Experimental Study of the Influence of Intrinsic Parameters on the Thermal Reactivity of Sawdust, Polyethylene Terephthalate and Composite

Several works have been based on the study of thermal variations in biomass to derive more valuable products such as fuels capable of replacing oil in the event of a crisis or activated carbon used as an adsorbent material, widely used in industry for the elimination of unwanted materials, both in liquid and gaseous environments. A study of thermal parameters such as: heating speed, retention time, drying temperature, carbonization temperature, particle size, was carried out with the aim of determining the characteristic factors of the carbonization of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), sawdust (SC) and sawdust/polyethylene terephthalate (CPS) mixture. The results of the immediate analysis revealed a very low level of ash in PET (0.013%) compared to the level of ash in sawdust (2.9%), as well as a high level of fixed carbon (82.960%), which suggests the presence of mineral oxides and a significant carbon matrix unlike PET, which indicates a very significant organic matrix (essentially made up of organic matter) with the absence of mineral oxides. The study of thermal parameters showed the water loss from Sawdust (SC) and the Sawdust/Polyethylene terephthalate (CPS) mixture, an increase with temperature, unlike that of PET whose variation is essentially zero. Without heat treatment, sawdust alone contains approximately 7% water. The optimal drying temperature for this study is 110˚C for a stay of 24 hours. It appears that the largest mass losses for the PET samples are between 87.19% and 96.05%, followed by that of the mixture, between 47.33% and 64.37%. And the lowest are observed, those of sawdust (from 24.02% to 62.6%). However, here we can say that the influence of the mass is not great, given the slight difference between the losses by temperature. The results of the study of the influence of grain size showed that the differences are insignificant, even if we vary the diameter of the grains from simple to triple. To better minimize physical constraints such as the intragranular diffusibility of the volatile matter and the homogeneity of the temperature in the grains, 75 μm particles are found to be optimal for our study. It can be noted when studying the heating rate that the mass loss at the end of the reaction is approximately the same depending on each precursor material. However, it has been demonstrated that the heating rate strongly influences the nature of the reaction products both for volatile materials and for the solid residue as well as on the kinetic parameters of the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the variation in apparent density shows a decrease as a function of the increase in the residence time of the materials in the reactor. As the carbonization time increases, the apparent density decreases. We note, for the lignocellulosic material, that the apparent density stabilizes after 60 minutes.

纤维材质对UHMWPE水润滑轴承复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE)在水润滑轴承领域具有巨大的发展潜力,然而单一的UHMWPE难以满足水润滑轴承的耐磨性需求,尤其是在低速重载工况下.通过纤维改性的方法可以提高其摩擦学性能,但是纤维材质的不同特性对于复合材料摩擦学性能的影响存在差异.通过热压模具分别制备剑麻纤维(Sisal fiber,SF)、碳纤维(Carbon fiber,CF)和聚酯纤维(Polyester fiber,PETF)与UHMWPE混合的定向纤维复合材料,并与纯UHMWPE做对照试验.利用R-tec往复摩擦试验机模拟不同载荷(5和10 N)和不同速度(20、40和60 mm/s)下铜球与不同复合材料的摩擦过程,通过邵氏硬度和极限抗弯强度试验对复合材料力学性能进行表征测试,采用接触角测试复合材料的浸润性,试验结束后用扫描电子显微镜观察表面磨损形貌.结果表明:纤维的力学性能,尤其是硬度和抗弯强度是影响定向纤维复合材料摩擦学性能的关键因素,所添加纤维在复合材料中强有力的支撑作用使摩擦学性能显著提高,纤维的耐磨性和浸润性是次要因素.试验工况下,CF/UHMWPE摩擦系数最低,且在低速重载(载荷10 N,速度20 mm/s)时的摩擦系数与纯UHMWPE相比降低了36.92%;添加耐磨性强的PETF纤维后,复合材料磨损体积与纯UHMWPE相比降低了30.56%.

Ballistic impact response of flexible and rigid UHMWPE textile composites:Experiments and simulations

This study elaborates on the effects of matrix rigidity on the high-velocity impact behaviour of UHMWPE textile composites using experimental and numerical methods.Textile composite samples were manufactured of a plain-weave fabric(comprising Spectra?1000 fibres)and four different matrix materials.High-velocity impact tests were conducted by launching a spherical steel projectile to strike on the prepared samples via a gas gun.The experimental results showed that the textile composites gradually changed from a membrane stretching mode to a plate bending mode as the matrix rigidity and thickness increased.The composites deformed in the membrane stretching mode had higher impact resistance and energy absorption capacity,and it was found that the average energy absorption per ply was much higher in this mode,although the number of broken yarns was smaller in the perforated samples.Moreover,the flexible matrix composites always had higher perforation resistance but larger deformation than the rigid matrix counterparts in the tested thickness and velocity range.A novel numerical modelling approach with enhanced computational efficiency was proposed to simulate textile composites in mesoscale resolution.The simulation results revealed that stress and strain development in the more rigid matrix composite was localised in the vicinity of the impact location,leading to larger local deformation and inferior perforation resistance.

