多毛纲(Polychaeta)动物系统学的研究进展

多毛纲动物以海洋底栖分布为主,在长期的进化过程中,产生了形形色色适应不同环境的形态特征和生活史策略.对其系统学的研究,有助于理解自然界生物多样性的保持机制及其在生物系统进化过程中所发挥的作用.从目前的研究结果来看,多毛纲动物为并系发生,但它们在环节动物系统发生树中的基部类群以及大部分并系群之间的相互关系仍有待确定.今后应该增加各类群有代表性的物种的取样数量,开展形态学特征、生活史策略以及分子遗传标记的综合研究,以期完善多毛纲动物的系统学.

Mediomastus chinensis sp. nov., a new species of Capitellidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the southeast coast of China

Mediomastus is a common genus around the world, and Chinese specimens used to be identified as M. californiensis Hartman. In this study, 118 Mediomastus specimens collected from four localities along the southeast coast of China were examined. They belonged to an unknown species. We treat them as a new species, described herein. The new species is characterized as follows： （1） chaetigers 1-9 biannulate with chaetal fascicles at midsegment, thereafter multiannulate with chaetal fascicles posterior to midsegment; （2） parapodial ridges on posterior abdomen; （3） possession of bilimbate capillary chaetae on chaetigers 1-4; （4） thoracic hooks with long, straight shaft, hood length about 3-5 times width; （5） abdominal hooks shorter, with developed shoulder and distinct constriction, markedly different from those in thorax; （6） unique staining pattern with methyl green. The present study indicated that Mediomastus species inhabiting Chinese waters might be misidentified as M. californiensis, and that Mediomastus chinensis sp. nov. is widely distributed along the southeast coast of China.

A new species of Leodamas Kinberg, 1866 (Polychaeta： Orbiniidae) from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on polychaete specimens collected from coastal areas of China in 1959, a new species of the family Orbiniidae, Leodamas sinensis sp. nov. is described in the present paper. The new species can be distinguished from its cogeners by the combination of following characters： branchiae present from chaetiger 5; each thoracic neuropodial postchaetal lobe possessing broad tori, with a digital to triangular-shaped papilla at its midlength; 4 or 5 vertical rows of uncini and one posterior row of accompany capillaries in thoracic neuropodia; acicula present in both abdominal notopodia and neuropodia, slightly or distinctly projecting. A key to all known species of the genus is provided.

A new species of interstitial polychaete Hesionura shandongensis sp. n. (Polychaeta, Phyllodocidae) from Yantai, the Huanghai Sea

In a study of meiofauna polychaete from the Huanghai Sea, a previously undescribed species belonging to Hesionura has been found and described. The new species differs from the other species of the genus Hesinura mainly by the chaetation.

Sabaco sinicus, a new species of Maldanidae (Annelida： Polychaeta) from Chinese coast waters

Sabaco sinicus sp. nov. is described based on material collected from Chinese coast. It has been misidentified as Asychis gangeticus Fauvel, 1932 since Uschakov and Wu （1962）. Here, we recognized it as a new species based on combination of the following characters： dark-brown pigmentation spots on nuchal grooves and first three chaetigers; glandular pattern on chaetigers 4-6; preanal achaetigerous segments absent; anal plaque trumpet- shaped with a disc-shaped dorsal lobe; notochaetae consisting of geniculate capillaries and fine capillaries with or without spinose spiral bands; neurochaetae presented as a single row of rostrate uncini. Asychis gangeticus differ from the new species in having no pigmentations on body and a triangular dorsal lobe of anal plaque. Distribution region of this species have moved northward significantly from sea area south of Changjiang Estuary since the 1950s.

A NEW SPECIES OF HARTMANIELLIDAE (POLYCHAETA) FROM TAIWAN STRAIT

A new species of Hartmaniellidae was found in the comprehensive survey of Taiwan Strait of China duing April 1984 to February 1985. The new species is named as Hartmaniella fujianensis. Eight specimens of the species were taken from depths of 5 to 74m. They are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen. Descriptions of the new species are given as below.

