Determination of the Series Resistance of a Series Vertical-Junction Silicon (N+/P/P+) Solar Cell under Polychromatic Illumination and Magnetic Field: Effect of Optimum Thickness

By solving the magneto-transport equation for excess minority charge carriers in the base of the series vertical-junction silicon cell, the phenomenological parameters of the cell can be determined from the boundary conditions. Photocurrent density and photovoltage are determined for each value of applied magnetic field and corresponding optimum thickness, to establish the current-voltage characteristic (Jph(Sf, Sb, z, B, Hop)-Vph(Sf, Sb, z, B, Hop) of the silicon cell under polychromatic illumination. This study will make it possible to reduce the material used (by reducing the optimum thickness), which will help to lower prices. It will also enable us to reduce betting effects (lower series resistance), thereby boosting solar cell efficiency.

Silk fibroin-based biopolymer composite binders with gradient binding energy and strong adhesion force for high-performance micro-sized silicon anodes

Micro-sized silicon anodes have shown much promise in large-scale industrial production of high-energy lithium batteries.However,large volume change(>300%)of silicon anodes causes severe particle pulverization and the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphases during cycling,leading to rapid capacity decay and short cycle life of lithium-ion batteries.When addressing such issues,binder plays key roles in obtaining good structural integrity of silicon anodes.Herein,we report a biopolymer composite binder composed of rigid poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)and flexible silk fibroin(SF)tailored for micro-sized silicon anodes.The PAA/SF binder shows robust gradient binding energy via chemical interactions between carboxyl and amide groups,which can effectively accommodate large volume change of silicon.This PAA/SF binder also shows much stronger adhesion force and improved binding towards high-surface/defective carbon additives,resulting in better electrochemical stability and higher coulombic efficiency,than conventional PAA binder.As such,micro-sized silicon/carbon anodes fabricated with novel PAA/SF binder exhibit much better cyclability(up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C)and enhanced rate capability compared with conventional PAA-based anodes.This work provides new insights into the design of functional binders for high-capacity electrodes suffering from large volume change for the development of nextgeneration lithium batteries.

4天香烟烟雾暴露联合poly(I:C)刺激对小鼠肺部免疫应答及干扰素表达的影响

目的:探讨短期香烟烟雾暴露联合poly(I:C)刺激对小鼠肺部免疫应答及干扰素表达的影响。方法:BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组:对照组、熏烟组、poly(I:C)组和熏烟联合poly(I:C)组。检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总细胞数及细胞分类计数;普通光镜下观察各组细胞形态;荧光定量PCR检测肺组织细胞因子、趋化因子和干扰素及干扰素刺激基因表达。结果:与对照组相比,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组总细胞数计数、巨噬细胞与中性粒细胞计数明显升高(P<0.05),且熏烟联合poly(I:C)组巨噬细胞计数高于poly(I:C)组;与poly(I:C)组比较,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组小鼠气道灌洗液巨噬细胞体积较大,呈圆形或不规则形,细胞质较多空泡;与对照组相比,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组小鼠肺组织中性粒细胞趋化因子CXCL1(P<0.05)、CXCL2(P<0.01)和淋巴细胞趋化因子CCL2(P<0.01)mRNA表达升高,肺组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达明显升高(P<0.01),肺组织IFN-β(P<0.01)、IFN-γ(P<0.05)、MX2(P<0.01)和IP-10(P<0.01)表达显著升高,且与poly(I:C)组小鼠相比,熏烟联合poly(I:C)组小鼠肺组织CXCL2(P<0.05)、TNF-α(P<0.01)和IFN-β(P<0.05)mRNA表达明显升高。结论:熏烟联合poly(I:C)诱导了小鼠肺部炎症反应和干扰素及干扰素刺激基因表达。同时,香烟暴露加剧了poly(I:C)诱导的小鼠肺部急性炎症反应和Ⅰ型干扰素表达。