多孔钛合金夹芯层陶瓷/UHMWPE复合结构的抗侵彻性能

陶瓷/纤维复合装甲的纤维背板由于其刚度较低,无法为陶瓷面板提供足够的支撑,削弱了陶瓷面板对弹丸的侵蚀作用。为了增强复合装甲的整体结构刚度,在陶瓷/纤维复合装甲中加入了金属夹芯层材料,通过试验和数值模拟研究了夹芯复合装甲对12.7 mm穿燃弹的抗弹性能。试验结果表明,穿燃弹弹芯表现出脆性断裂的失效模式,复合材料装甲表现出多种失效模式,包括夹芯层的花瓣形扩孔,UHMWPE(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene)层压板的分层和凸起变形。建立了三维数值模型来分析整个弹道响应的演变,通过试验结果验证了模拟的准确性。模拟结果表明,12.7 mm穿燃弹的被甲会对陶瓷造成损伤,同时陶瓷会侵蚀弹芯的尖卵形头部,使弹芯头部变钝从而削弱弹芯对UHMWPE背板的侵彻能力。残余弹体的动能大部分由UHMWPE层吸收,UHMWPE层压板的失效模式会随着层数的增加由剪切失效转变为拉伸失效占主导地位。此外,作为夹芯层的多孔TC4板能够为陶瓷面板提供支撑,提高陶瓷面板的吸能效果以及弹体的侵蚀作用,并且12 mm孔径的TC4夹芯层能够提供更大的刚度支撑,使整体复合结构的吸能效率提升10%。

UHMWPE背板厚度对铝复合板抗侵彻增强效应分析

为研究超高分子聚乙烯(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)背板厚度对铝复合板抗钨球侵彻效果的影响,利用数字图像相关方法(digital image correlation method,DIC)与X射线电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)得到UHMWPE受到冲击后的动态响应及局部破坏。建立钨球以不同速度侵彻Al/UHMWPE复合板的有限元模型,研究不同冲击速度下UHMWPE背板厚度对复合靶板吸能性能的影响,所用背板厚度为1.6~20 mm。结果表明:铝板在冲击作用下发生绝热剪切破坏,正交铺设纤维层产生纤维凸起和分叉应变带。随着背板厚度增大,纤维层由剪切破坏向拉伸破坏过度,纤维层应变带由十字形转变为X形。UHMWPE板厚度的增大有效地阻碍了铝块塞体运动,从而增加了破片侵彻铝板的时间与动能消耗。UHMWPE背板厚度对吸能性能影响呈先快速上升至阈值,后缓慢下降的趋势,说明PE板到达一定厚度后,通过增加厚度的方法来提升其吸能性能的作用有限。

UHMWPE纤维增强防弹复合材料研究

UHMWPE纤维由于分子链上没有不饱和基团,对酸、碱和有机溶剂有很强的抗腐蚀性,耐光、热、老化性能优良,比强度和模量都很高,且能量吸收性和耐磨损性好,特别适合作为防护材料。文中UHMWPE纤维防弹复合材料,是由改性聚苯乙烯树脂和UHMWPE纤维复合而成,针对其力学性能进行表征并根据实验结果优化组分配比及合成工艺,结果显示组分配比为EVA∶ST=15∶85、ABIN=0.5%和TAIC=2%时制备的树脂复合材料具有合适的拉伸、剥离强度,这一配比的树脂复合材料可以获得最佳的抗冲击能力。研究成果为改性聚苯乙烯树脂和UHMWPE纤维复合材料用作防弹材料提供了实验基础和数据支撑。

SiC/6061铝/UHMWPE纤维复合装甲抗斜侵彻性能研究

建立SiC/6061铝/UHMWPE纤维装甲数值模型,探讨不同倾斜角度下复合装甲的吸能特性和各结构失效情况,分析多层复合装甲抗7.62 mm穿甲燃烧弹斜侵彻性能。结果表明,倾斜角度为15°左右时复合装甲抗侵彻性能最差,随着倾斜角度的增加,SiC陶瓷层破碎程度增加,UHMWPE纤维吸能最多,且主要失效方式由拉伸变形转变为剪切断裂,靶板倾斜角度在45°时,弹芯磨蚀程度最为严重,质量损失达27.8%。

乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物改性环氧树脂/UHMWPE纤维复合材料的制备与性能研究

使用乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物(EAA)与环氧树脂复配作为基体,利用水基乳液浸渍超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维制备了复合材料,通过在树脂浸润性、树脂耐热性能、复合材料力学性能、界面结合情况以及微观形貌等方面的测试表征,对比了不同EAA含量的基体树脂对UHMWPE纤维复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,EAA与环氧树脂质量比为25∶75的共混体系一方面可发挥EAA组分与UHMWPE纤维间亲和力强的优势,另一方面还能凭借环氧树脂的刚性交联网络保持较高的耐热性能,体系的层间剪切强度达到8.7 MPa,在60℃下弯曲强度保持率接近80%,表现出优异的综合性能。

Optimization of Extrusion Process Parameters of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene-Thermoplastic Starch Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication

High-density poly-ethylene (HDPE) is a nonbiodegradable recyclable plastic which is widely utilized in single use packaging applications. Consequently, it constitutes a significant amount of plastic waste found in landfills. From literature, it has been shown that parts produced using composites of HDPE with carbohydrate-based polymers, such as thermoplastic starch (TPS), experience mechanical degradation through hydrolytic degradation process. The possible utilization of recycled-HDPE (rHDPE) and TPS composite in nonconventional manufacturing processes such as Fused filament fabrication (FFF) has however not been explored. This study explores the potential application of rHDPE and TPS composites in FFF and optimizes the extrusion process parameters used in rHDPE-TPS filament production process. Taguchi method was utilized to analyze the extrusion process. The extrusion process parameters studied were the spooling speed, extrusion speed and the extrusion temperatures. The response variable studied was the filament diameter. In this research, the maximum TPS content achieved during filament production was 40 wt%. This filament was however challenging to use in FFF printers due to frequent nozzle clogging. Printing was therefore done with filaments that contained 0 - 30 wt% TPS. The experimental results showed that the most significant parameter in extrusion process was the spooling speed, followed by extrusion speed. Extrusion temperature had the least significant influence on the filament diameter. It was observed that increase in TPS content resulted in reduced warping and increased rate of hydrolytic degradation. Mechanical properties of printed parts were investigated and the results showed that increasing TPS content resulted in reduction in tensile strength, reduction in compression strength and increase in stiffness. The findings of this research provide valuable insights to plastic recycling industries and researchers regarding the utilization of recycled HDPE and TPS composites as substitute materials in FFF.

In-situ Composite Based on Poly (ethylene terephthalate),Polyamide and Polyethylene with Microfibres Formed through Extrusion and Hot Stretching

In-situ composites based on dispersed poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) or polyamide (PA), and continuous polyethylene (PE) were prepared through a single screw extruder of Haake rheometer system with a rod-die relatively small in diameter. The extrudate was drawn at a drawing ratio of 3.1, and then quickly cooled in cold water. The specimens were obtained by injection molding at processing temperatures less than 190℃, far below the melting temperature of PET (265℃) and PA (230℃), which can maintain the solid state of PET and PA microfiber phase in the composites. Morphological observation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that PET and PA can more or less form in-situ microfibers at compositions studied (0~20 wt pct PET or PA), and especially, PET and PA were almost deformed into fibers at the concentration of 15 wt pct. Tensile strength and modulus of the blends reinforced by PET or PA microfibers showed to be increased from the tensile test results. The most noticeable improvement of the tensile properties occurred at 15 wt pct of PET in PET/PE system, corresponding to the highest microfiber content, where the tensile strength reached 32.5 MPa, whereas only 19.5 MPa for the pure PE.

Biotribological behavior of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene composites containing bovine bone hydroxyapatite

穿粒子超离频分子的重量聚乙烯(UHMWPE ) 是全部的联合代替的长期的失败的主要原因。因此，增加它的 wear 抵抗或 bioactivity 将是很有用的以便获得高质量的人工的关节。在我们的学习，充满牛的骨头 hydroxyapatite (BHA ) 的 UHMWPE composites 被铸造的压缩的方法准备。ball-on-disc 穿测试被执行与一通用对微摩擦计调查磨擦并且穿一个 Si3N4 陶器的球的行为，对有人的血浆润滑油的 UHMWPE/BHA composites 的跨 sliding。同时， UHMWPE/BHA 表面上的穿的沟的侧面被扫描。试验性的结果显示到 UHMWPE 的 BHA 的增加对 Si3N4 陶器的球在 UHMWPE 跨 sliding 的 biotribological 行为上有重要效果。BHA 粉末的增加提高了这些 composites 的弹性的坚硬和模量并且减少磨擦系数并且在人的血浆润滑油的条件下面穿率。当 BHA 粉末的增加的数量直到 20%30% 时， UHMWPE/BHA composites 表明了机械性质和 biotribological 行为的设计表演。

Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Kinetics of Composites from Coal and Polyethylene

A thermogravimetric analysis (TG) was conducted to study the thermal decomposition behavior and kinetics of composites from coal and high density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) or low density polyethylene (LDPE). The results show that coal facilitates melting of the polyethylene before temperatures reach 700 K in nitrogen due to the exothermic effect of coal. Above 700 K, adding coal into the polyethylene will result in smaller maximum rates of mass loss and higher initial mass loss temperatures of the composites. Hence, some chemical interactions, occurring between liquid compounds released in the pyrolysis of the coal and polymer, depend on several factors, such as coal rank and the molecular structure of polymers. Synergetic effects in coal and polymers were also found. Both chemical interactions and synergetic effects control the entire thermal decomposition behavior of compos- ites. The larger the amount of coal in the composites, the greater the decomposition temperature spans and the higher the maximum decomposition temperature, the smaller the devolatilization rates. The effect of coal on the thermal stability of composites lies in the hydrogen acceptor effect of the coals. Thermal decomposition of the coals, the polymers and related composites can be modelled via first order parallel reactions between 563 K and 763 K.

Out-of-Plane Compressive Behavior for UHMWPE/Polyurethane Composites after Hygrothermal Treatment

Quasi-static and high strain rate compressive behaviors and failure mechanisms of hygrothermal treated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene/polyurethane(UHMWPE/PU)composites have been studied in this paper.Firstly,the UHMWPE composites were immersed in water at 70℃.The out-ofplane compression test was then performed on the dry/wet state specimens at quasi-static states(0.001-0.01 s^(-1))and high strain rate states(800-2 400 s^(-1)).The split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was adopted in the dynamic tests and waveform shapers were used to smooth and control the incident pulse.The results show that there are two platforms for the water absorption curve of UHMWPE composites.The absorption of moisture reduces the quasi-static compressive strength of the material while initially increasing,then decreasing the dynamic compressive strength.Matrix plasticization,fiber/matrix interface degradation and void expansion are the main factors affecting the irregular change of static/dynamic compressive strength of UHMWPE composites.

背板层间粘结性能对SiC UHMWPE复合装甲防弹性能影响的数值分析

为了提高轻型复合装甲弹道防护能力,基于显示动力学有限元分析程序,采用Tiebreak接触方法,建立不同粘结条件下SiC UHMWPE复合装甲抗7.62 mm穿甲燃烧弹的弹道侵彻模型,研究了SiC UHMWPE复合装甲中复合材料背板粘结性能对复合装甲弹道性能、弹道极限速度、能量吸收和损伤模式的影响。结果表明:随着粘结性能提高,SiC UHMWPE复合装甲的弹丸停止时间缩短,背板鼓包高度降低,弹道极限速度降低;随着粘结性能减弱,复合材料背板分层更加明显,更多复合材料以拉伸方式变形破坏,吸收更多的弹体动能。

The Failure Mechanisms of Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibre Composites Under In-plane Compression

The in-plane compressive characteristics of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)fibre(Dyneema█)reinforced composites,both in 0/90°and±45°fibre orientations with respect to the loading direction,have been investigated.The composite made from unidirectional high modulus fibres(volume fraction 83%)and low strength polyurethane matrix(volume fraction 17%)is layered in an orthogonally alternating manner.The different failure mechanisms for the composites with 0/90°and±45°fibre orientations have been detected with the methods of experimental measurement,SEM observation and theoretical analysis.The composites specimens of 0/90°fibre orientation failed with macro-buckling of the high-modulus UHMWEP fibre layers with the matrix damage,whereas the specimens of±45°fibre orientation failed with the shearing of the soft matrix.Hence,the composite specimens in 0/90°fibre orientation had higher stiffness as well as compressive strength than those in±45°fibre orientation.The failure criteria of the composites under in-plane compression was employed to characterize the failure mechanism.Compared with the traditional thermoset matrix,the soft thermoplastic matrix leads to lower strength and higher failure strain of fibre reinforced composites under in-plane compression.In addition,the composite specimens cut by waterjet machine exhibited higher stress levels than those cut by bandsaw that introduced more initial imperfections with the temperature rising and tensile shocking.The comparison between the methodologies for cutting the tough composites can provide a valuable suggestion to obtain required composite structures without reducing the mechanical properties.

