Exploration of Market Mechanism on Controlling Air Pollution and Carbon Emissions in China

Based on increasingly grim situation of carbon emissions in China,air pollution control and carbon emission reduction are very important. Therefore,combining with China’s specific national conditions,we should explore the market mechanisms to control air pollution and reduce carbon emissions in China. The achievement of the carbon emission reduction purpose needs to establish the carbon trade market based on intensity emission reduction and suitable for China’s national conditions. By setting the cross-industry,cross-region and cross-time carbon trade scenarios in China,this paper tries to study the market mechanism of carbon intensity trade among industries and regions and based on carbon finance mechanism.

An Integrated Analysis on the Synergistic Reduction of Carbon and Pollution Emissions from China’s Iron and Steel Industry

Decarbonization and decontamination of the iron and steel industry(ISI),which contributes up to 15%to anthropogenic CO_(2) emissions(or carbon emissions)and significant proportions of air and water pollutant emissions in China,are challenged by the huge demand for steel.Carbon and pollutants often share common emission sources,indicating that emission reduction could be achieved synergistically.Here,we explored the inherent potential of measures to adjust feedstock composition and technological structure and to control the size of the ISI to achieve carbon emission reduction(CER)and pollution emission reduction(PER).We investigated five typical pollutants in this study,namely,petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants and chemical oxygen demand in wastewater,particulate matter,SO_(2),and NO_(x) in off gases,and examined synergies between CER and PER by employing cross elasticity for the period between 2022 and 2035.The results suggest that a reduction of 8.7%-11.7%in carbon emissions and 20%-31%in pollution emissions(except for particulate matter emissions)could be achieved by 2025 under a high steel scrap ratio(SSR)scenario.Here,the SSR and electric arc furnace(EAF)ratio serve critical roles in enhancing synergies between CER and PER(which vary with the type of pollutant).However,subject to a limited volume of steel scrap,a focused increase in the EAF ratio with neglection of the available supply of steel scrap to EAF facilities would lead to an increase carbon and pollution emissions.Although CER can be achieved through SSR and EAF ratio optimization,only when the crude steel production growth rate remains below 2.2%can these optimization measures maintain the emissions in 2030 at a similar level to that in 2021.Therefore,the synergistic effects between PER and CER should be considered when formulating a development route for the ISI in the future.

Technical and Economic Index System for CO_2 Emission Reduction in China's Power Industry

The main technic and economic indices for carbon dioxide emission reduction of Chinese electric power industry are designed systematically in this paper.According to quantitative calculation and influential factor analysis on the carbon dioxide emission reduction of the industry from 1978 to 2009,the author estimates and calculates the relevant indices during the 12 th Five-Year Plan period and in 2020.Finally the author analyzes the relationship and difference between the conventional technical and economic indices for electric power planning and the new index system for the low carbon economy development.

Tracking Transfer of Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Countries along the Silk Roads Through Global Value Chains

The Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has aroused rich discussions about the possible increase in carbon dioxide emission under the arduous global carbon dioxide emission reduction task.Adopting the methods of input-output technique and complex network ana-lysis,we first construct a fairer method to trace carbon dioxide emission transfer based on global value chains,then trace the source of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the Silk Roads countries with a long-term multiple regional input-output database.We find that,first,after the proposal of the BRI,the total direct carbon dioxide emissions of the Silk Roads countries and China’s proportion of carbon dioxide emission transfer to the other Silk Roads countries have both declined.Second,the Silk Roads countries are generally the net receivers of carbon dioxide emission transfer,and the inflow is mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries and core countries in other sub-regions.Then,the transfer of carbon dioxide emission accepted by the Silk Roads countries comes mostly from large developing countries,such as China,Russia,and India,and developed countries,such as the United States,Japan,and Germany.The products are mainly concentrated in energy and chemical industries,as well as heavy industries,such as mining and quarrying,and metal products.We suggest that,due to the high degree of spatial and industrial concentrations of carbon dioxide emission transfer,it is necessary to make targeted policies for these countries and industries to reduce these transfers.