基于In Silicon模拟消化的北极虾DPP-Ⅳ抑制肽活性分析

北极虾具有很高的营养价值,在食品领域已引起越来越多的关注。对北极虾蛋白进行In Silicon模拟消化获得寡肽,通过PeptideRanker活性评分及理化性质分析,从中筛选出具有潜在生物活性的寡肽。使用ToxinPred分析和BIOPEP-UWM生物活性预测,发现部分寡肽具有二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ(dipeptidyl peptidase-Ⅳ,DPP-Ⅳ)抑制活性,最终确定WFP(一种三肽,Trp-Phe-Pro)具有最优的DPP-Ⅳ抑制活性肽。分子对接表明,WFP和DPP-Ⅳ能够形成稳定的复合物,其结合能为-6.93 kcal/mol,进一步研究表明,WFP通过与DPP-Ⅳ S1、S2、S3三个活性口袋中的9个氨基酸残基发生相互作用而抑制其活性。本研究为阐释北极虾营养价值及生物活性肽的开发提供了理论依据。

Innovative Solutions for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries:Overcoming Challenges and Real-World Applications

Silicon(Si)has emerged as a potent anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),but faces challenges like low electrical conductivity and significant volume changes during lithiation/delithiation,leading to material pulverization and capacity degradation.Recent research on nanostructured Si aims to mitigate volume expansion and enhance electrochemical performance,yet still grapples with issues like pulverization,unstable solid electrolyte interface(SEI)growth,and interparticle resistance.This review delves into innovative strategies for optimizing Si anodes’electrochemical performance via structural engineering,focusing on the synthesis of Si/C composites,engineering multidimensional nanostructures,and applying non-carbonaceous coatings.Forming a stable SEI is vital to prevent electrolyte decomposition and enhance Li^(+)transport,thereby stabilizing the Si anode interface and boosting cycling Coulombic efficiency.We also examine groundbreaking advancements such as self-healing polymers and advanced prelithiation methods to improve initial Coulombic efficiency and combat capacity loss.Our review uniquely provides a detailed examination of these strategies in real-world applications,moving beyond theoretical discussions.It offers a critical analysis of these approaches in terms of performance enhancement,scalability,and commercial feasibility.In conclusion,this review presents a comprehensive view and a forward-looking perspective on designing robust,high-performance Si-based anodes the next generation of LIBs.

Stable Cycling of All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Salt Engineering of PEO-Based Polymer Electrolytes

Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based polymer electrolytes show the prospect in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries;however,they present limitations of low room-temperature ionic conductivity,and interfacial incompatibility with high voltage cathodes.Therefore,a salt engineering of 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane-1,3-disulfonimide lithium salt(LiHFDF)/LiTFSI system was developed in PEO-based electrolyte,demonstrating to effectively regulate Li ion transport and improve the interfacial stability under high voltage.We show,by manipulating the interaction between PEO matrix and TFSI^(-)-HFDF^(-),the optimized solid-state polymer electrolyte achieves maximum Li+conduction of 1.24×10^(-4)S cm^(-1)at 40℃,which is almost 3 times of the baseline.Also,the optimized polymer electrolyte demonstrates outstanding stable cycling in the LiFePO_(4)/Li and LiNi_(0.8)Mn_(0.1)Co_(0.1)O_(2)/Li(3.0-4.4 V,200 cycles)based all-solid-state lithium batteries at 40℃.

Regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and grain quality in early-season indica fragrant rice by nitrogen and silicon fertilization under different plantation methods

Fragrant rice has a high market value,and it is a popular rice type among consumers owing to its pleasant flavor.Plantation methods,nitrogen(N)fertilizers,and silicon(Si)fertilizers can affect the grain yield and fragrance of fragrant rice.However,the core commercial rice production attributes,namely the head rice yield(HRY)and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)content of fragrant rice,under various nitrogen and silicon(N-Si)fertilization levels and different plantation methods remain unknown.The field experiment in this study was performed in the early seasons of 2018 and 2019 with two popular indica fragrant rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan).They were grown under six N-Si fertilization treatments(combinations of two levels of Si fertilizer,0 kg Si ha^(−1)(Si0)and 150 kg Si ha^(−1)(Si1),and three levels of N fertilizer,0 kg N ha^(−1)(N0),150 kg N ha^(−1)(N1),and 220 kg N ha^(−1)(N2))and three plantation methods(artificial transplanting(AT),mechanical transplanting(MT),and mechanical direct-seeding(MD)).The results showed that the N-Si fertilization treatments and all the plantation methods significantly affected the HRY and 2-AP content and related parameters of the two different fragrant rice cultivars.Compared with the Si0N0 treatment,the N-Si fertilization treatments resulted in higher HRY and 2-AP contents.The rates of brown rice,milled rice,head rice,and chalky rice of the fragrant rice also improved with the N-Si fertilization treatments.The N-Si fertilization treatments increased the activities of N metabolism enzymes and the accumulation of N and Si in various parts of the fragrant rice,and affected their antioxidant response parameters.The key parameters for the HRY and 2-AP content were assessed by redundancy analysis.Furthermore,the structural equation model revealed that the Si and N accumulation levels indirectly affected the HRY by affecting the N metabolism enzyme activity,N use efficiency,and grain quality of fragrant rice.Moreover,high N and Si accumulation directly promoted the 2-AP content or affected the antioxidant response parameters and indirectly regulated 2-AP synthesis.The interactions of the MT method with the N-Si fertilization treatments varied in the fragrant rice cultivars in terms of the HRY and 2-AP content,whereas the MD method was beneficial to the 2-AP content in both fragrant rice cultivars under the N-Si fertilization treatments.

