Reviews on Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Monitoring Techniques and Methods

Farmland nutrient loss has become one of the main reason causing agri- cultural nonpoint source pollution and water nitrogen, phosphorus eutrophication. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution monitoring techniques and methods are very important in agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. This paper reviews the various monitoring techniques of agricultural non-point source pollution, including runoff pollutant monitoring, leaching pollutant monitoring and on-line monitoring. The runoff pollutant monitoring methods are mainly included artificial simulation of rain- fall runoff method, flow meter method, weir method and volumetric method. The leaching pollutant monitoring methods are mainly included leaching plate method, leaching gutter method, leakage pooling method, pumping filter pipe method and simulating soil column method. Although online monitoring of farmland nutrient loss still exists some technical bottlenecks and economic limitations, it is the future di- rection of development.

Identification of Contaminant Source Characteristics and Monitoring Network Design in Groundwater Aquifers: An Overview

The groundwater system is often polluted by different sources of contamination where the sources are difficult to detect. The presence of contamination in groundwater poses significant challenges to its delineation and quantification. The remediation of a contaminated site requires an optimal decision making system to identify the pollutant source characteristics accurately and efficiently. The source characteristics are generally identified using contaminant concentration measurements from arbitrary or planned monitoring locations. To effectively characterize the sources of pollution, the monitoring locations should be selected appropriately. An efficient monitoring network will result in satisfactory characterization of contaminant sources. On the other hand, an appropriate design of monitoring network requires reliable source characteristics. A coupled iterative sequential source identification and dynamic monitoring network design, improves substantially the accuracy of source identification model. This paper reviews different source identification and monitoring network design methods in groundwater contaminant sites. Further, the models for sequential integration of these two models are presented. The effective integration of source identification and dedicated monitoring network design models, distributed sources, parameter uncertainty, and pollutant geo-chemistry are some of the issues which need to be addressed in efficient, accurate and widely applicable methodologies for identification of unknown pollutant sources in contaminated aquifers.

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China,and its components,which include ultrafine particles(UFPs),volatile organic compounds(VOCs),and other reactive gases,such as NH3and NOx,are the most harmful to human health.China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources.Thus,it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions.This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years.These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles,ships,airports,the chemical industry,and electric power generation.Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving,but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated.Meanwhile,the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations.According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China,some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized.Furthermore,more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone： Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter （PM} in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecast-warning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and 16 trace elements in the PM2.5 section （Ca, Pb, Cu, C1, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba） are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic, combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%, respectively. Prediction ofptume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM20 pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven＇t captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.

Research progress of heavy metal pollution in China:Sources,analytical methods,status,and toxicity

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in China and a large number of people are threatened by heavy metal pollution.Extensive damage to human organs,such as liver,kidney,digestion system,and nervous system can be caused by uptake of excess heavy metals.Heavy metals in the environment can originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources.Although contamination of heavy metals has been known to be a severe environmental problem for decades,it is still getting worse in recent years and there are few feasible approaches to resolve this problem.Due to their high toxicity,prevalent existence and persistence in the environment,lead(Pb),mercury(Hg),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr) and arsenic(As) are commonly considered as the priority heavy metals which should be concerned and their emission should be controlled in China.This paper reviewed the pollution of heavy metals in China,focusing on the following four aspects:current status of heavy metal pollution in China,sources of heavy metals in China,toxicity and potential risk,and possible reduction strategies.

Outdoor Air Pollutants and the Impact on Public Health

The demands of increasing population coupled with the desire of most people for a higher material standard of living are resulting in worldwide increasing pollution on a massive scale. In some cases, pollution is a clear-cut phenomenon （e.g., emissions from an old industrial plant）. Sometimes it is difficult to be identified （e.g., microbial pollution） and in others lies largely in the eyes of the beholder （e.g., noise pollution）. Outdoor air pollutants are contaminants which are present in the ambient air and have detrimental effects on human health or upon its environment. The aim of this literature review study is the comprehensive presentation of the major pollutants, which are commonly determined in studies in urban environment, as well as emerging pollutants with important impact in human health. The sources, the sampling and monitoring methods of these pollutants are discussed. In addition, this study contains critical up to date legislation issues concerning environmental pollution coming from these contaminants and, finally, their impact on public health.

