Numerical Simulation of Pollutant Transport and Accumulation Areas in the Hangzhou Bay

Based on the COHERENS model (a coupled hydrodynamic ecological model for regional and shelf seas), a numerical hydrodynamic model of the Hangzhou Bay, influenced by tide, regional winds and freshwater from the Yangtze River and the Qiantangjiang River was established. The Lagrangian particle tracking was simulated to provide tracer trajectories. For convenience, the modeling area was divided into 8 subdomains and the modeling focused on March (dry season) and July (wet season). Numerical simulation and analysis indicate that the tracer trajectories originated in different subdomains are quite different. Most particles released in the mouth of the bay move outside the bay quickly and reach the farthest place at 122.5°E; while particles released in the inner part of the bay mostly remain in the same subdomain, with only minor migrations in two opposite directions along the shore. The tracer experiments also indicate that the northwest region of the bay is an area where pollutant can easily accumulate in both wet and dry seasons, and that the southeast region of the bay is another area for pollutant to accumulate in dry season because it is the main path for the contaminant.

The impact of physical processes on pollutant transport in Hangzhou Bay

A Lagrangian tracer model is set up for Hangzhou Bay based on Coupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for Regional Shelf Sea (COHERENS). The study area is divided into eight subdomains to identify the dominant physical processes, and the studied periods are March (the dry season) and July (the wet season). The model performance has been first verified by sea-surface elevation and tidal current observations at several stations. Eight tracer experiments are designed and Lagrangian particle tracking is simulated to examine the impact of physical processes (tide, wind and river runoff) on the transport of passive tracer released within the surface layer. Numerical simulations and analysis indicate that: (1) wind does not change the tracer distribution after 30 days except for those released from the south area of the bay during the wet season; (2) the tide and the Qiantang River runoff are important for particle transport in the head area of the bay; (3) the Changjiang River runoff affects the tracer transport at the mouth of the bay, and its impact is smaller in the dry season than in the wet season.

A model study of influence of circulation on the pollutant transport in the Zhujiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters

A tracer model with random diffusion coupled to the hydrodynamic model for the Zhujiang River Estuary (Pearl River Estuary, PRE) is to examine the effect of circulations on the transport of completely conservative pollutants. It is focused on answering the following questions: (1) What role does the estuarine plume front in the winter play in affecting the pollutants transport and its distribution in the PRE ? (2) What effect do the coastal currents driven by the monsoon have on the pollutants transport? The tracer experiment results show that: (1) the pollutant transport paths strongly depend on the circulation structures and plume frontal dynamics of the PRE and coastal waters; (2) during the summer when a southwesterly monsoon prevails, the pollutants from the four easterly river inlets and those from the bottom layer of offshore stations will greatly influence the water quality in Hong Kong waters, however, the pollutants released from the four westerly river-inlets will seldom affect the water qual

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds Part Ⅱ：Transport of Soluble Gases and Sensitivity Tests

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm systems Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer(PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere. resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H<102 Matm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).

ISENTROPIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN NORTHEAST ASIA-INFLUENCE ON CHINA FROM NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

The transport of air pollutants from several big cities in the north of China and the neighboring countries is researched by using the isentropic trajectory model. The trajectories are calculated twice daily for the cities in January, April. July and October for the period of 1992- 1994. The statistical method has been used to deal with trajectory dots at intervals of 30 min for the forward and backward trajectories during 0-24 h and 24-48 h. The probability distribution diagrams of trajectory show clearly the ensemble properties of isentropic trajectories for each city and the dominant transport directions of pollutants. They possess notable seasonal variations. The forward trajectory areas of the Ulaan Baatar in Mongolia can spread over North China. and those of the Chita in Russia can influence Northeast China except in summer. In July the forward trajectory of Pyongyang and Seoul can extend northward to the boundaries of China.

