Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China

Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

In recent years,sudden water pollution accidents in China's rivers have become more frequent,resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety.Therefore,it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents.Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction.This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system.The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations.The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents.The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season,followed by the water storage period,drawdown season,and dry season,in that order.The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants.This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated,and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.