平原河网地区典型旱地面源污染排放系数时间变化特征及影响因素研究

【目的】探明平原河网地区典型旱地离田排放系数的变化特征,为农业面源污染监测管理提供参考。【方法】以上海市崇明岛某典型旱地为研究对象,通过构建水文-水质协同监测系统,对旱地面源污染排放系数进行测算,明确排放系数的时间变化特征,分析排放系数的影响因素。【结果】日尺度下,氮、磷的离田排放系数变化范围分别为2.2~9843.9、0.08~667.0 g/(hm^(2)·d);月尺度下,氮、磷离田排放系数变化范围分别为0.02~17.2、0.001~1.04kg/(hm^(2)·m)。在降水产流事件中,氮离田排放系数与降水历时呈极显著正相关,磷离田排放系数与产流事件的总降水量、平均降水强度、最大小时降水强度极显著正相关。施肥后,氮日排放系数迅速增大,磷日排放系数无明显变化。各时间尺度下,氮排放系数与地表径流不存在显著相关性,磷排放系数与地表径流极显著正相关。【结论】氮、磷离田排放系数的日、月际变化幅度较大,氮离田排放系数易受施肥措施影响,磷离田排放系数则更易受降水和地表径流的影响。

VOCs走航与固定源监控联动的大气臭氧污染溯源分析与反演

提出基于在线监测系统与挥发性有机物(VOCs)走航车联动的方法,实现快速响应、协同有效的大气O_(3)-VOCs溯源监管.首先通过固定源在线监控系统实时、快速判定污染源头,缩小排查范围;然后利用装载便携式气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)的移动走航车对重点区域进行VOCs走航监测,并对发现的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)高值点进行成分解析,判定VOCs来源;最后通过关联匹配基于时间修正后的固定源在线监控和空气站O_(3)数据,建立污染过程反演,固定污染溯源证据链.所提方法能实现污染精准溯源,快速确定问题区域和问题企业,尤其适用于O_(3)短时突变的污染源快速诊断,是区域O_(3)-VOCs精细化管控的行之有效手段.

江苏省船舶污染对饮用水源地的影响及对策研究

通过分析污染物来源以及污染物对饮用水源地可能造成的影响,总结当前监测与管理措施的有效性,并提出未来的研究方向和可能的解决方案。旨在通过实地调查与数据总结,为大众提供一个全方位的视角,并为江苏省乃至全国的船舶污染防治工作提供参考。

利用DCS系统网络实现炼化企业固定污染源在线监测数据上传

针对炼化企业污染排放特点及环保监管需求,本文重点介绍如何利用DCS系统网络实现固定污染源在线监测数据上传,并对在线监测在实际运用中平台数据显示离线等故障现象进行解析。

环境监测技术与方法的前沿应用研究

随着工业化和城市化的不断推进,环境监测技术与方法在维护生态平衡和保障公共健康方面变得日益重要。本文综合分析了环境监测领域的前沿应用,聚焦于传感器技术与数据采集、气体分析与污染物检测、遥感技术应用、智能化监测系统、大数据与人工智能在环境监测中的应用,以及污染源追踪与溯源技术等方面,深入剖析了这些领域的最新进展,特别强调了大数据和人工智能的崭新应用,以及其在智能感知、实时决策、环境模型建立等方面的革命性作用。对环境监测技术的未来发展趋势、技术应用前景与社会效益,以及对环境监测的启示与建议进行展望,为更好地推动环境监测技术与方法的创新与发展提供全面而深刻的认知。