2D-Cell Experiment on Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Transport in Saturated Zone of Groundwater

As an additive of gasoline,methyl ten-butyl ether(MTBE)has a higher solubility in water,which is about 20 times as high as that of benzene.This characteristic results in MTBE dissolving out of the gasoline into the soil and groundwater.Due to relative unique physicochemical behavior of MTBE it would be an ideal candidate for use in environmental forensic investigations.In order to study the transport and distribution of MTBE in saturated zone of ground water,a two-dimensional experimental cell was setup to simulate the real environment of the groundwater flow.The effects of soil and groundwater flow velocity on the MTBE transport were investigated.The results show that the mobile distance of MTBE in vertical direction was smaller than that in horizontal direction paralleling with the groundwater flow.Because the main dynamics of groundwater flow direction was convection and dispersion,the movement of MTBE is also diffusion in the vertical direction.In addition,the transport of MTBE was more quick in high permeability porous media,and the increase of groundwater flow velocity can accelerate the MTBE plume development,but the irregularity and randomness of the plume are enhanced synchronously.These research results can give some helps for the investigation of MTBE movement in the groundwater,also can make some references for other petroleum contamination behavior.

A Case Study of Typical Regional Pollution Transport in Fuzhou City

Based on data of PM2.5 hourly concentration and HYSPLIT model backward trajectory in coastal cities of Fujian Province during January 25 -26, 2014, a typical regional pollution process affecting Fujian from the north to the south and the east to the west on January 26 was investiga- ted. Taking Fuzhou as an example, based on weather situation on the ground and at high altitudes as well as corresponding meteorological data such as wind direction, wind velocity, and visibility, the changes of meteorological elements before, during and after the pollution were compared. Based on the V-3θ atmospheric vertical structure diagrams, the weather reasons for the generation, maintaining and dissipation of the pollution were discussed. The results indicated that the regional pollution was transported from the northeast to the southwest. The northeasterly air flow in front of the cold ridge strengthened and moved toward the east, so that the pollutant from the north affected Fujian form the north to the south and from the east to the west. As a result, there was a dramatic increase of pollutant concentration, rapid drop of visibility, and deterioration of air quality in the affected areas. The heavy pollution process featured high-speed transport and short-time generation. The air quality changed from good state to heavy pollution in just 3 -4 hours. The maximum of IAQIpM2.5 reached 280. The whole pollution process lasted for 14 hours. Solar radiation had been deeply affected by aerosol clouds, so that atmospheric stratification was extremely stable. Along with the eastward movement of cold high pressure into the sea, the dominant wind direction near the ground changed from the northeast to the east, so that the source of the pollutant was cut off , and air quality quickly turned well. The changes of atmospheric vertical structure indicated that the high inversion layer and clouds near 700 hPa kept lower air clean and blocked upper pollution transport. The later sudden increase of wind speed and strengthening of atmospheric mechanical turbu- lent destroyed inversion layer, so that the upper pollutants invaded air near the ground rapidly. During the period of high pollution, the isothermal layer （aerosol clouds） leaded to decrease of wind speed, and the atmosphere became more stable. The pollution ended until the wind field changed.

A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models,including tracer methods,the bruteforce method(BFM),decoupled direct method(DDM),high-order decoupled direct method(HDDM),response surface models(RSMs)and so on forth,have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants.These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms.However,differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported.For example,the tracer method is suitable for the study of simpli?ed scenarios,while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants.Multiple observation techniques,including conventional air pollutant observation,lidar observation,air sounding balloons,vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology,aerial surveys,and remote sensing observations,have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec.In addition,based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories,the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics.Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy,while modeling technologies are more?exible in spatial resolution and research plan setting.In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants,it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive veri?cation of observation and simulation.Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scienti?c basis for regional joint prevention and control.

Dynamic Modeling of Air Pollution and Acid Rain from Energy System and Transport in Kosovo

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions generated at coal burning power plants and from transport are a leading cause of acid deposition and chemical smog in many parts of the world. Sulfur dioxide emitted by thermal power plants and from transport in Kosovo is transported via prevailing winds to other locations. Through its journey, this SO2 gas undergoes a series of chemical reactions that ultimately transform it into sulfuric acid (H2SO4) which is deposited as acid rain. As a consequence of NO2 emissions from electricity production and transport in Kosovo the ozone (O3) is formed as photochemical smog due to sunlight, which triggers the breakdown of NO2. We modeled the impact of SO2 and NO2 emissions from energy system and transport in Kosovo on acid deposition and chemical smog locally. In model we consider the role of SO2 and NO2 pollution control technologies on mitigating these impacts.