Flexible and Robust Functionalized Boron Nitride/Poly(p‑Phenylene Benzobisoxazole)Nanocomposite Paper with High Thermal Conductivity and Outstanding Electrical Insulation

With the rapid development of 5G information technology,thermal conductivity/dissipation problems of highly integrated electronic devices and electrical equipment are becoming prominent.In this work,“high-temperature solid-phase&diazonium salt decomposition”method is carried out to prepare benzidine-functionalized boron nitride(m-BN).Subsequently,m-BN/poly(pphenylene benzobisoxazole)nanofiber(PNF)nanocomposite paper with nacremimetic layered structures is prepared via sol–gel film transformation approach.The obtained m-BN/PNF nanocomposite paper with 50 wt%m-BN presents excellent thermal conductivity,incredible electrical insulation,outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability,due to the construction of extensive hydrogen bonds andπ–πinteractions between m-BN and PNF,and stable nacre-mimetic layered structures.Itsλ∥andλ_(⊥)are 9.68 and 0.84 W m^(-1)K^(-1),and the volume resistivity and breakdown strength are as high as 2.3×10^(15)Ωcm and 324.2 kV mm^(-1),respectively.Besides,it also presents extremely high tensile strength of 193.6 MPa and thermal decomposition temperature of 640°C,showing a broad application prospect in high-end thermal management fields such as electronic devices and electrical equipment.

Facile fabrication of durable superhydrophobic fabrics by silicon polyurethane membrane for oil/water separation

Nowadays, oil contamination has become a major reason for water pollution, and presents a global environmental challenge. Although many efforts have been devoted to the fabrication of oil/water separation materials, their practical applications are still hindered by their weak durability, poor chemical tolerance,environmental resistance, and potential negative impact on health and the environment. To overcome these drawbacks, this work offers a facile method to fabricate the eco-friendly and durable oil/water separation membrane fabrics by alkaline hydrolysis and silicon polyurethane coating. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy results demonstrate that silicon polyurethane membrane could be coated onto the surface of hydrolyzed polyester fabric and form a micro-/nano-scaled hierarchical structure. Based on this, the modified fabric could have a stable superhydrophobic property with a water contact angle higher than 150°, even after repeated washing and mechanical abrasion 800 times, as well as chemical corrosion. Moreover, the modified fabrics show excellent oil/water separation efficiency of up to 99% for various types of oil–water mixture. Therefore, this durable, eco-friendly and cost-efficient superhydrophobic fabric has great potential in large-scale oil/water separation.

Effect of Silicon Amendment on Growth and Nitrogen Status of Common Landscaping Plants

Agriculture and natural vegetations in South Florida face with significant environmental threats such as heat and saltwater intrusion. This study aimed to investigate how silicon application could improve growth parameters and plant health of landscaping plants under extreme temperatures, influenced by global climate changes. Cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco), cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto), satinleaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), and wild coffee (Psychotria nervosa) plants received an initial slow-release fertilizer of 15 g/pot with an 8N-3P-9K composition. Silicon was applied as a 1% silicic acid solution, with concentrations ranging from 0 g/pot to 6 g/pot of 7.5 L. Evaluations were carried out every 30 days, continuing until 180 days after the treatment was completed. Phenotypic traits, including leaf count and plant height, were assessed alongside measurements from handheld optical non-destructive sensors. These measurements included the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), SPAD-502, and atLEAF chlorophyll meters. Application of 4 g/pot and 6 g/pot of silicon significantly improved NDVI values (0.78). Conversely, cocoplum plants exhibited greater plant height (79.6) at 0 g/pot silicon compared to other treatments. In wild coffee samplings, the control group showed the highest plant height and SPAD readings (93.49) compared to other treatments. Interestingly, the control treatment also demonstrated a superior atLEAF value as compared to other treatments, while the tallest samplings were observed with 6 g/pot of silicon (62.82) in cabbage palm plants. The findings indicate that silicon application positively influenced plant growth, particularly evident in cabbage palms. However, cocoplum and wild coffee exhibited a negative correlation between plant height and silicon concentrations.