离子色谱技术在地下水污染源水质监测中的应用

目的由于现行技术在地下水污染源水质监测中应用效果不佳,污染物回收率较低,而且相对标准偏差(RSD)比较高,针对线性方法存在的缺陷,提出本研究技术在地下水污染源水质监测中的应用。方法使用自动取样装置在地下水污染源上游采集水样并过滤。通过对各污染物标准溶液进行稀释,配制标准工作溶液,利用离心器对水样进行离心处理,利用离子色谱仪检测水样,根据标准工作曲线识别污染物以及生成对应的离子色谱图,根据污染物离子含量计算质量浓度,以此完成基于离子色谱技术的地下水污染源水质监测。结果本研究技术污染物回收率在90%以上,RSD值低于0.1。结论本研究技术在地下水污染源水质监测中具有良好的适应性与可靠性。

基于水质单因子指数的水体污染源识别与指标阶段变化监测研究

为实现对水体污染源的准确识别,提出基于水质单因子指数的水体污染源识别方法。在确定研究对象后,根据水域的实际情况布设监测点位置。然后选定总氮、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、重金属污染浓度以及细菌总数量6项指标用于反映水体的营养物质含量、有机污染程度和水体的氧化还原状态、酸碱度等。根据指标测定结果,利用因子分析方法精准识别水体污染源。然后,在已确定的水污染源附近,定期采集水样和检测指标,监测水质指标在不同阶段的变化情况,以期为水域污染治理提供支持。

我国农业面源污染监测研究进展与发展建议

针对农业面源污染排放形式分散、随机性和不确定性强、进入环境过程具有间接性等特点,本文梳理了农业面源污染形成过程、监测核算常用研究方法,剖析了目前农业面源污染监测评估在技术方面存在的难点和问题,并提出完善相关监测制度、统筹多尺度监测、优化监测方法、设立研发项目、深化结果应用等方面建议,以期为农业面源污染治理实践提供参考借鉴,助力乡村生态振兴和农业绿色发展.

基于高频数据的旱地降雨径流污染物输出特征研究

为阐明旱地农田产流特征及面源污染物的排放特征,以上海市崇明岛旱地为研究对象,采用自动取样方法,在自然降雨条件下对旱地径流水文水质进行长期监测。土壤产流能力用径流曲线数(CN)表示,并用高频的电导率(EC)和浊度数据表征可溶性和颗粒态污染物的浓度变化,通过分析浓度-流量(C-Q)关系,从滞后效应角度研究溶解态和颗粒态污染物的输出特征。结果表明,径流系数与降雨量相关性良好,CN与前期土壤含水率(AMC)的相关关系较好。浊度能够反映悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)、总磷(TP)浓度,EC能够反映可溶性盐的浓度(用全盐量表征)。浊度-流量总体上呈现顺时针滞后,冲刷作用明显;EC-流量总体上呈现逆时针滞后,稀释作用明显。TP的输出以冲刷作用为主,总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、氨态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、溶解性总磷(DTP)的输出既有稀释作用也有冲刷作用。TN主要来自土壤溶液,多变的迁移路径是溶解态物质输出大多呈现逆时针滞后的原因。TP主要来自土壤表面,较短的迁移路径是颗粒态污染物输出大多呈现出顺时针滞后模式的原因。本研究获得的溶解态和颗粒态污染物的输出过程和特征可为面源污染防控、水土保持提供科学依据。