High-precision parallel computing model of solute transport based on GPU acceleration

The scenario simulation analysis of water environmental emergencies is very important for risk prevention and control,and emergency response.To quickly and accurately simulate the transport and diffusion process of high-intensity pollutants during sudden environmental water pollution events,in this study,a high-precision pollution transport and diffusion model for unstructured grids based on Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA)is proposed.The finite volume method of a total variation diminishing limiter with the Kong proposed r-factor is used to reduce numerical diffusion and oscillation errors in the simulation of pollutants under sharp concentration conditions,and graphics processing unit acceleration technology is used to improve computational efficiency.The advection diffusion process of the model is verified numerically using two benchmark cases,and the efficiency of the model is evaluated using an engineering example.The results demonstrate that the model perform well in the simulation of material transport in the presence of sharp concentration.Additionally,it has high computational efficiency.The acceleration ratio is 46 times the single-thread acceleration effect of the original model.The efficiency of the accelerated model meet the requirements of an engineering application,and the rapid early warning and assessment of water pollution accidents is achieved.

Research on Hydraulic Block Scenarios in the Land Conservation Zone of the Headwaters Area of Jinshu Bay

[Objective] The aim was to study the hydraulic block scenarios in the water source land conservation zone in Jinshu Bay so as to ensure the water quality in the water sources in Jinshu Bay.[Method] By dint of one dimension water amount and water quality mode in the river net in Taihu,the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in the water sources areas in Jinshu Bay under five kinds of hydraulic block scenarios were compared and discussed.[Result] After demolishing the temporary soil dam in the water source conservation zone in Jinshu Bay,water amount and pollutants increased and water quality deteriorated.It was necessary to take certain hydraulic power to block and control the pollutants in the preservation area;after demolishing the dam,there was less water amount and pollutants.The water quality improved significantly.The hydraulic block facility in the preservation area and its surroundings were all releasing and not introducing;the one along the mouth of the river of Mentianji Gang,Jinshugang and Longtanggang were introducing and not releasing,which only restricted poor-quality water in Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Huguang Canal flowing into the conservation zone.The water into the conservation zone was all from Gonghu.The water mobility within the conservation zone was good.The regional water quality improved to the largest scale.[Conclusion] Judging from the water flow movement characteristics and pollutants transportation rules in Jinshu Bay,the fifth proposal was more appropriate.

ANTI-DIFFUSIVE FINITE DIFFERENCE WENO METHODS FOR SHALLOW WATER WITH TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANT

In this paper we further explore and apply our recent anti-diffusive flux corrected high order finite difference WENO schemes for conservation laws [18] to compute the SaintVenant system of shallow water equations with pollutant propagation, which is described by a transport equation. The motivation is that the high order anti-diffusive WENO scheme for conservation laws produces sharp resolution of contact discontinuities while keeping high order accuracy for the approximation in the smooth region of the solution. The application of the anti-diffusive high order WENO scheme to the Saint-Venant system of shallow water equations with transport of pollutant achieves high resolution

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT MOTION ON TRANSPORT TRANSFORMATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANTS

By combining laboratorial experiments,theoretical analysis and mathematical model,theeffect of sediment motion on transport-transformation of heavy-metal pollutants is studied. (1)Previous studies on adsorption-desorption of heavy-metal pollutants by sedimentparticles are systematically summarized.Based on this summary,subjects that need to be furtherstudied are put forward. In rivers most heavy-metal pollutants concentrate on sediment particles.In order tocontrolling water pollution aused by heavy-metal pollutants following topics should beemphasized:studies on the effect of suspended matter and deposit on transport-transformation of

