Study on Air Pollutant Concentration inside Railway Tunnels

This paper presents a one-dimensional unsteady flow model and a numerical procedure based on the model. Comparisons between the theory and full scale experiments in a railway tunnel show that the model is capable of produce precise predictions for piston wind and pollutant concentration in railway tunnels.

Pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff from different land uses in Chongqing

To investigate the distribution of pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff in Chongqing,six typical land use types were selected and studied from August 2009 to September 2011.Statistical analysis on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in all water samples shows that pollutant concentrations fluctuate greatly in rainfall-runoff,and the concentrations of the same pollutant also vary greatly in different rainfall events.In addition,it indicates that the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS） and chemical oxygen demand （COD） from urban traffic roads （UTR） are significantly higher than those from residential roads （RR）,commercial areas （CA）,concrete roofs （CR）,tile roofs （TRoof）,and campus catchment areas （CCA）;and the EMCs of total phosphorus （TP） and NH3-N from UTR and CA are 2.35-5 and 3 times of the class-III standard values specified in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water （GB 3838-2002）.The EMCs of Fe,Pb and Cd are also much higher than the class-III standard values.The analysis of pollution load producing coefficients （PLPC） reveals that the main pollution source of TSS,COD and TP is UTR.The analysis of correlations between rainfall factors and EMCs/PLPC indicates that rainfall duration is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TSS for TRoof and TP for UTR,while rainfall intensity is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TP for both CR and CCA.The results of this study provide a reference for better management of non-point source pollution in urban regions.

Analysis of Mixing of Pollutants in Water Waves and Currents

A vertical two-dimensional turbulence numerical model for the interaction of waves and currents is developed in the paper based on the nonlinear two-equation k - ε model with the VOF method. The one-dimensional equivalent advection velocity and equivalent mixing coefficient are defined and the solving process is introduced： The pollutant concentration field, generated by an instant source in waves and currents, is calculated with the model, and then the equivalent advection velocity and equivalent mixing coefficient are obtained by calculating the time derivative of the mean and variance of pollutant concentration probability distribution. The effects of wave period and wave height on the equivalent mixing coefficient for waves and wave-currents are also investigated.

Investigation of air pollution concentration in Kathmandu valley during winter season

The monthly concentrations of NO2, NOx, SO2 and O3 measured by a passive sampler from February 2003 to January 2004 showed that the air pollution during the winter season in Kathmandu valley was higher than the summer season. The O3 level was found the highest during April, May and June due to strong radiation. The hourly concentrations of NO2, NOx, O3 and suspended particulate matter（SPM） were also measured by automatic instruments on December 2003. Temperature at the height of 60 m and 400 m at Raniban Mountain in the northwest of Kathmandu valley was measured on February 2001 in the winter season and the average potential temperature gradient was estimated from observed temperature. Wind speed was also measured at the department of hydrology, airport section, from 18 February to 6 March 2001. It was found that the stable layer and the calm condition in the atmosphere strongly affected the appearance of the maximum concentrations of NO2 and SPM in the morning, and that the unstable layer and the windy condition in the atmosphere was considerably relevant to the decrease of air pollution concentrations at daytime. The emission amounts of NOx, HCs and total suspended particle（TSP） from transport sector in 2003 were estimated from the increasing rate of vehicles on the basis of the emission amounts in 1993 to be 3751 t/a, 30570 t/a and 1317 t/a, respectively. The diurnal concentrations in 2003 calculated by the two-layers box model reproduced the characteristics of air pollution in Kathmandu valley such as the maximum value of O3 and its time, the maximum value of NO in the morning, and the decrease of NO and NO2 at daytime. The comparison with the concentrations in 1993 calculated suggested that the main cause of air pollution was the emission from transport sector.

The Epidemiology of Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Relation to the Air Quality of Abattoirs in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

This study investigated the spatial occurrence of cardiovascular diseases associated with the air quality of selected abattoirs in Port Harcourt. Using the simple random sampling technique, the Trans-Amadi, Rumuokoro, Rukpokwu and Elelenwo abattoirs were selected and used for the study. However, both gases and particulates matter which include NO2, SO2, H2S, CH4, CO, PM2.5, and PM10 were collected at distances of 0, 20, 50, 100, 200 m with the aid of a hand held multi-gas monitor. The questionnaire was used to obtain the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, duration of job in years, as well as individual frequency of hospital visitation based on symptoms of cardiovascular diseases. The electrocardiogram was employed to diagnose manifestations of ischemic heart disease among the workers especially in the roasting section. Analysis of data collected was done using the Step-wise multiple regression technique. Result showed that occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is a function of pollutant concentration (CO - r = 0.57) at Rumuokoro abattoir;(O3 - r = 0.40, SO2 - r = 0.23, CO - r = 0.14) at Rukpokwu abattoir, duration of exposure (DOE - r = 0.22) at Rumuokoro abattoir, (DOE ? r = 0.40) at Trans-Amadi abattoir;and (DOE - r = 0.20) at Elelenwo abattoir;age of worker (r = 0.06) at Rukpokwu abattoir, (r = 0.30) at Elenlewo abattoir and daily duration on the job (JOBD - r = 0.13) at Elelenwo abattoir. Findings indicate that there is a positive correlation between occurrence of vascular diseases and pollutant concentration, duration of exposure, age and duration on the job but varies from location to location. Periodic epidemiological and air quality assessment of workers at the abattoirs are strongly advocated.

