Prevention and Control Measures of Environmental Pollution Problem Caused by Dairy Farming in Inner Mongolia

Environmental pollution problem generated in dairy farming process is the bottleneck restricting development of animal husbandry. By using the investigation data from dairy farmers of Inner Mongolia,environmental pollution problem generated by dairy farming in Inner Mongolia and its cause were analyzed,and prevention and control measures were put forward. The research result showed that weak technology support of environmental treatment and environmental-protection awareness of dairy farmer and bad application effect of pollution control technology caused by lower education degree of dairy farmer were main reasons for environmental pollution problem. We should develop dairy circular economy,advocate a moderate scale,scientifically breed,and enhance training of pollution control technology and propaganda to protect environment.

Analysis on Current Situation,Formation Causes and Control Countermeasures of Acid Rain Pollution in China

Environmental problem is one of three major issues of common concern in the world today.Being a developing socialist country,the environmental problems in china are even more prominent,mainly in population expansion,sharp decrease of global forest areas,soil erosion,acid rain pollution,water pollution and so on.This essay is to introduce the present status,formation causes and hazardous condition of acid rain pollution in china.Some feasible and effective control measures are put forward according to the actual situation in China.

Farmland Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Control Measures

Soil pollution has been considered as one of the main environmental problems in the world nowadays. The source of soil heavy metal pollution in farmland, the effect of heavy metal pollution on soil quality in farmland, growth of crops, quality of agricultural products and the effects of heavy metal pollution on human health were discussed in this paper. The heavy metal pollution control measures were introduced, including physical and chemical regulations, phytoremediation and agroecological restoration measures. The future research perspective was also discussed in this paper.

Research on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in Building Construction

The quality of human life has been greatly improved with the rapid development of the market economy.However,at the same time,people are paying more attention to the problems caused by environmental pollution.As a result,there is an increase in environmental awareness.At the present stage,people are concerned about the negative impact that building construction has on the environment.Building construction enterprises must have preventive measures and deal with environmental pollution during construction.This is to minimize pollution caused by construction and to satisfy the implementation of green civilization construction.This is important as it can enhance the development of socialist spiritual civilization and thus promote the expansion of enterprises in the long run.The author explores and analyzes the main types of environmental pollution generated in building construction.Besides,the author provides effective measures for the prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by building construction to reduce its adverse impact on the environment.

Influence of Marine Oil Pollution and Countermeasures

In the article, status quo of oil pollution in China＇s offshore area was in- troduced, and the sources of oil pollution in the ocean were analyzed. Furthermore, the possible hazards of marine oil pollution were discussed and related countermea- sures were proposed, including implementation of laws and regulations, enhancing awareness of environment protection, improvement of pollution monitoring and early warning mechanism, physical treatment, chemical treatment and biological treatment. With economy development, the demand of oil is increasing accordingly. Hence, oil pollution has become an urgent issue to be solved for better exploration of oil and protection of marine environment.

New Normal Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and agricultural non-point source pollution control in the Dianchi Lake basin were studied,and countermeasures and suggestions of comprehensive control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were proposed.

Advances in History, Current Situation and Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,advances in the history,current situation and control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were summarized to provide theoretical and technical support for the thorough improvement of present situation of water pollution in the basin.

旅游景区生态环境污染问题及治理措施研究

旅游景区是旅游业发展的主要组成部分,结合游客旅游行为对旅游景区生态环境的危害性,分析生态环境污染问题及治理措施。介绍旅游景区及生态环境的概念与基本特征,从水体、土壤和大气三个方面分析旅游景区生态环境污染现状,发现当前环境存在污染物含量多、分布广、类型复杂等问题。针对当前旅游景区生态环境污染问题,提出控制旅游景区生态污染源排放量、分区治理、协同治理等污染治理措施,通过实证分析实验,证明提出的污染治理措施能够有效降低泰山旅游景区中的污染物浓度,起到良好的治理效果。

水资源污染综合治理措施及其防治效果评估研究

长期的水污染会破坏水环境,造成生态系统的破坏和失衡,影响人类的生产和生活。为此,研究水资源污染综合治理措施并评估防治效果。在分析了水资源污染物的4种主要类型后,从工业生产、市政管理以及工程保障3方面提出相应的治理措施,并使用模糊综合评价法对治理后的效果评价,将评价结果分为5个等级,利用加权平均原则对评价结果定量计算。将所提治理措施应用在某市生态公园调节塘内,经一段时间后检验该塘水质有了明显改善,防治效果评估结果为优秀,证明所提方法在水资源污染治理方面具有可行性。

Analysis on the Status of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xinan River Basin

Taking Xinan River basin as research object,the status of agricultural non-point source pollution was analyzed based on field survey,as well as the effect of fertilizer and pesticide leaching and runoff,livestock and poultry breeding and rural domestic pollution on non-point source TN and TP.At last,some technical countermeasures of controlling non-point source pollution were put forward according to the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinan River basin.