Relationship between Urban Industrial Land Use Size and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions:Evidence from 294 Cities in China

Although the relationship between the size of urban industrial land use and pollutant emissions has been widely discussed from different perspectives(e.g.,the scale and crowding effects),the results of various studies have revealed positive,negative,and combined impact relationships.However,how the expansion of urban industrial land use affects SO_(2) emissions remains unknown.We need to clarify this relationship in order to facilitate the realization of China’s pollution reduction and emission reduction goals.This study used the panel data from 294 cities spanning from 2011 to 2019 to construct a spatial econometric model.The objective was to explore the correlation between the scale of urban industrial land and sulfur dioxide emissions in China.The results show that a large scale of urban industrial land use corresponds to lower sulfur dioxide emissions per unit of industrial added value.By gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between the scale of urban industrial land use and sulfur dioxide emissions,policymakers can further reduce pollutant emissions by rationalizing the planning of urban industrial land use and industrial layout.In addition to promoting industrial agglomeration and economies of scale in cities with extensive industrial land use,this strategy can support the development of efficient and environmentally friendly industries in areas with limited industrial land use.Optimizing the technology and encouraging the development of green industries can help reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable urban development.

Review on coal-based reduction and magnetic separation for refractory iron-bearing resources

The application of coal-based reduction in the efficient recovery of iron from refractory iron-bearing resources is comprehensively reviewed.Currently,the development and beneficiation of refractory iron-bearing resources have attracted increasing attention.However,the effect of iron recovery by traditional beneficiation methods is unacceptable.Coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation is proposed,which adopts coal as the reductant to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron below the melting temperature.The metallic iron particles aggregate and grow,and the particle size continuously increases to be suitable for magnetic separation.The optimization and application of coal-based reduction have been abundantly researched.A detailed literature study on coal-based reduction is performed from the perspectives of thermodynamics,reduction kinetics,growth of metallic iron particles,additives,and application.The coal-based reduction industrial equipment can be developed based on the existing pyrometallurgical equipments,rotary hearth furnace and rotary kiln,which are introduced briefly.However,coal-based reduction currently mainly adopts coal as a reductant and fuel,which may result in high levels of carbon dioxide emissions,energy consumption,and pollution.Technological innovation aiming at decreasing carbon dioxide emissions is a new trend of green and sustainable development of the steel industry.Therefore,the substitution of coal with clean energy(hydrogen,biomass,etc.)for iron oxide reduction shows promise in the future.

Co-thermal in-situ reduction of inorganic carbonates to reduce carbon-dioxide emission

Thermal decomposition of inorganic metal carbonates is the main path to prepare metal oxides;nonetheless,it is always accompanied by the emission of large amounts of CO_(2) as one of the gas products.This study reports a concept of co-thermal insitu reduction of inorganic carbonates by using the energy released by carbonate decomposition under pure hydrogen atmosphere,which reduces the decarboxylation temperature and significantly inhibits the CO_(2) emissions.A combination of hydrogen–deuterium exchange,isotope experiment,and density functional theory calculations demonstrates that the CO results from the selective cleavage of Ca–O bonds at the surface of CaCO_(3) via the direct hydrogenation mechanism at relatively low temperature.However,it undergoes the reverse water–gas shift reaction path at high temperature,i.e.,CO being produced by the reduction of CO_(2) released by the decomposition of carbonates.This study sheds light on the potential of green hydrogen technology for inorganic carbonate valorization toward high value-added products,which can facilitate the large-scale industrial applications.

Carbon Dioxide Control-Technology for the Future

The world is experiencing global climate change, and most scientists attribute it to the accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. Because of its enormous emission rate, carbon dioxide （CO2） is the main culprit. Almost all the anthropogenic CO2 emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. Emissions of COg can be reduced by conservation, increased use of renewable energy sources, and increased efficiencies in both the production of electrical power and the transportation sector. Capture of CO2 can be accomplished with wet scrubbing, dry sorption, or biogenic fixation. After CO2 is captured, it must be transported either as a liquid or a supercritical fluid, which realistically can only be accomplished by pipeline or ship. Final disposal of CO2 will either be to underground reservoirs or to the ocean; at present, the underground option seems to be the only viable one. Various strategies and technologies involved with reduction of CO2 emissions and carbon capture and sequestration （CCS） are briefly reviewed in this paper.