HA/UHMWPE Nanocomposite Produced by Twin-screw Extrusion

The HA/UHMWPE nanocomposite is compounded by twin-screw extrusion of the HA and UHMWPE powder mixture in paraffin oil and then compression molded to a sheet form. TGA measurement shows the HA weight loss after processing is about 1%-2% . FTIR spectra indicate the paraaffin oil residue is trivial and UHMWPE is not oxidized. SEM reveals the HA nano particles are homogeneously dispersed by twin-screw extrusion and the inter-particle spaces are penetrated with UHMWPE fibrils by swelling treatment. HRTEM image indicates the HA particles and UHMWPE are intimately contacted by mechanical interlocking. Compared with the unfilled UHMWPE, stiffness of the composite with the HA volume fraction 0. 23 was significantly enhanced to 9 times without detriment of the yield strength and the ductility.

UHMWPE的应变率效应及其对超高速碰撞特性的影响

为分析超高分子量聚乙烯(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)的应变率效应及其对超高速碰撞特性的影响规律,采用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森拉杆对UHMWPE纤维束进行静、动态拉伸实验,获得了不同应变率下材料的应力-应变关系,并进一步开展了UHMWPE纤维织物的超高速碰撞数值模拟。结果表明,UHMWPE的拉伸模量和强度均随应变率的升高而逐渐增大。随着材料应变率敏感系数的增大,防护结构对弹丸动能的吸收率呈现先减小后增大的趋势。

Progressive Failure Analysis of Quasi-isotropic Self-reinforced Polyethylene Composites by Comparing Unsupervised and Supervised Classifications of Acoustic Emission Data

Unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition( PR)techniques are used to classify the acoustic emission( AE) data originating from the quasi-isotropic self-reinforced polyethylene composites,in order to identify the various mechanisms in the multiangle-ply thermoplastic composites. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene / low density polyethylene( UHMWPE / LDPE)composites were made and tested under quasi-static tensile load. The failure process was monitored by the AE technique. The collected AE signals were classified by unsupervised and supervised PR techniques, respectively. AE signals were clustered with unsupervised PR scheme automatically and mathematically. While in the supervised PR scheme,the labeled AE data from simple lay-up UHMWPE / LDPE laminates were utilized as the reference data.Comparison was drawn according to the analytical results. Fracture surfaces of the UHMWPE / LDPE specimens were observed by a scanning electron microscope( SEM) for some physical support. By combining both classification results with the observation results,correlations were established between the AE signal classes and their originating damage modes. The comparison between the two classifying schemes showed a good agreement in the main damage modes and their failure process. It indicates both PR techniques are powerful for the complicated thermoplastic composites. Supervised PR scheme can lead to a more precise classification in that a suitable reference data set is input.

Improvement of Mechanical,Dynamic-Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Noil Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene Composites

Noil discarded fibers from fiber production for textile industry have short length and are always considered less valuable.Here,noil ramie fibers/HDPE composite is prepared using twin-screw extruder and the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties are studied.The influence of ramie fiber and maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin(MA-g-PO)on mechanical,dynamic mechanical and thermal properties is investigated.It is observed that the tensile,flexural and impact properties of the composites treated with MA-g-PO are all improved in comparison to the untreated composites.Dynamic mechanical properties of the composite with MA-g-PO show an increase in the storage modulus with a higherαrelaxation peak,together with the micromorphology analysis,indicating an improved interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix by the MA-g-PO addition.Furthermore,the change in TGA thermograms of composite caused by MA-g-PO exhibits that the addition of MA-g-PO is also helpful to increase the thermal stability of noil ramie fiber/HDPE composites.

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol in electroplating solution using paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified (PCCHM) anode

Electrochemical oxidation of polyethylene glycol(PEG) in an acidic(pH 0.18 to 0.42) and high ionic strength electroplating solution was investigated. The electroplating solution is a major source of wastewater in the printing wiring board industry. A paraffin composite copper hexacyanoferrate modified(PCCHM) electrode was used as the anode and a bare graphite electrode was used as the cathode. The changes in PEG and total organic carbon(TOC) concentrations during the course of the reaction were monitored. The efficiency of the PCCHM anode was compared with bare graphite anode and it was found that the former showed significant electrocatalytic property for PEG and TOC removal. Chlorides present in the solution were found to contribute significantly in the overall organic removal process. Short chain organic compounds like acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and ethylene glycol formed during electrolysis were identified by HPLC method. Anode surface area and applied current density were found to influence the electro-oxidation process, in which the former was found to be dominating. Investigations of the kinetics for the present electrochemical reaction suggested that the two stage first-order kinetic model provides a much better representation of the overall mechanism of the process if compared to the generalized kinetic model.