Model for Predicting Roadside Concentrations of Traffic Pollutants

An analytical model is presented to estimate traffic pollutant concentrations based on an artificial neural network （ANN） approach. The model can analyze the highly nonlinear relationship between the traffic flow attributes, meteorological conditions, road spatial characteristics, and the traffic pollutant concentrations This study analyzes the multiple factors that affect the pollutant concentration and establishes the model structure using the ANN technique. Collected data for the pollutant concentrations as functions of vadant factors was used to train the ANN model. A method was developed to automatically measure the traffic flow attributes, such as traffic flow, vehicle speed, and flow composition from video data. The results indicate that the model can reliably forecast CO2 concentrations along the roads.

Characteristics of Ambient Air Quality in the Central Urban Area of Western Guizhou in the Past Five Years

Air is an important condition for human activities and survival,and its quality is closely related to the quality of life and level of health for the people.In recent years,the problem caused by air quality has become one of the main problems that endanger human health and restrict economic development,which has been widely concerned.In this paper,the air quality status and its changing trend were analyzed by using the methods of the comprehensive index of ambient air quality and Spearman s rank correlation coefficient,based on the hourly pollutant concentration data of five national ambient air quality monitoring stations in the central urban area of Liupanshui City,Guizhou Province from January 1,2015 to December 31,2019.The results showed that the concentration of air pollutants in the atmosphere in the past five years showed a downward trend in the central urban area of Liupanshui City.During 2018-2019,the air quality has been up to the standard for two consecutive years,and it was developing to a higher quality direction.The air quality was better in summer half year than in winter half year.In one year,the air quality was the best in June and the worst in February.The air quality was the best at 07:00 and the worst at 21:00 every day.The air quality in the east and the west of the city was better than that in the middle.In most years,the activities,making and burning paper to resemble money as an offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors in Zhongyuan Festival,caused serious pollution.

PyLUR:Efficient software for land use regression modeling the spatial distribution of air pollutants using GDAL/OGR library in Python

Land use regression(LUR)models have been widely used in air pollution modeling.This regressionbased approach estimates the ambient pollutant concentrations at un-sampled points of interest by considering the relationship between ambient concentrations and several predictor variables selected from the surrounding environment.Although conceptually quite simple,its successful implementation requires detailed knowledge of the area,expertise in GIS,statistics,and programming skills,which makes this modeling approach relatively inaccessible to novice users.In this contribution,we present a LUR modeling and pollution-mapping software named PyLUR.It uses GDAL/OGR libraries based on the Python platform and can build a LUR model and generate pollutant concentration maps efficiently.This self-developed software comprises four modules:a potential predictor variable generation module,a regression modeling module,a model validation module,and a prediction and mapping module.The performance of the newly developed PyLUR is compared to an existing LUR modeling software called RLUR(with similar functions implemented on R language platform)in terms of model accuracy,processing efficiency and software stability.The results show that PyLUR out-performs RLUR for modeling in the Bradford and Auckland case studies examined.Furthermore,PyLUR is much more efficient in data processing and it has a capability to handle detailed GIS input data.

Variation of PM_(2.5) concentration in Hangzhou,China

This observational study investigates the variation of PM2.5 concentration and its ratio against PM10 concentration under different weather systems and pollution types. The study was conducted in Hangzhou on east China＇s Yangtze River Delta using data collected at seven ambient air quality monitoring stations around the metropolitan area between 2006 and 2008 and using weather information in the same period. Nine predominant weather systems affecting the city were classified through careful analysis of the 11- year surface and upper air weather charts from 1996 to 2006. Each observational day was then assigned to one of the nine weather systems. It was found that the PM2.5 concentration varied greatly for different weather systems, with the highest PM2.5 concentration associated with the post-cold-frontal system at 0.091 mg/m^3 and the lowest PM2.5 concentration with the easterlies system at 0.038 mg/m^3, although the PM2.5/PM10 ratio remained consistently above 0.5 for all systems. The post-cold-frontal system typically occurs in autumn and winter while the easterlies system is more a summer phenomenon. Among all types of pollution, the highest PM2.5 concentration of 0.117 mg/m^3 coincided with the large-scale continuous pollution events, suggesting that this type of pollution was more conducive to the formation of secondary particulate matters. The ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was above 0.5 in non-pollution days and all pollution types but one under the influence of dust storms when the ratio decreased to 0.3 or less. The outcomes of this study could be used to develop a rudimental predictive model of PM2.5 concentration based on weather system and pollution type.

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters（PAEs） in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration（24.19 μg/m3）, which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse＇s workstations, the wards, and the doctor＇s offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways（16.30 μg/m3）. Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.