Synthesis of titanium oxycarbonitride by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of ilmenite with recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

An innovative and sustainable carbothermal reduction and nitridation(CTRN) process of ilmenite(FeTiO_3) using a mixture of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and coal as the primary reductant under an H_2–N_2 atmosphere was proposed. The use of PET as an alternative source of carbon not only enhances the porosity of the pellets but also results in the separation of Fe from titanium oxycarbonitride(TiOxCyNz) particles because of the differences in surface tension. The experiments were carried out at 1250°C for 3 h using four different PET contents ranging from 25wt% to 100wt% in the reductant. X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),and LECO elemental analysis were used to study the phases and microstructures of the reduced samples. In the case of 75wt% PET,iron distinctly separated from the synthesized Ti OxCyNz phase. With increasing PET content in the sample,the reduction and nitridation rates substantially increased. The synthesis of an oxycarbonitride with stoichiometry of TiO_(0.02)C_(0.13)N_(0.85) with minimal intermediate titanium sub-oxides was achieved. The results also showed that the iron particles formed from CTRN of FeTiO_3 exhibited a spherical morphology,which is conducive for Fe removal via the Becher process.

Surface Modification of Polyethylene Terephthalate(PET) Fiber by Roll-to-Roll Treatment in Atmospheric Ar/O_2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) Plasma

In this work,polyethylene terephthalate(PET) fibers were continuously treated by atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) in Ar mixed O2 plasma,and the discharge was characterized by electrical function and optical diagnostics.It is found that the interfacial adhesion strength between treated PET fiber and resorcinol formaldehyde latex(RFL)(little)-rubber was improved(about 50%) by the measurement of interfacial shear strength(IFSS) and peel test.The wettability was improved rapidly in the initial treatment time.It is considered that oxidation chemical reaction as the major role of PET fiber surface modification is ahead of the physical etching effect.The high density of atomic oxygen in the plasma by optical emission spectroscopy supports the purpose.According to the scanning electron micrograph(SEM) image in the work,the longer treatment time obviously caused physical etching effect,which shall be less responsible for the improvement of the wettability.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Intrinsic Parameters on the Thermal Reactivity of Sawdust, Polyethylene Terephthalate and Composite

Several works have been based on the study of thermal variations in biomass to derive more valuable products such as fuels capable of replacing oil in the event of a crisis or activated carbon used as an adsorbent material, widely used in industry for the elimination of unwanted materials, both in liquid and gaseous environments. A study of thermal parameters such as: heating speed, retention time, drying temperature, carbonization temperature, particle size, was carried out with the aim of determining the characteristic factors of the carbonization of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), sawdust (SC) and sawdust/polyethylene terephthalate (CPS) mixture. The results of the immediate analysis revealed a very low level of ash in PET (0.013%) compared to the level of ash in sawdust (2.9%), as well as a high level of fixed carbon (82.960%), which suggests the presence of mineral oxides and a significant carbon matrix unlike PET, which indicates a very significant organic matrix (essentially made up of organic matter) with the absence of mineral oxides. The study of thermal parameters showed the water loss from Sawdust (SC) and the Sawdust/Polyethylene terephthalate (CPS) mixture, an increase with temperature, unlike that of PET whose variation is essentially zero. Without heat treatment, sawdust alone contains approximately 7% water. The optimal drying temperature for this study is 110˚C for a stay of 24 hours. It appears that the largest mass losses for the PET samples are between 87.19% and 96.05%, followed by that of the mixture, between 47.33% and 64.37%. And the lowest are observed, those of sawdust (from 24.02% to 62.6%). However, here we can say that the influence of the mass is not great, given the slight difference between the losses by temperature. The results of the study of the influence of grain size showed that the differences are insignificant, even if we vary the diameter of the grains from simple to triple. To better minimize physical constraints such as the intragranular diffusibility of the volatile matter and the homogeneity of the temperature in the grains, 75 μm particles are found to be optimal for our study. It can be noted when studying the heating rate that the mass loss at the end of the reaction is approximately the same depending on each precursor material. However, it has been demonstrated that the heating rate strongly influences the nature of the reaction products both for volatile materials and for the solid residue as well as on the kinetic parameters of the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the variation in apparent density shows a decrease as a function of the increase in the residence time of the materials in the reactor. As the carbonization time increases, the apparent density decreases. We note, for the lignocellulosic material, that the apparent density stabilizes after 60 minutes.