湖南省农业面源污染风险等级区划及防治对策

为全面掌握湖南省农业面源污染状况,探讨农业面源污染风险等级区划及防治对策,本研究运用等标污染负荷法和GIS空间分析法,基于单位国土面积等标污染负荷和单位地表径流等标污染负荷对湖南省2018—2021年农业面源的污染源、污染物及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:湖南省农业面源TN污染负荷最高,2018—2020年贡献率均在40%以上。污染负荷总体呈中部高、向四周逐渐降低的分布趋势。通过自然间断点分级法可将全省分为高、中、低风险区3个一级分区,根据污染来源,将全省划分为畜禽养殖污染型、农村生活污水污染型、农村生活污水-畜禽养殖污染型、农村生活污水-种植污染型、种植-畜禽养殖污染型、复合污染型6种污染类型,形成14个二级分区,并根据不同区划类型提出了湖南省农业面源污染的防治对策。

Spatiotemporal characteristics of cultivated land use eco-efficiency and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2020

Improving cultivated land use eco-efficiency(CLUE)can effectively promote agricultural sustainability,particularly in developing countries where CLUE is generally low.This study used provincial-level data from China to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of CLUE from 2000 to 2020 and identified the influencing factors of CLUE by using a panel Tobit model.In addition,given the undesirable outputs of agricultural production,we incorporated carbon emissions and nonpoint source pollution into the global benchmark-undesirable output-super efficiency-slacks-based measure(GB-US-SBM)model,which combines global benchmark technology,undesirable output,super efficiency,and slacks-based measure.The results indicated that there was an upward trend in CLUE in China from 2000 to 2020,with an increase rate of 2.62%.The temporal evolution of CLUE in China could be classified into three distinct stages:a period of fluctuating decrease(2000-2007),a phase of gradual increase(2008-2014),and a period of rapid growth(2015-2020).The major grain-producing areas(MPAs)had a lower CLUE than their counterparts,namely,non-major grain-production areas(non-MPAs).The spatial agglomeration effect followed a northeast-southwest strip distribution;and the movement path of barycentre revealed a"P"shape,with Luoyang City,Henan Province,as the centre.In terms of influencing factors of CLUE,investment in science and technology played the most vital role in improving CLUE,while irrigation index had the most negative effect.It should be noted that these two influencing factors had different impacts on MPAs and non-MPAs.Therefore,relevant departments should formulate policies to enhance the level of science and technology,improve irrigation condition,and promote sustainable utilization of cultivated land.

城镇分流制排水系统初期雨水污染特征与控制对策

由于我国城镇防洪和排涝及城镇面源污染控制的需求,分流制排水系统在城市中占比不断提升,由其带来的初期雨水污染问题已成为城镇水体污染的主要成因之一。结合国内外研究成果,采用文献计量学方法分析了国内外在分流制排水系统初期雨水污染方面的研究热点,对城镇分流制排水系统初期雨水污染的来源、污染特征、不同控制措施及其削减效能进行了综合分析。结果表明:我国分流制排水系统普遍存在管道沉积问题,城市下垫面及管道沉积物中的污染物是初期雨水污染的主要来源;源头和管道沉积物冲刷是影响初期雨水水质变化特征的主要原因;此外,初期雨水污染还受降雨特征、下垫面类型、雨前晴天数、大气污染状况等多个因素的影响。根据初期雨水的污染来源及特征,应将工程性控制措施和非工程性控制措施相结合,从源头、过程、末端及法律法规等方面进行全方位控制,以减少城镇分流制排水系统初期雨水带来的污染,提升城镇水环境质量。

廊坊市重污染天气特征及减排效果评估

为了统筹推进空气质量改善和经济发展,生态环境部于2019年7月制定了重污染天气“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施。文章将廊坊市11次预警(4次黄色预警、6次橙色预警和1次红色预警)划分为8次污染过程进行分析。结果显示,8次污染过程PM_(2.5)平均浓度为41.4~129.0μg/m^(3),综合后向轨迹模拟、地面天气型等手段,将污染过程分为4类,包括西南输送类、东南输送类,西北方向输送类以及局地污染过程。其中高压后部、低压前部和弱高压是导致南部区域传输污染过程的主要天气型,均压场、弱高压是导致西北来向和局地污染过程的主要天气型,且西南来向与局地污染过程PM_(2.5)均值与峰值浓度均高于东南来向和西北来向污染过程,说明此两类污染发生时,廊坊市空气质量更差。结合各预警等级污染物减排比例,采用WRF-CMAQ模式对11次预警期间“绩效分级、差异化管控”效果进行评估,发现预警期间PM_(2.5)平均浓度下降了2.6%~5.9%,PM_(2.5)峰值浓度降低了0.7%~7.7%。整体来看,应急措施的实施有效改善了廊坊市空气质量,并起到了“削峰”作用。