Two new species of Exogone and Sphaerosyllis (Polychaeta, Syllidae)from the Huanghai Sea

-In a study of meiofauna polychaete from the Huanghai Sea, two new species belonging to Exogane and Sphaerosyllis were found and described in this paper. The two new species differ from the other species in the two genera mainly by the dorsal cirri, chaetation and distribution of papillae.

First report of the genus Lysippe Malmgren, 1866 (Polychaeta:Ampharetidae) from Chinese waters

The ampharetid genus Lysippe Malmgren, 1866 is reported for the first time from Chinese waters. The identification was based on material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Qingdao). A new species, Lysippe trichobranchia sp. nov. is described. The new species is widely distributed in shallow waters of the Bohai Gulf, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea at depths of 10-40 m.

A new species and new recorded species of Lumbrineridae Schmarda,1861(Annelida:Polychaeta)from China

Based on material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Qingdao),a new species,Lumbrineris sinensis sp.nov.,as well as Augeneria albidentata(Ehlers,1908),which is recorded for the first time from coastal water of China,are reported in the present paper.The specimens examined were collected during 1958 to 1960 from the Yellow Sea,East China Sea and South China Sea at depths of 4 to 182 m.

Review of Anobothrus (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) from China

We reviewed ampharetid genus Anobothrus Levinsen, 1884 in China seas based upon material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Qingdao). The genus includes A. glandularis (Hartmann-Schr der, 1965), A. gracilis (Malmgren, 1866), A. mironovi Jirkov, 2008 and A. nataliae (Jirkov, 2008). A. glandularis and A. mironovi are recorded for the first time in Chinese waters. A key to Chinese species of Anobothrus is given.

Three new records of Lumbrineridae Schmarda,1861(Annelida:Polychaeta)species in China

Three species of Lumbrineridae, Helmutneris flabellicola (Fage, 1936), Lumbrinerides dayi Perkins, 1979, and Ninoe japonica Imajima & Higuchi, 1975, are reported from the material collected between 1959 and 1994 from the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. These species are not previously recorded from Chinese waters. Systematic descriptions and morphological illustrations of the species are provided in this paper.

A new species of the genus Amphicteis (Polychaeta:Ampharetidae) from China

A new species of the ampharetid genus Amphicteis,A.chinensis sp.nov.,is described based on material from the East and South China Seas.The new species is distinguished from the other known species of this genus by the presence of a lobebehind the paleae.Akey to distinguish all Amphicteis species and the closely related genus Paramphicteis from the Chinese seas is provided.

Two new records of Spiochaetopterus Sars, 1856 (Chaetopteridae, Polychaeta) from Chinese waters

The present paper records two chaetopterid species, S piochaetopterus koreana and S. sanbanzensis not reported previously from China Seas. S piochaetopterus koreana is distributed in the Yellow, East China and South China Seas. Sp iochaetopterus sanbanzensis is widely distributed in the muddy benthic environment of the Yellow Sea. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of each species are provided.

胶州湾多毛类环节动物数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据1998—2002年胶州湾10个站各季度大型底栖动物调查结果，讨论了多毛类环节动物在各站出现种数、生物量、栖息密度与环境因子的关系．结果表明，海底底质是影响多毛类数量分布与变化的重要因子，沙质软泥有利于多毛类生长，而粗沙砾石底质多毛类分布较少；春季多毛类种数、生物量和栖息密度均较高；在一定条件下，盐度是多毛类的限制因子，当盐度升高时，其生物量和栖息密度呈增加趋势．

