduction"policy.From the perspective of teachers'attention allocation,this study employed the NVivo 12 software to conduct text analysis on 39 cases of homework evaluation reform practices in primary and secondary schools in City N,China,from 2017 to 2021.The findings indicate that homework evaluation reform in these schools is a practical problem-oriented behavioral decision,and implementing the"double reduction"policy enhances teachers'attention allocation on homework evaluation.The attention allocation of teachers encompasses multiple aspects,such as determining the purpose of evaluation,setting evaluation content,and selecting evaluation subjects and methods.Following the implementation of the"double reduction"policy,teachers allocate more attention to reducing the homework burden on students.However,certain issues persist in the practices of homework evaluation reform,including inadequate consideration of constraints,an unbalanced content structure,and a lack of process coordination.Therefore,under the"double reduction"policy,it is imperative to improve school incentive systems,enhance teachers'evaluation capabilities,and alleviate their workload.These measures can guide teachers to allocate more attention to homework evaluation,thereby enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of attention allocation and fully realizing the educational function of homework evaluation.

How to Promote the Online Flow of High-Quality Teacher Resources under the"Double Reduction"Policy:An Analysis of Factors Influencing Teachers'Continuance Intention to Participate in Online After-School Teaching Services

Promoting the online flow of high-quality teacher resources has emerged as an important way to pursue coordinated progress in burden reduction and quality improvement under the"double reduction"policy.Based on the Open Online Tutoring Program of Secondary School Teachers(hereinafter referred to as"the open tutoring program")in City A,China,this study examined the factors influencing teachers'continuance intention to participate in the open tutoring program and their structural relationships,using a structural equation modeling analysis based on 1,159 sample data.The results show that:Firstly,teachers'reputation enhancement,perceived playfulness,perceived usefulness,and perceived ease of use have a positive effect on teachers'continuance intention to participate in online after-school teaching services.Secondly,online teaching efficacy has no direct effect on teachers'continuance intention,but rather impacts their reputation enhancement and beliefs about the value of the open tutoring program.Thirdly,social influence has a positive effect on teachers'reputation.Fourthly,perceived ease of use has a positive effect on teachers'perception of the value of the open tutoring program.In light of the above,relevant suggestions are proposed to encourage teachers to continue participating in online after-school teaching services.

Uncovering the CO_(2)emissions of vehicles:A well-to-wheel approach

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))from road traffic is a non-negligible part of global greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,and it is a challenge for the world today to accurately estimate road traffic CO_(2)emissions and formulate effective emission reduction policies.Current emission inventories for vehicles have either low-resolution,or limited coverage,and they have not adequately focused on the CO_(2)emission produced by new energy vehicles(NEV)considering fuel life cycle.To fill the research gap,this paper proposed a framework of a high-resolution well-to-wheel(WTW)CO_(2)emission estimation for a full sample of vehicles and revealed the unique CO_(2)emission characteristics of different categories of vehicles combined with vehicle behavior.Based on this,the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of CO_(2)emissions were analyzed with the geographical and temporal weighted regression(GTWR)model.Finally,the CO_(2)emissions of vehicles under different scenarios are simulated to support the formulation of emission reduction policies.The results show that the distribution of vehicle CO_(2)emissions shows obvious heterogeneity in time,space,and vehicle category.By simply adjusting the existing NEV promotion policy,the emission reduction effect can be improved by 6.5%-13.5%under the same NEV penetration.If combined with changes in power generation structure,it can further release the emission reduction potential of NEVs,which can reduce the current CO_(2)emissions by 78.1%in the optimal scenario.

Can Private Tutoring Improve Academic Performance?A Meta-Analysis Based on 21 Empirical Studies

The"double reduction"policy has shown initial success over the past three years.However,parents and off-campus training institutions continue to influence the policy implementation significantly.Aiming to investigate the correlation between private tutoring and academic performance,as well as identify key moderating variables,this study conducted a meta-analysis on 21 primary studies,encompassing 54 independent samples,79 effect sizes,and 242,601 participants.The findings revealed a low correlation between private tutoring and the academic performance of students.The impact of private tutoring on academic performance was insignificant after the application of the trim-and-fill method.Among the nine moderating variables analyzed,student gender,educational stage,family socioeconomic status(SES),region,tutoring subject,tutoring duration,and type of tutoring class did not significantly influence the effectiveness of private tutoring.The conclusions clarify the common one-sided perceptions people have about the role of private tutoring,offering new insights for education policymakers,researchers,teachers,parents,and students.