Generation of macroscopic entanglement in ensemble systems based on silicon vacancy centers

Entanglement in macroscopic systems,as a fundamental quantum resource,has been utilized to propel the advancement of quantum technology and probe the boundary between the quantum and classical realms.This study focuses on a unique hybrid quantum system comprising of an ensemble of silicon vacancy(SiV)centers coupled to phononic waveguides in diamond via strain interactions.By employing two sets of time-dependent,non-overlapping driving fields,we investigate the generation process and dynamic properties of macroscopic quantum entanglement,providing fresh insights into the behavior of such hybrid quantum systems.Furthermore,it paves the way for new possibilities in utilizing quantum entanglement as an information carrier in quantum information processing and quantum communication.

A quantum-enhanced magnetometer using a single high-spin nucleus in silicon

Quantum enhanced metrology has the potential to go beyond the standard quantum limit and eventually to the ultimate Heisenberg bound.In particular,quantum probes prepared in nonclassical coherent states have recently been recognized as a useful resource for metrology.Hence,there has been considerable interest in constructing magnetic quantum sensors that combine high resolution and high sensitivity.Here,we explore a nanoscale magnetometer with quantum-enhanced sensitivity,based on 123Sb(I=7/2)nuclear spin doped in silicon,that takes advantage of techniques of spin-squeezing and coherent control.With the optimal squeezed initial state,the magnetic field sensitivity may be expected to approach 6 aT·Hz^(−1/2)·cm^(−3/2) and 603 nT·Hz^(−1/2) at the single-spin level.This magnetic sensor may provide a novel sensitive and high-resolution route to microscopic mapping of magnetic fields as well as other applications.

From 0D to 3D:Hierarchical structured high-performance free-standing silicon anodes based on binder-induced topological network architecture

Free-standing silicon anodes with high proportion of active materials have aroused great attention;however,the mechanical stability and electrochemical performance are severely suppressed.Herein,to resolve the appeal issues,a free-standing anode with a"corrugated paper"shape on micro-scale and a topological crosslinking network on the submicron and nano-scale is designed.Essentially,an integrated three-dimensional electrode structure is constructed based on robust carbon nanotubes network with firmly anchored SiNPs via forming interlocking junctions.In which,the hierarchical interlocking structure is achieved by directional induction of the binder,which ensures well integration during cycling so that significantly enhances mechanical stability as well as electronic and ionic conductivity of electrodes.Benefiting from it,this anode exhibits outsta nding performance under harsh service conditions including high Si loading,ultrahigh areal capacity(33.2 mA h cm^(-2)),and high/low temperatures(-15-60℃),which significantly extends its practical prospect.Furthermore,the optimization mechanism of this electrode is explored to verify the crack-healing and structure-integration maintaining along cycling via a unique self-stabilization process.Thus,from both the fundamental and engineering views,this strategy offers a promising path to produce high-performance free-standing electrodes for flexible device applications especially facing volume effect challenges.