MAX-DOAS and OMI Measurements of Tropospheric NO2 and HCHO over Eastern China

In this paper,we present long term observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO2)and formaldehyde(HCHO)in Nanjing using a Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS)instrument.Ground based MAX-DOAS measurements were performed from April 2013 to February 2017.The MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO vertical column densities(VCDs)are used to validate OMI satellite observations over Nanjing.The comparison shows that the OMI observations of NO2 correlate well with the MAX-DOAS data with Pearson correlation coefficient(R)of 0.91.The comparison result of MAX-DOAS and OMI observations of HCHO VCD shows a good agreement with R of 0.75 and the slope of the regression line is 0.99.The age weighted backward propagation approach is applied to the MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2 and HCHO to reconstruct the spatial distribution of NO2 and HCHO over the Yangtze River Delta during summer and winter time.The reconstructed NO2 fields show a distinct agreement with OMI satellite observations.However,due to the short atmospheric lifetime of HCHO,the backward propagated HCHO data does not show a strong spatial correlation with the OMI HCHO observations.The result shows the MAX-DOAS measurements are sensitive to the air pollution transportation in the Yangtze River Delta,indicating the air quality in Nanjing is significantly influenced by regional transportation of air pollutants.

Dispersion features of pollutants in a compound channel with vegetated floodplains

The planting of the vegetation on the floodplain helps the ecological restoration,which is the main form of the river’s ecological corridor.Therefore,the current research of the river dynamics focuses on the water movement under a compound channel with the vegetated floodplains.Two simulated vegetation species are selected in this paper for the flume simulation experiments of the floodplain vegetation,and the compound channel is divided into three subregions in the transverse direction.The Navier-Stokes equation and the eddy viscosity theory are applied to obtain the transverse distribution of the depth-averaged velocity and the results agree well with the experimental data.This paper proposes a new method based on the analytical solution of the flow velocity distribution to calculate the average flow velocity in each section.Calculation results can effectively simulate the average flow velocity of the measured sections.The description of the pollutant transport processes in a moving stream requires a refined determination of the dispersion coefficients in the compound channel.The process of the pollutant concentrations in each zone and the reasons for their occurrence are elucidated on the basis of the experimental results.Simultaneously,the measured values of the longitudinal dispersion coefficients are obtained by the“routing procedure,”and a two-zone model of the pollutant dispersion is constructed on the basis of the hydrodynamic study.The prediction method for the longitudinal dispersion coefficients is also presented.Applying the predicted and measured section average flow velocities to the two-zone model to predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficient,and the average relative errors are only 4.17%,7.15%,respectively.This result indicates that the two-zone model can effectively predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficients.The calculation methods for the longitudinal dispersion coefficients from—various studies are compared.The results reveal that the predicted values of these calculation methods are all larger than the measured values,indicating that the vegetation has a considerable influence on the dispersion process.This study comprehensively shows the dispersion features of the pollutants and provides a theoretical basis for the planning and the design of the vegetated ecological corridors.

Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM_(2.5) in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province,China:A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain.In this study,an industrial district(Shahe City)with a large glass manufactur-ing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))to the city's high levels of pollution.The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System(NAQPMS),paired with Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF),was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km.During the study period,the mean mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),SO_(2),and NO_(2)were observed to be 132.0,76.1,and 55.5μg/m^(3),respectively.The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level.The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4%of the city's total PM_(2.5)concentration.This contribu-tion increased to 73.9±21.2%when unfavorable meteorological conditions(high relative hu-midity,weak wind,and low planetary boundary layer height)were present;such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution(PM_(2.5)≥250μg/m^(3)).The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%.The source apportionment results showed that industry(47%),transportation(10%),power(17%),and residential(26%)sectors were the most important sources of PM_(2.5)in Shahe.The glass factories(where chimney stack heights were normally<70 m)in Shahe contributed 32.1%of the total PM_(2.5)concentration in Shahe.With an in-crease in PM_(2.5)concentration,the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally.At times when pollution levels were severe,the horizontally influ-enced area mainly covered Shahe.Furthermore,sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%,40%,and 60% could lead to a decrease in themass concentration of PM_(2.5) of of 12.0%,23.8%,and 35.5%,respectively.