Does Primary and Secondary School Students'On-Campus Out-of-School-Hours Tutoring Reduce Private Tutoring Participation?—Based on China Family Panel Studies

This study analyzed the effect of primary and secondary school students'on-campus out-of-school-hours(OSH)tutoring participation on private tutoring participation using the two-level Bernoulli model based on the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data in 2018.The results revealed that students'on-campus OSH tutoring participation did not decrease the likelihood of their private tutoring participation,while low-achieving students or students from disadvantaged family socioeconomic status(SES)were more likely to continue to participate in private tutoring after receiving OSH tutoring.This may be due to the following:Firstly,on-campus OSH tutoring was less targeted and personalized before the implementation of the"double reduction"policy;secondly,private tutoring institutions conducted misleading marketing and offered private tutoring in the time for on-campus OSH tutoring;and thirdly,students with disadvantaged family SES had fewer opportunities to receive high-quality OSH tutoring.Therefore,it is suggested that concerted efforts be made to provide more targeted and personalized on-campus OSH tutoring and prohibit academic private tutoring institutions from entering campuses.Additionally,it is necessary to enrich the supply of OsH service resources for interest and quality development,optimize the allocation of on-campus OsH tutoring resources,and facilitate the balanced,quality-oriented development of OSH tutoring among different schoolsandregions.

Corporate Endowment Insurance Fee Reduction and Employee Wages:Evidence from China

To stimulate economic growth,the Chinese government implemented three consecutive policies between 2016 and 2019 to reduce the corporate endowment insurance contribution ratio(CEICR),the highest payment item for Chinese companies.Using China's CEICR reduction policies as a quasi-natural experiment,this paper evaluates the impact of corporate payment burden reduction on employee wages.Generally,reducing CEICR appears to prompt companies to increase employee wages.Corporate cash flow is a possible channel of influence.Moreover,the positive effect is found to be more pronounced in companies that are more labor intensive,performing better in labor payment compliance,and located in regions with higher pressure for elderly care.This paper offers evidence in favor of implementing CEICR reduction policies from the perspective of improving the well-being of employees.

Regional inequality, spatial spillover effects, and the factors influencing city-level energy-related carbon emissions in China

Data show that carbon emissions are increasing due to human energy consumption associated with economic development. As a result, a great deal of attention has been focused on efforts to reduce this growth in carbon emissions as well as to formulate policies to address and mitigate climate change. Although the majority of previous studies have explored the driving forces underlying Chinese carbon emissions, few have been carried out at the city-level because of the limited availability of relevant energy consumption statistics. Here, we utilize spatial autocorrelation, Markov-chain transitional matrices, a dynamic panel model, and system generalized distance estimation(Sys-GMM) to empirically evaluate the key determinants of carbon emissions at the city-level based on Chinese remote sensing data collected between 1992 and 2013. We also use these data to discuss observed spatial spillover effects taking into account spatiotemporal lag and a range of different geographical and economic weighting matrices. The results of this study suggest that regional discrepancies in city-level carbon emissions have decreased over time, which are consistent with a marked spatial spillover effect, and a ‘club' agglomeration of high-emissions. The evolution of these patterns also shows obvious path dependence, while the results of panel data analysis reveal the presence of a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and per capita GDP. Data also show that per capita carbon emissions have increased in concert with economic growth in most cities, and that a high-proportion of secondary industry and extensive investment growth have also exerted significant positive effects on city-level carbon emissions across China. In contrast, rapid population agglomeration, improvements in technology, increasing trade openness, and the accessibility and density of roads have all played a role in inhibiting carbon emissions. Thus, in order to reduce emissions, the Chinese government should legislate to inhibit the effects of factors that promote the release of carbon while at the same time acting to encourage those that mitigate this process. On the basis of the analysis presented in this study, we argue that optimizing industrial structures, streamlining extensive investment, increasing the level of technology, and improving road accessibility are all effective approaches to increase energy savings and reduce carbon emissions across China.