The Various Complications Associated with Use of Silicone Oil in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD) Surgery via Three-Port Vitrectomy (3PV): A Retrospective Study at the Ophthalmology Center of Abass Ndao Hospital

Introduction: RRD (Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment) is a separation between the neuroepithelium and the pigment epithelium due to the passage of fluid through a retinal dehiscence. It constitutes a major ophthalmologic emergency. Its management is primarily surgical, either through external or internal approaches, with tamponade using gas or silicone oil. The purpose of this study was to report the various complications associated with the use of silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery. Patients et methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study from October 1, 2020, to October 31, 2023, which included all patients who underwent surgery for RRD using three-port vitrectomy (3PV) with tamponade using 1000 centistoke silicone oil (Group 1) and 5000 centistoke silicone oil (Group 2). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination and were operated on by the same surgeon. Data analysis was performed using Excel software. Results: Overall, 31 patient files representing 33 eyes were collected, with a mean age of 48.83 years and a sex ratio of 4.16. Group 1 consisted of 16 eyes (48.48%), and Group 2 consisted of 17 eyes (51.51%). The different complications observed were cataracts in all phakic subjects, accounting for 57.57%;ocular hypertonia in 69.69% (27.27% in Group 1;42.42% in Group 2);anterior chamber silicone oil migration in 24.24% (9.09% in Group 1;15.15% in Group 2);recurrence of retinal detachment in 21.21% (6.06% in Group 1;15.15% in Group 2);and silicone oil emulsification in 24.24% (15.15% in Group 1;9.09% in Group 2). Additionally, there was one case of corneal degeneration in Group 1. Conclusion: Silicone oil is an effective tamponade agent used in the treatment of retinal detachments. Close patient follow-up is necessary due to the complications associated with its use, which can occur either early or late after surgery.

Sol-gel synthesis of nanometer silicon/silicon suboxide/carbon anode material

A stacked Si/SiO_(x)/C composite anode material with carbon-coated structure was prepared by sol-gel method combined with carbothermal reduction using organic silicon.The results of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis show that the Si/SiO_(x)/C material is a secondary particle with a porous micronanostructure, and the presence of nanometer silicon does not affect the carbothermal reduction and carbon coating.Electrochemical test results indicate that the specific capacity and first coulombic efficiency of SiO_(x)/C composite with nanometer silicon can be increased to 1 946.05 mAh/g and 76.49%,respectively.The reversible specific capacity of Si/SiO_(x)/C material blended with graphite is 749.69 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C,and the capacity retention rate is up to 89.03%.Therefore, the composite has excellent electrochemical cycle stability.

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Nitrogen Assimilation in Green Bean Plants Supplied with Two Sources of Silicon

Beans contain a wide range of vitamins,proteins,calcium,and zinc which make them an important food source for many countries.To meet the demand for bean production worldwide,large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides are used.However,the cost of production and environmental impact increases.To produce food sustainably,the use of beneficial nutrients such as silicon as a biostimulant has been proposed.However,information about the effect of different sources of silicon on the metabolism of bean plants is scarce.Bean plants cv.Strike were grown in pots for 60 days and the effect of foliar application of silicon nanoparticles and the silicon-based biostimulant Codasilat 4 concentrations(0,1,2,and 4 mM)on total biomass,yield,photosynthetic pigment concentration,photosynthetic activity,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,chlorophyll fluorescence,and nitrogen assimilation were evaluated.The results obtained showed that the supply of silicon at a dose of 1 mM functioned as a biostimulant,favoring gas exchange and nitrogen assimilation within the plant,which stimulated growth and yield.The results of this research work allowed a better comprehension of the effects of silicon application through silicon nanoparticles and the biostimulant Codasilon the physiology of green bean plants.

Facilitating prelithiation of silicon carbon anode by localized high-concentration electrolyte for high-rate and long-cycle lithium storage

The commercialization of silicon-based anodes is affected by their low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and capacity decay,which are attributed to the formation of an unstable solid electrolyte interface(SEI)layer.Herein,a feasible and cost-effective prelithiation method under a localized highconcentration electrolyte system(LHCE)for the silicon-silica/graphite(Si-SiO_(2)/C@G)anode is designed for stabilizing the SEI layer and enhancing the ICE.The thin SiO_(2)/C layers with-NH_(2) groups covered on nano-Si surfaces are demonstrated to be beneficial to the prelithiation process by density functional theory calculations and electrochemical performance.The SEI formed under LHCE is proven to be rich in ionic conductivity,inorganic substances,and flexible organic products.Thus,faster Li+transportation across the SEI further enhances the prelithiation effect and the rate performance of Si-SiO_(2)/C@G anodes.LHCE also leads to uniform decomposition and high stability of the SEI with abundant organic components.As a result,the prepared anode shows a high reversible specific capacity of 937.5 mAh g^(-1)after 400 cycles at a current density of 1 C.NCM 811‖Li-SSGLHCE full cell achieves a high-capacity retention of 126.15 mAh g^(-1)at 1 C over 750 cycles with 84.82%ICE,indicating the great value of this strategy for Si-based anodes in large-scale applications.