Effect of Knitting Process on Elastic Property of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Warp Knitted Fabric

This study investigated the elastic elongation and elastic recovery of the elastic warp knitted fabric made of polyethylene terephthalate( PET) and polybutylene terephthalate( PBT)filament. The effect of knitting parameter on the elasticity of PBT /PET warp knitted fabric was analyzed. The increase of drawing density( from 16 to 26 courses per centimeter( CPC)) on machine resulted in the decrease of elongation at the weft direction. But,the elongation at the warp direction fluctuated as drawing density increasing. The yarn run-in speed influenced the elongation of PET /PBT warp knitted fabric as well. When the yarn run-in speed of GB1( front bar) was kept a constant,the increase of GB2( back bar) yarn run-in speed caused the gradual enhancement of the elastic elongation at the warp direction,but the different trends of the elastic elongation at the weft direction. When yarn run-in speed of GB2 was kept a constant,the increase of GB1 yarn run-in speed enlarged the elastic warp elongation from 104.16 to 124.97 mm,while the weft elongation decreased from 110.34 to 98.03 mm.Eventually yarn run-in speeds of GB1 and GB2 were retained at1 360 and 1 170 mm / rack respectively under 20 CPC drawing density. It could not only balance the two directions of elongation but also reach the highest elongation at both directions( 126. 32 and115.88 mm) under 100 N tension. These results provide a better understanding of characteristics of PET / PBT warp knitted fabric,and its elastic elongation and recovery behavior for development and effective applications.

Recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate （PET） Packaging as the Basis of Economic Projects and Solution of Social and Environmental Problems in Russia

In this article, based on the analysis of the current environmental situation in Russia and other countries, as well as of the problem of recycling plastic waste in the Russian Federation （RF）, the authors clearly show the effectiveness of investments in the processing of polymer debris on the example of polyethylene terephthalate （PET） waste （granulates, flakes）. In the frame of case study of social and environmental investment project on creating enterprise that will engage in collection, recycling, and sale of the consumer PET packaging in Russia, the authors demonstrate the economic feasibility of the creation of such kind of enterprises taking into account market conditions and the features of the existing system of taxation in Russia. The realization of the project will also help in solving environmental and social problems of large cities, in particular, will create more jobs （in terms of 6% of unemployment rate in the country）. The study also identifies the main obstacles in the way of waste recycling in Russia, and the recommendations for improvement of normative base of the industry are given.

Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Polyethylene Terephthalate(PET)Plastic Waste and Its Application for Removal of Organic Dyes from Water

Synthetic plastics are often considered to be materials that cannot be broken down by natural processes.One such plastic,polyethylene terephthalate(PET),is commonly used in everyday items but when these products are discarded,they can cause serious harm to the environment and human health.In this study,PET plastic waste was used to create activated carbon using a physical activation process that involved using CO2 gas.The researchers investigated the effects of different temperatures,carbonization,and activation times on the resulting activated carbon’s surface area.The activated carbon was then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),FTIR,and BET.The activated carbon created from PET plastic waste showed excellent absorption properties for methylene blue in aqueous solutions across a wide range of pH levels.By creating activated carbon from plastic waste,not only are environmental issues addressed,but high-value activated carbon is produced for environmental remediation purposes.

高强度玻璃纤维对阻燃增强PET性能的影响

研究了高强度玻璃纤维对阻燃增强聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)材料性能的影响,并制备了综合性能优良的高性能阻燃增强PET材料,同时分析了高强度玻璃纤维和普通无碱玻璃纤维在PET材料中的尺寸分布。结果表明:高强度玻璃纤维的表面处理可以有效提高阻燃增强PET材料的性能;阻燃增强PET的性能随着玻璃纤维含量的增加而提高,高强度玻璃纤维比普通无碱玻璃纤维能更好地改善PET材料的综合性能。

S波段变频微波方腔干燥PET切片的研究

目的针对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)材料传统干燥方式能耗高、效率低等不足,运用微波干燥材料具有速度快、效率高、易于控制的特点,研究微波深度干燥PET技术并研制实验装置。方法提出微波变频和变功率加热干燥技术,通过主动调整频率改善微波均匀性,结合微波变功率技术,控制PET材料温度在170~180℃,提升PET材料温度均匀性,并防止“热失控”现象的发生。结果当干燥时间为2 h时,实现了PET深度干燥,能耗率为1.03 kW·h/kg,含水率降低至0.01%以下,达到了后续包装材料注塑加工的要求。结论微波变频变功率加热技术适用于低含水率PET的深度干燥,比传统干燥方式能耗低并且时间短。

不同比例聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)性能影响分析

本文通过对使用不同比例生物基聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)共混的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)进行性能改善,研究了PEF对PET的力学性能、水蒸气透过率、氧气透过率和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的改善效果。力学性能表明:随着PEF含量的增加,PET的力学性能有一定程度增加;阻隔性测试表明,PEF对PET阻隔性能有着较明显的提升;玻璃化转变温度的测试结果表明:PEF较PET的玻璃化转变温度高,耐热性能好。另外使用电镜分析PEF和PET共混相容效果,表明两种材质有极好的相容性。