“双碳”背景下主产区粮食生产减污降碳综合效益评价

基于2002—2021年中国13个粮食主产区的面板数据,采用熵权TOPSIS法、障碍因子诊断模型与Dagum基尼系数,实证分析主产区粮食生产减污降碳综合效益及其时空演化。结果表明:2002—2021年粮食主产区综合效益指数由0.388提高至0.878,整体为上升态势;主产区综合效益水平呈现“东高西低”的空间分布特征;核心障碍因素存在由粮食产出效率与粮食产出水平向粮食生产投入集约化水平与粮食生产碳排放强度集中的转变过程;总体差异水平未出现进一步缓解的趋势,空间差异主要来源于区域间差异,样本期贡献率均值为56.89%,东西部间差异最大,东部、中部地区区域内的基尼系数水平也存在上升趋势,说明缓解区域内差异同样不容忽视。据此,建议切实提高资源投入集约化程度,统筹协调各区域综合效益均衡发展,建立绿色粮食生产体系,强化绿色低碳收益,进而实现农业高质量发展。

长三角工业减污降碳时空演变及其影响因素研究

工业领域是我国推行减污降碳协同增效的重点领域,探究工业领域减污降碳的时空特征及影响因素,对实现减污降碳协同增效总目标具有重要现实意义.本文以长三角地区41个设区市为研究对象,综合运用耦合协调度模型、空间自相关、时空地理加权回归、地理探测器等方法,对2010−2020年长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的时空演变特征及影响因素展开分析,因地制宜地提出工业减污降碳协同推进建议.结果表明:①2010−2020年,长三角地区41个设区市的工业大气污染物排放量平均值大幅下降,工业二氧化碳排放量缓慢增长,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应总体处于上升优化态势,工业减污降碳协同效应等级由失调衰退类提至过渡发展类.②2010−2020年,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应在空间格局上呈中部高、南北低以及东部高、西部低的分布格局,时空变动上工业减污降碳协同效应高值范围由上海、苏州等长江入海口地区向西转移至南京、无锡、苏州等长江下游地区,其空间集聚特征呈现出集聚−离散−集聚的变化趋势.③规模以上工业总产值、规模以上工业增加值占GDP比重、人均GDP、城镇化率等是影响长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应的主要因素,对大部分区域产生显著的正向影响,其影响程度存在时空异质性,双因子交叉具有显著的增强作用.研究显示,长三角地区工业减污降碳协同效应存在显著的优化趋势和空间差异,受产业规模结构影响较大,亟需从统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、加强重点区域协同控制、加快工业行业绿色发展等方面协同推进.

减污降碳协同效应的生成逻辑、内涵阐释与实现方略

实现减污降碳协同效应是实现“双碳”目标愿景、推进美丽中国建设的重要内容。立足理论逻辑和历史逻辑,深刻阐明减污降碳协同效应的生成逻辑;基于经济高质量发展与生态环境治理要求,系统阐释减污降碳协同效应的深刻内涵;围绕协同推进减污降碳的现实挑战,对减污降碳协同效应的实现方略进行探讨。研究发现:对环境污染物和碳排放同根同源同过程特性的系统性认识、中国环境污染治理工作与应对气候变化行动的开展为减污降碳协同效应创造了坚实的实现基础。减污降碳协同效应源自协同学理论与国际绿色低碳发展实践的结合,其核心在于推进经济社会发展绿色转型,以兼顾实现经济高质量发展与解决生态环境治理问题,增加经济增长绿色动能,全面提高生态环境治理综合效益。面向全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程,须切实健全减污降碳协同治理制度、培育拓展生态环境市场、推动减污降碳科技协同创新,建设减污降碳协同治理体系,推动实现减污降碳协同效应。

环境补贴能提升企业碳绩效吗--基于A股上市公司实证分析

环境补贴既是国家实现“双碳”目标的宏观调控手段,也是减轻企业环保负担、引导企业节能减排的推动力。选取2014~2019年接受环境补贴的1094家A股上市公司3735个观测值作为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型,实证探究环境补贴对企业碳绩效的影响。研究表明,环境补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关且具有滞后性特征,异质性检验发现,成立时间长的企业、国有企业、东部地区与中低污染企业环境补贴作用效果显著;进一步研究发现,环境补贴中的节能减排补贴与企业碳绩效显著正相关,环境治理补贴对企业碳绩效起负向作用。据此,提出环境补贴应以降碳为重点、减污降碳协同增效为目的等建议。