胶州湾多毛类环节动物优势种的生态特点

根据1998-2004年春、夏、秋、冬四季对胶州湾进行大面站综合调查监测的底栖生物多毛类资料,分析了多毛类优势种的季节变化和年际变化。结果表明:不同季节多毛类优势种组成和优势地位出现一定的变化,但不倒翁虫(Sternaspisscutata)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtysoligobranchia)和中蚓虫(Mediomastuscaliforniensis)在各季度月优势地位相对稳定;考察1998-2004年不同年份的多毛类优势种,发现不倒翁虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕在各个年份均居优势地位,变化较小,而其它的种类在不同的年份出现一定的变化,2003年和2004年索沙蚕(Lumbrinerislatreilli)优势度居首位,而在其它年度则没有成为优势种,这可能反映了近年来胶州湾生态环境出现了一定变化;通过考察主要优势种的分布和密度变化,可以发现这几个主要种都是广分布的小型种,在底质颗粒较细,有机质含量丰富的海域,不倒翁虫、中蚓虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕等数量较大;而在水流湍急、底质为砾石的7号和9号站,则很少分布。

16种环节动物线粒体基因排列、特征比较及系统发育分析

为深入开展环节动物的分类及遗传进化等研究,比较分析了已登录到GenBank中16种环节动物全基因组的结构特征。结果发现,16种环节动物线粒体全基因组序列中A＋T的含量均超54.3%,碱基G存在低含量的偏向,第三位密码子G含量2.6%-12.7%。基因组的基因组成及排列模式具有一定的保守型,存在5个保守基因联块蔟,线粒体基因组排列顺序在研究环节动物系统发育关系方面起着重要的作用。计算13个编码基因和2个rRNA的基因平均遗传距离,cox1（0.34）相对最保守,atp8（0.8）相对最不保守。大多数环节动物线粒体控制区存在茎环结构。基于13个编码基因氨基酸序列通过3种方法可构建稳健的系统发育树,蛭纲和寡毛纲聚为一进化分枝,构成有环类单系群,螠虫纲、星虫纲和多毛纲聚为一进化分枝,形成单系群。5个纲间的聚类结果与之前的基于线粒体基因和其他分子标记研究研究结果有所不同。多毛纲呈单系发生,被分为两个主要类群,头节动物中的锥头虫科和缩头虫科没有聚为单独的一进化分枝,而是分别聚类到触角动物下面的足刺动物和沟触角动物,多毛纲内部分类不同于现有的形态学分类结果。

南海北部近海污损生物中的多毛类

报道了南海北部近海污损生物中多毛类的组成及其分布.采集的多毛类种类共48种,隶属于17科36属,其中省栖多毛类11种,主要种类系华美盘管虫、内齿盘管虫、三崎旋鳃虫;游走多毛类37种,主要种类是多齿沙蚕、多齿全齿沙蚕、多疣拟海鳞虫.还讨论了污损生物多毛类的分布与污损生物群落之间的关系.

日本刺沙蚕大规模移植的生态学研究

1991年11月—1992年5月在文登市高岛盐场总面积1665亩的30个虾池进行了日本刺沙蚕的移植研究,沙蚕的总投放量为1849/kg,每亩平均11.11kg。3月中旬测得的幼虫平均密度为20130个/m^3,4月中旬测得的定着幼虫和幼体的平均密度为3352个/m^2。对两次6组随机抽样总计1215条成体沙蚕测得的雌雄比为1:2。成熟雌体的平均怀卵量为24×10~4(±3.6×10~4)个,平均粒径为209(±3.7)μm。在移植沙蚕的虾池中,沙蚕幼虫定着的数量和生长发育的情况同自然纳潮虾池中的情况无任何差异。提出了两个简易的公式,以便计算对虾生长盛期为保持一定数量的沙蚕密度每亩所需投放的沙蚕数量。

互花米草入侵对盐城东台盐滩多毛纲动物多样性的影响及管理对策

生物入侵是全球变化的重要组成部分,可能对入侵地造成严重的经济和生态后果,所以评价外来种入侵的生态后果是环境影响评价研究的重点。2005年8月-2006年4月通过对三个样地多毛类的物种丰富度、多样性指数、生物量的比较,得出优势度指数:闸口>互化米草盐滩>光滩;个体数:秋季>春季>冬季>夏季;丰富度:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。并以米草属植物为例,分析了其对入侵地区江苏盐城东台梁垛滩涂的多毛纲动物的影响,结合国际上对米草属入侵种的管理策略,提出几点关于东台米草属植物管理的建议。