Surface Treatment of Polyethylene Terephthalate Film Using Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge in Air

Non-thermal plasmas under atmospheric pressure are of great interest in polymer surface processing because of their convenience, effectiveness and low cost. In this paper, the treatment of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface for improving hydrophilicity using the non-thermal plasma generated by atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) in air is conducted. The discharge characteristics of APGD are shown by measurement of their electrical discharge parameters and observation of light-emission phenomena, and the surface properties of PET before and after the APGD treatment are studied using contact angle measurement, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that the APGD is homogeneous and stable in the whole gas gap, which differs from the commonly filamentary dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). A short time (several seconds) APGD treatment can modify the surface characteristics of PET film markedly and uniformly. After 10 s APGD treatment, the

Recycling and depolymerization of waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles by alcohol alkali hydrolysis

In this work,a novel alcohol alkali hydrolysis method was explored for the preparation of terephthalic acid(TPA)from waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET).First,a series of single factor experiments on the depolymerization rate of waste PET bottles and the yield of TPA were conducted to determine the optimized experimental conditions,in terms of reaction time,reaction temperature,dosage of ethylene glycol and sodium bicarbonate,amount of distilled water and stirring rate.Then IR spectra and elemental analysis were carried out for the characterization of obtained product.Under optimal experimental conditions,over 98%PET can be depolymerized into the target product(TPA)and the purity and yield of TPA are over 97%and 94%,respectively.Both the experimental and analytical results support a feasible process for the preparation of TPA from waste PET.It is expected that this alcohol alkali hydrolysis method can promise an effective way for the sustainable recycling of waste PET.

基于知识图谱的PET结晶研究进展分析

基于Web of Science核心数据库,借助文献分析软件CiteSpace对1953—2023年的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)结晶研究成果进行了可视化分析,分析了作者、国家、机构、关键词等合作网络,揭示了PET结晶研究的知识结构和发展演变。结果表明:PET结晶研究当前已进入相对稳定阶段,但合作网络整体比较分散,美国、中国是研究的中坚力量,中国科学院是影响力最大的研究机构;早期的研究偏向PET基础性能分析,后期的研究偏向PET的功能化制备;PET的相结构、解聚、表征方法等是PET结晶研究的主要内容。

DEPOLYMERIZATION AND KINETICS OF DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE USING DIBUTYLTIN OXIDE CATALYST

Depolymerization of poly（ethylene terephthalate） （PET） was performed in the tubular bomb microreactor which contained the solution of PET in methanol and dibutyltin oxide at the temperature ranging from 433 K to 473 K, the reaction time from 5 to 45 min and the catalyst-to-PET ratio of 0.3%-2% by weight. The optimal condition for PET depolymerization catalyzed by dibutyltin oxide is the temperature of 443-453 K, the reaction time of 20-25 min and 0.8% by weight of catalyst. By using differential methods, the activation energy for the depolymerization process was found to be 154.05 kJ/mol in the temperature range from 433-463 K.

熔融沉积3D打印参数对PETG-Tough薄壁不同角度尺寸精度的影响

以熔融沉积成型(FDM)3D打印的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯薄壁制件的不同倾角度数的尺寸精度作为研究对象设计正交试验,研究层高、挤出温度、回抽距离对FDM 3D打印不同倾角度数尺寸精度的影响,并使用极差分析与方差分析对结果数据进行处理,得到最优的参数组合。结果表明,挤出温度与回抽距离的变化对尺寸误差的影响很小,层高对不同倾角的影响规律不同:对25°、30°倾角,尺寸误差呈先降低后增大的趋势;对35°倾角,尺寸误差呈先略微增大后降低的趋势;对40°及以上的倾角,尺寸误差呈增大趋势。最后通过试验结果分析了单因素不同水平对不同倾角尺寸精度的影响,得出挤出压力、悬垂距离、材料黏度和走线方式是产生尺寸误差的主要原因。

Mechariical and Abrasion Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Films Coated with SiO2/Epoxy Hybrid Material

Hybrid materials were prepared using a silane coupling agent, tetraethoxysilane （ TEOS ） as the precursor, dilute hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, and epoxy as the matrices. The films coated with hybrid materials were expected to improve abrasion resistance and mechanical properties. The morphology, mechanical properties, adhesion, and abrasion resistance of the polyethylene terephthalate （PET） films were characterized using an atomic force microscope, a tensile testing machine, a bagger knife, and a reciprocating fabric abrasion tester. The result of research indicated that the modification significantly affected the abrasion resistance and roughness. The-tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the modified PET films increased by 40% and 50% respectively at 3 % TEOS mass fraction.