温室气体管控纳入化工园区规划环评的技术方法探索和实证研究

《中共中央国务院关于深入打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》中明确提出“将温室气体管控纳入环评管理”,温室气体管控纳入环评已成为深入推进碳达峰行动的重要举措。产业园区是控制污染物和温室气体排放增量的重要载体,是推进减污降碳源头防控的重要抓手。该研究重点围绕协同减污降碳优化规划方案这一关键问题,探索产业园区规划环评中开展温室气体评价的技术方法,并以某石化园区为例开展了实践探索。为了在环评中科学、合理地分析和评价温室气体减排潜力,从两方面探索评价技术方法:一是温室气体与大气耦合评价方法,开展温室气体评价重点排放设施能效分析,结合大气评价中空气质量目标改善要求和初步模拟预测结果,联合提出淘汰高耗低效热源设施、分阶段推进清洁能源替代的规划调整建议;二是研究创新温室气体评价和循环经济分析紧密结合的环评方法,遵循化工园区协同、合作、共享的一体化设计理念和循环经济理念,以资源循环降碳、能效提升降碳为目标,充分发挥化工园区碳固定、碳消纳的天然优势,促进园区内产业链协同。实证研究表明:①通过全面识别园区减污和降碳的关键环节,以“提效-控煤”为主线,温室气体评价与大气评价联合提出热源点整合方案;聚焦园区CO_(2)资源化利用、能源梯级利用,推动两家企业6套装置实施CO_(2)回收,并实施聚碳酸酯、碳酸乙烯酯等CO_(2)产业链利用项目,将零散企业余热资源统一纳网,实现余热余压利用,很好地验证了前述技术方法的可行性,以及温室气体评价对能源规划方案和产业循环经济方案的优化调整作用。②基于现行产业园区环评的评价技术流程,采用全过程纳入模式,提出了温室气体全过程评价技术框架,即现状评价“挖潜力”、规划分析“融理念”、影响识别“定目标”、影响评价“评趋势”、方案论证“明措施”、调整建议“优方案”。此外,对未来研究提出展望,一是增强污染防治与气候治理的协同性,二是关注难以量化的新排放源和非二氧化碳温室气体,三是结合不同园区面临的能源转型和环境目标压力,形成差异化的温室气体减排方案。该研究提出的技术框架和评价方法为优化化工园区环评源头管控作用起到有力支撑,具有重要的现实意义。

我国化工园区减污降碳技术路径研究

化学工业是推动制造强国战略实施的重要支撑,化工园区是新型工业化的关键载体,开展化工园区减污降碳技术应用研究具有重要的现实意义。本文针对化工园区减污降碳面临的资源利用率低、减污和降碳协同性差、末端治污成本高、环境安全与风险突出等挑战,分析了化工园区碳和污染物产生的特点并梳理相关研究进展,剖析了减污降碳协同增效的内涵。在此基础上,建立了基于一般性工业过程的分析框架,以物质、能量代谢过程为纽带,从企业生产、基础设施、产业共生等层面演绎提出了化工园区减污降碳的技术路径:建立化工园区内企业的碳、污染物排放清单;集成优化化工园区的技术与产业结构,加强绿色低碳生产技术开发、基础设施升级共生、企业间合作、减污降碳与安全生产统筹、产品‒产业‒空间结构优化;开展全生命周期减污降碳成本效益评估。选取杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为典型案例,总结了化工园区减污降碳技术路径的应用实践,进而提出了化工园区减污降碳实施路径建议:完善精细计量体系,加强化工园区物质流管理;强化化工园区共生链接,运用系统工程赋能减污降碳;激发系统效率变革,推动化工园区绿色高质量发展。

我国大豆油脂加工业碳排放测算与减排分析——以某大豆油脂加工企业为例

为服务于碳减排国家战略,以某典型大豆油脂加工企业为研究对象,明确碳排放计算边界,梳理能耗指标变化,采用碳排放系数法确定该企业二氧化碳排放量,推算2015—2022年我国大豆油脂加工业二氧化碳排放量,并提出碳减排措施。结果表明:2020年前该企业二氧化碳排放量为0.111t/t(以大豆计),2020年后经工艺改进其二氧化碳排放量为0.097t/t(以大豆计);大豆油脂加工业二氧化碳排放量在2017年达到峰值,为1095万t;如加工能耗稳定下降,虽然2030年大豆消费量达到最大值(1.26亿t),大豆油脂加工业二氧化碳排放量仍在2017年达峰;蒸汽消耗和电耗是影响油脂加工碳排放的主要因素。为推动碳减排目标实现,大豆油脂加工业碳减排路径主要是通过持续管理和工艺改进,降低蒸汽用量和电耗。

组态视角下减污降碳政策工具对环境规制效率的驱动机制——基于中国30个省份的fsQCA实证分析

减污降碳是环境规制效率提升的标志,是实现污染控制和环境质量改善的重要抓手和突破口,探究减污降碳政策工具驱动环境规制效率提升的内在机理,对于推进“双碳”目标实现具有重要意义。以2012—2022年中国30个省份数据为研究对象,借助模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)探析命令控制型、市场激励型和自愿参与型政策工具促进环境规制效率提升的多元路径组合。结果发现:减污降碳政策工具在提升全国环境规制效率方面呈现4种组合模式,且分别与中国东、中、西部地区的实施效果相匹配,未来将呈现多元政策工具组合协同发力的态势;命令控制型政策工具在提升中西部地区环境规制效率中发挥主导作用,中部地区尤为明显;自愿参与型工具则更多依赖命令控制型、市场激励型工具发挥政策组合作用,在西部地区发挥效力较弱。不同的环境规制效率驱动效果会带来差异化的政策工具组合,以此为不同地区提供政策建议。