Relative Contributions of Boundary-Layer Meteorological Factors to the Explosive Growth of PM2.5 during the Red-Alert Heavy Pollution Episodes in Beijing in December 2016

Based on observations of urban mass concentration of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter （PM2.5）, ground meteorological data, vertical measurements of winds, temperature, and relative humidity （RH）, and ECMWF reanalysis data, the major changes in the vertical structures of meteorological factors in the boundary layer （BL） during the heavy aerosol pollution episodes （HPEs） that occurred in winter 2016 in the urban Beijing area were analyzed. The HPEs are divided into two stages： the transport of pollutants under prevailing southerly winds, known as the transport stage （TS）, and the PM2.5 explosive growth and pollution accumulation period characterized by a temperature inversion with low winds and high RH in the lower BL, known as the cumulative stage （CS）. During the TS, a surface high lies south of Beijing, and pollutants are transported northwards. During the CS, a stable BL forms and is characterized by weak winds, temperature inversion, and moisture accumulation. Stable atmospheric stratifica- tion featured with light/calm winds and accumulated moisture （RH 〉 80%） below 250 m at the beginning of the CS is closely associated with the inversion, which is strengthened by the considerable decrease in near-surface air temperat- ure due to the interaction between aerosols and radiation after the aerosol pollution occurs. A significant increase in the PLAM （Parameter Linking Aerosol Pollution and Meteorological Elements） index is found, which is linearly re- lated to PM mass change. During the first 10 h of the CS, the more stable BL contributes approximately 84% of the explosive growth of PM2.5 mass. Additional accumulated near-surface moisture caused by the ground temperature de- crease, weak turbulent diffusion, low BL height, and inhibited vertical mixing of water vapor is conducive to the sec- ondary aerosol formation through chemical reactions, including liquid phase and heterogeneous reactions, which fur- ther increases the PM2.5 concentration levels. The contribution of these reaction mechanisms to the explosive growth of PM2,5 mass during the early CS and subsequent pollution accumulation requires further investigation.

Sorption of four s-triazine herbicides on natural zeolite and clay mineral materials with microporosity

Sorption is an important process that controls the fate and transport of herbicides in the soil and aquifer environment.However,sorption of these pollutants on natural microporous mineral materials has received little attention.This study investigated the sorption of four model s-triazine herbicides,namely,atrazine,metribuzin,ametryn,and prometryn,on two common natural zeolites(i.e.,clinoptilite and Fe-mordenite)and two common clays(i.e.,kaolin and attapulgite)with microporosity in batch experiments.The results showed that the sorption of s-triazines on the natural zeolites increased in the order of metribuzin<atrazine<ametryn<prometryn,which corresponded approximately to the order of increasing sorbate hydrophobicity and indicated the significant contribution of the hydrophobic effect.In contrast,the sorption of s-triazines on the natural clays increased in the order of metribuzin<atrazine<prometryn<ametryn,which corresponded to the order of increasing sorbate basicity and indicated the significant contribution of cation exchange and electrostatic interactions.The sorption of these s-triazines on the mineral materials was strongly pH-dependent,resulting from the pH dependence of the mineral surface charge and protonation/deprotonation of the s-triazines.Common alkali and alkaline earth cations at low concentrations had no significant impact on the sorption of s-triazines on the natural microporous mineral materials.Meanwhile,the presence of Fe^(3+)(at 0.05 mmol/L)significantly enhanced the sorption of atrazine,ametryn,and prometryn by increasing the protonation of s-triazine molecules in the interfacial region between the mineral surface and bulk solution(due to hydrolysis of Fe^(3+)).Co-sorption of s-triazines on the natural microporous mineral materials exhibited significant competitive effects when these herbicides are sorbed through similar mechanisms.The findings of this study provide insights on the interactions of s-triazine herbicides with natural microporous mineral materials,which help better understand and predict their occurrence and behavior in the subsurface.

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO_2, SO_2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta （YRD） area is one of the important economic zones in China. However, this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy （MAX-DOAS） network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO2, SO2, and formaldehyde （HCHO） in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD （Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai） were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities （VCDs） and profiles of NO2, SO2, and HCHO. Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO2 and SO2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO2, SO2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument （OMI） satellite observations, resulting in R2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRO under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.