农业面源污染治理效果监测与评价_以铜陵市义安区为例

农业面源污染治理效果监测与评价对于衡量农业面源污染治理效果具有重要意义。针对安徽省铜陵市义安区农业面源污染治理项目,按照“污染源—输送途径—受纳水域”的监测思路,确定了各治理工程的监测点位、频次和指标,采用单因子评价法及综合污染指数法分析和评价了各项治理工程的实施效果。结果表明,总氮(TN)为导致研究区农田面源污染的主要污染物,在治理工程建设前的平均超标倍数(Ⅲ类水体标准)达到了1.58倍。治理工程建设完成后,各污染物的浓度削减幅度排序为铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)>TN>化学需氧量(COD)>总磷(TP)。在畜禽养殖污染治理工程中,各工艺的污染物去除效果排序为厌氧还田工艺>异位发酵工艺>氧化塘工艺。厌氧还田工艺和异位发酵工艺的治理后污染物去除率均高于治理前,氧化塘工艺反之。其中:厌氧还田、异位发酵、氧化塘3种工艺的COD综合去除率分别为44.43%、20.91%、33.70%;厌氧还田工艺的NH_(4)^(+)-N综合去除率最高,为69.66%;异位发酵工艺对应的去除率最高的污染因子为悬浮物(SS),去除率为55.44%;氧化塘工艺的TP综合去除率最高,为74.72%。水产养殖污染治理工程采用的是“三池两坝”工艺,对应的各污染物的去除率排序为TP>TN>SS。基于熵权综合污染指数的农业面源污染状况评价结果显示,项目区在实施农业面源污染治理工程前处于污染状态,在实施农业面源污染治理工程后达到合格状态。研究结果可为长江流域农业面源污染治理效果监测与评价提供参考。

污染源自动监控系统在环境保护工作中的应用

污染源自动监控系统是环境保护领域的重要技术手段。基于某市的污染源自动监控系统运行数据,分析该系统在大气污染和水污染防治中的应用效果。结果表明,污染源自动监控系统能够有效监测主要污染物浓度变化趋势,识别污染事件并溯源,为环境管理决策提供科学依据。同时,探讨污染源自动监控系统在噪声污染、固体废物污染、土壤污染监控中的应用潜力。针对系统运行中存在的问题,提出了优化监测设备、加强数据质量控制和改进数据分析方法等建议,以进一步提高污染源自动监控系统在环境保护工作中的效能。

基于改进萤火虫群算法的大气污染源自动定位方法研究

由于传统污染源定位方法的定位结果严重偏离实际情况。因此,文章研究一种基于改进萤火虫群算法的大气污染源自动定位方法。为筛选大气污染监测点,计算空气污染指数并采集污染浓度数据。构建三维扩散模型以模拟预测污染浓度。基于实际监测与预测结果,构建目标函数,将污染源参数反演转为目标函数求解。改进萤火虫群算法,将固定步长改为动态,用于求解目标函数。最优解即为污染源定位结果。结果表明:所研究方法应用下,偏离度值相对更小,说明该方法的定位结果更接近真实结果,定位准确性高。

千岛湖流域入库河流与水库水质时空差异研究

基于2022年千岛湖13条主要入库河流及对应水库的水质自动监测数据,探讨千岛湖流域营养盐输入对库体水质影响及其时空变化。发现:千岛湖流域河流总氮、总磷等指标均高于水库,高锰酸盐指数则相反,流域输入总磷浓度变化与水库响应呈显著正相关,表明外源输入对水库总磷浓度产生巨大影响。河流和水库的营养盐浓度均呈现明显的季节性变化,不同指标峰值产生的月份不同,河流总磷总氮最高值分别出现在6月(0.027 mg/L)和2月(1.86 mg/L),水库总磷总氮最高值则分别出现在6月(0.014 mg/L)和4月(0.88 mg/L)。千岛湖营养盐浓度存在明显的空间变化,西北入境库区到东南出境库区,主要营养盐浓度逐渐降低,其中东北库区总氮超过西北库区。

行政执法视域下污染源自动监测数据之运用路径

在行政自动化和污染源自行监测制度的背景下,重视污染源自动监测数据的运用是环境执法部门的理性选择。然而污染源自动监测数据作为由企业一方提供的电子数据,且证据资格和证明力限度未能在立法中得到明确以及法律地位的模糊,使得其在执法运用中存在一定障碍。基于系统论视角,应从证据的基本属性入手,厘清真实性、合法性等基本问题,再以实务需要为指引,加强证据链的运用,并且在后续实践中不断平衡多方利益,以找到一条在行政执法中最大限度发挥污染源自动监测数据价值的可行路径。