PET材料改性及加工应用

为了提高聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene glycol terephthalate,PET)材料的性能,课题组采用熔融共混法向PET中添加接枝弹性体POE-g-GMA,通过考察测试了不同添加量的接枝弹性体对PET材料结构与性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着接枝弹性体POE-g-GMA体积分数的增大使材料的冲击强度先增大后降低、拉伸性能略有下降。有限元分析验证了改性后PET材料的承压性能没有表现出明显的下降。

The Aging Study on Polyethylene Terephthalate with Surface Modification by Water Vapor Plasma

The aging effects of the contact angle and surface energy on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have been investigated with surface modification by water vapor plasma. The experimental results show that the contact angle of water and PET decreases obviously and surface energy increases. However, with the increase of the aging time, the contact angle and surface energy change back gradually to original state.

PET掺杂对新型木质素基泡沫炭合成的影响

泡沫炭具有低密度、高强度、高导电性、多孔骨架结构等诸多优点,是一种高端的整体性先进碳材料。在多种泡沫炭制备的原材料中,木质素因其可再生、低成本、高产量、高芳香性等特点而逐渐受到重视。基于木质素的热学性质复杂且特殊,近年来笔者开发了一种简单、高效的木质素基泡沫炭合成方法。为进一步实现泡沫炭结构与性能的调控,本研究主要通过使用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)对木质素进行掺杂,考察PET可能对木质素转化过程中产生的影响,以及转化产物(新型泡沫炭)的材料结构与性能,从而提出PET掺杂对木质素基泡沫炭合成的影响。研究结果表明,PET的掺杂对于木质素的发泡过程有调节作用,其与木质素较好的相容性可以成功制备出木质素-PET基泡沫炭。PET的含量对泡沫炭的体密度、真密度、微观孔泡结构、机械强度等均有较为显著的影响。相比之下,X射线衍射和拉曼光谱结果表明PET掺杂对于泡沫炭的微观碳结构几乎没有影响。当PET掺杂量提升为20%时,泡沫炭的性能略有下降,可能与PET与木质素的均匀混合难度提升相关。本研究提出了通过掺杂高分子以改变新合成方法下泡沫炭结构与性能的思路,对泡沫炭的合成和调控具有指导意义。

PET的填充改性及发泡成型进展

综述了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)填充改性及发泡成型研究进展,其中,填料主要有碳酸钙、蒙脱土和滑石粉,介绍了不同填料对PET性能的影响。PET发泡成型方法主要包括间歇发泡、模压发泡和挤出发泡,综述了这3种发泡成型方法的发泡过程。在发泡成型前,需要对其进行扩链改性提高可发性,使用较多的扩链剂有酸酐类扩链剂和环氧类扩链剂。主要介绍了填料对PET发泡性能的影响,结果表明,填料的加入能提高PET的泡孔密度和发泡倍率,或者可以使泡孔分布和尺寸更加均匀。填料的加入还能提高PET发泡材料的断裂伸长率或者光反射率等。最后,展望了PET填充改性及发泡材料的发展前景。

铝掺杂氧化锌纳米粉末制备及其对PET的抗静电改性

采用化学共沉淀法制备了不同含量的Al单元掺杂氧化锌(AZO)纳米粉体,并将自制的纳米AZO粉末用于聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)制备,以提高PET的抗静电性能。利用X射线行射、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、表面电阻测试仪等测试手段,探究了Al单元掺杂对AZO粉体结构、形貌及电性能的影响。在PET制备过程中加入AZO,探究AZO对PET抗静电性能的影响。结果表明:所制备的AZO纳米粉体为结晶度良好的六方纤锌矿结构。Al掺杂浓度影响AZO粉体形貌、晶体结构及电性能。随着Al掺杂浓度的增加,粉体的结晶质量降低,电性能先变好后变差,粉体尺寸变大,出现团聚、结块现象。适度的Al掺杂可使AZO电阻率达到最低,改善AZO的导电性能。在Al掺杂浓度为2%时,AZO纳米粉体的电性能最佳,电阻率为5.3×10^(4)Ω/m^(2)。使用制备的AZO纳米粉末作为导电填料能有效改善PET的抗静电性能,降低PET/AZO复合材料的表面电阻率,使材料由绝缘体转变为静电耗散体,抗静电性能增强。AZO填充量在0.005%时复合材料的表面电阻率最低,为1.16×10^(10)Ω/m^(2)。