Silicone oil as a corneal lubricant to reduce corneal edema and improve visualization during

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone oil(SO)as a corneal lubricant to improve visualization during vitrectomy.METHODS:Patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were divided into two groups.Group 1 was operated on with initial SO(Oxane 5700)as a corneal lubricant.Group 2 was operated on with initial lactated ringer’s solution(LRS)and then replaced with SO as required.Fundus clarity was scored during the surgery.Fluorescein staining was performed to determine the damage to corneal epithelium.RESULTS:Totally 114 eyes of 114 patients were included.Single SO use maintained a clear cornea and provided excellent visualization of surgical image.In group 1,the fundus clarity was grade 3 in 41/45 eyes and grade 2 in 4/45 eyes.In group 2,corneal edema frequently occurred after initial LRS use.The fundus clarity was grade 3 in 19/69 eyes,2 in 37/69 eyes and 1 in 13/69 eyes(P<0.05).SO was applied in 29 eyes of initial LRS use with subsequent corneal edema,which eliminated the corneal edema in 26 eyes.Corneal fluorescein staining score in group 1 was 0 in 28 eyes,1 in 11 eyes and 2 in 6 eyes,and 40,20 and 9,respectively,in group 2(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The use of SO as a corneal lubricant is effective and safe for preserving and improving corneal clarity and providing clear surgical field during vitrectomy.

Optimized silicon fertilization regime weakens cadmium translocation and increases its biotransformation in rice tissues

In acidic paddy fields of South China,rice(Oryza sativa L.)faces the dual challenges of cadmium(Cd)toxicity and silicon(Si)deficiency.Although previous studies have highlighted the functions of Si application timing and strategies in mitigating Cd-stressed rice,the precise mechanisms underlying the health restoration of Cd-toxic rice and the assurance of grain safety remain elusive.This study explored Cd translocation and detoxification in the shoots of rice regulated by various Si fertilization regimes:Si(T)(all Si added before transplanting),Si(J)(all Si added at jointing),and Si(TJ)(half Si added both before transplanting and at jointing).The findings revealed that the regime of Si(TJ)was more beneficial to rice health and grain safety than Si(T)and Si(J).The osmotic regulators such as proline,soluble sugars,and soluble proteins were significantly boosted by Si(TJ)compared to other Si treatments,and which enhanced membrane integrity,balanced intracellular pH,and increased Cd tolerance of rice.Furthermore,Si(TJ)was more effective than Si(T)and Si(J)on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall,Cd bio-passivation,and the down-regulated expression of the Cd transport genes.The concentrations of Cd in the xylem and phloem treated with Si(TJ)were reduced significantly.Additionally,Si(TJ)facilitated much more Cd bound with the outer layer proteins of grains,and promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid,phenolics,and flavonoids.Overall,Si(TJ)outperformed Si(T)and Si(J)in harmonizing the phycological processes,inhibiting Cd translocation,and enhancing Cd detoxification in rice plant.Thereby the split Si application strategy offers potential for reducing Cd toxicity in rice grain.

Interface and mechanical degradation mechanisms of the silicon anode in sulfide-based solid-state batteries at high temperatures

Silicon(Si)is a competitive anode material owing to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential.Recently,the prospect of Si anodes in solid-state batteries(SSBs)has been proposed due to less solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)formation and particle pulverization.However,major challenges arise for Si anodes in SSBs at elevated temperatures.In this work,the failure mechanisms of Si-Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl(LPSC)composite anodes above 80℃are thoroughly investigated from the perspectives of interface stability and(electro)chemo-mechanical effect.The chemistry and growth kinetics of Lix Si|LPSC interphase are demonstrated by combining electrochemical,chemical and computational characterizations.Si and/or Si–P compound formed at Lix Si|LPSC interface prove to be detrimental to interface stability at high temperatures.On the other hand,excessive volume expansion and local stress caused by Si lithiation at high temperatures damage the mechanical structure of Si-LPSC composite anodes.This work elucidates the behavior and failure mechanisms of Si-based anodes in SSBs at high temperatures and provides insights into upgrading Si-based anodes for application in SSBs.