碳中和视域下四川省能源消费CO_(2)与大气污染物协同减排研究

化石燃料的使用是CO_(2)和大气污染物的主要来源,两者具有同源性。在中国提出碳中和目标背景下,各省份均面临较严峻的减排形势。四川省是中国优质能源供应基地和西部经济高质量发展的重要增长极,减排责任尤为重大。基于2011—2020年的四川统计年鉴和中国能源统计年鉴相关数据,设计基准、低碳和强化低碳3个情景,通过Leap模型对四川省2022—2050年的能源消费量和CO_(2)、大气污染物排放量进行预测,并分析不同情景下CO_(2)和大气污染物的减排效果,最后基于分析结果提出相应建议。

京津冀减污降碳与经济发展的动态关联研究

减污、降碳协同增效对推动京津冀城市群经济增长方式转型具有重要意义。从双向因果视角出发,构建面板向量自回归模型,结合脉冲响应分析与方差分解结果对2006-2020年京津冀城市群减污、降碳与经济增长之间的动态作用机制进行研究。结果表明:①京津冀城市群持续的经济增长已成为工业废水和SO_(2)排放的重要推动力,工业烟尘排放量与经济增长之间存在双向反馈机制,经济增长对CO_(2)排放的影响符合环境库兹涅茨曲线,伴随非线性、不稳定特征,CO_(2)排放对经济增长的反向作用尚不显著,碳减排机制有待进一步完善;②经济增长与减污、降碳之间存在“领先效应”和“追赶效应”,并形成长期均衡关系,经济增长自我惯性强,是环境污染物和CO 2排放增加的诱因和演化结果;③京津冀城市群大气污染联防联控政策的实施有助于强化减污、降碳与经济增长的双向联动,需通过区域协同创新、绿色低碳转型、联防联控联治统筹协调京津冀三者关系,促进区域经济高质量发展。

长三角地区减污降碳协同效应评估

长三角地区正在推动减污降碳协同增效,但其减污降碳协同潜力如何?目前鲜有文献展开量化评估。该研究借助数据包络分析方法,从全要素角度测算了长三角地区PM2.5和CO_(2)的边际减排成本,通过比较单独减排与协同减排下的成本变动,估算长三角整体、省际层面和城市层面的减污降碳协同潜力,模拟不同发展情形下协同效应变化。结果发现:(1)2011—2021年,相比单独减排,协同减排视角下长三角地区边际减污成本与边际降碳成本均有显著降低,其中边际减污成本缩减了35.28%,边际降碳成本缩减了32.41%。(2)省际层面看,长三角三省一市边际减排成本之间异质性明显。其中,安徽省边际减污和边际降碳成本最低,上海市边际减污和边际降碳成本偏高。(3)与单独减排相比,协同减排下安徽省边际减排成本的缩减比例最为突出,其减污降碳协同潜力也最为突出。(4)城市层面看,低碳发展优先是减污成本最小化的治理方案,清洁空气优先是降碳成本最小化的治理策略,而若以减污降碳协同效应最大化为目标,不同城市需根据自身经济发展阶段、能源资源禀赋和环境水平等探索与之相匹配的减污降碳协同策略。该研究通过估算长三角地区边际减污成本和边际降碳成本,揭示了该地区减污降碳协同潜力的时间变化规律和空间分布特征,研究结果对长三角地区科学推动减污降碳协同增效有参考价值。

能源转型推动生态环境持续改善

“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略提出以来,我国能源清洁低碳转型加快推进,煤炭在一次能源消费中的占比不断降低,可再生能源装机及发电规模快速扩大,工业、建筑、交通等重点用能领域绿色低碳发展取得重要进展,新型储能、能源数字化等能源新技术持续创新。能源绿色低碳转型推动我国碳排放强度持续降低,大气等生态环境质量显著改善。面向未来,为实现“双碳”目标和美丽中国建设目标,应继续扎实推进能源绿色低碳高质量发展,统筹好发展与安全、短期与长远、整体与局部,以及供给侧与消费侧的关系。