微塑料与重金属复合污染研究概述

微塑料和重金属污染已成为全球性环境问题,两者结合构成复合污染,对生态系统和人类健康构成潜在威胁。本文阐述了微塑料与重金属复合污染的概念,介绍了微塑料与重金属复合污染的研究方法,包括检测技术与方法和数据分析方法,揭示了微塑料与重金属复合污染的特点,即复合污染物在环境中的稳定性、生物富集性与毒性,并从污染源控制与管理、修复技术和社会治理三个方面探讨了复合污染的相关防治措施。

Economic Analysis of Pollution Caused by Animal Farming in China

The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on preventing animal farming,such as definition of rights property,economic impetus and circular farming.

绿色建筑施工废弃物堆放对周围环境的污染与低碳化处理措施研究

针对绿色建筑施工废弃物堆放对周围环境的污染展开分析,并设计了合理的低碳化处理措施。在确定研究目标背景概况后,根据废弃物产生和堆放情况,考虑监测点之间的距离,合理布设监测采样点,并借助相关仪器完成样本检测,获取堆放场污染时空分布特征。以特征分析结果为基础,提出提升垃圾利用率、使用装配式材料等低碳化处理措施。经过低碳化检测效果可知,利用研究制定的低碳化治理措施开展废弃物低碳化处理后,能够有效降低堆放场的污染物污染浓度,且可以实现废弃物的再利用。

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水污染特征及防控措施

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水引起的面源污染是乌梁素海的首要污染源,具有独特的污染特征及产排路径。通过文献查阅和现场调查,总结了河套灌区灌排系统和制度现状,分析了农田排水污染特征,明确了农田排水污染物的产排路径,并基于农田排水污染的影响因素提出了具体的防控措施。结果显示:1)河套灌区排水系统在农田排水污染物输送方面发挥着至关重要的作用,但近年来排水功能逐渐减弱;2)河套灌区非生长期灌溉用水量占全年用水量的55%~60%,其中每年秋浇洗盐用水量占全年灌溉用水量的1/3,灌溉水资源利用率较低;3)农田排水中化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮等污染物来自河套灌区内部,秋浇期面源污染风险最高;4)河套灌区农业生产活动主要以氮素污染为主,氮素通过土壤下渗并随浅层地下水迁移排放;5)河套灌区灌溉制度、农田内排水过程、排水沟外排水过程是农田排水污染的主要影响因素。针对河套灌区农田排水污染特征、产排路径以及主要影响因素,建议因地制宜采取措施构建综合治理模式,如源头水分调控、排水沟优化以及生态系统过程拦截,以改善乌梁素海流域的水环境。

海绵措施下降雨径流模拟及污染物削减率评价

【目的】为探明海绵措施对降雨径流的削减效果和污染物削减能力,以固原市23 km2海绵试点区为研究对象,模拟不同重现期下海绵措施实施前后降雨径流及污染物的变化规律。【方法】采用高精度地形、GPU加速技术,构建适用于固原市洪涝模拟的水文水动力模型。【结果】结果表明:(1)不同降雨情景下,实施海绵措施后,年径流控制率提高16%~20%,污染物削减率均在98%左右。(2)降雨雨型对径流总量控制率影响明显,小雨量时,大部分降雨被留在当地。(3)模型模拟结果为海绵措施布置提供了指导依据,2号积水点建议布设路旁植草沟和渗井,以减少主干道往该处汇流的水量;3号积水点建议完善排水管网;6号积水点建议布设植草沟及滞留溏;10号积水点建议在西侧主干道布设生态植草沟、透水性路面。【结论】构建了适用于固原市的洪涝模型,可实现海绵措施布置对降雨径流和污染物削减率的模拟,为该城市雨洪管理和城市规划提供了科学依据。

固定污染源流速流量测量仪表的比较分析

在介绍了固定污染源流量测量对于“双碳”工作的重要意义基础之上,提出了流量(流速)测量仪表的正确选择是提升整体固定污染源流量测量准确度的关键。然后分别从测量原理、使用方法和量值溯源方法等方面对固定污染源流量(流速)测量的主要仪器:S形皮托管、三维皮托管以及插入式时差法多声道超声流量计作了介绍,多角度比较了它们在实际测量应用中的优缺点,对固定污染源排放企业和从事碳核算的计量技术机构在计量器具选择方面有一定的现实意义。