Y-shaped block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) synthesized by ATRP

Novel Y-shaped block copolymers of poly（ethylene glycol） and poly（N-isopropylacrylamide）, PEG-b-（PNIPAM）2, were successfully synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP）. A difunctional macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of 2,2-dichloroacetyl chloride with poly（ethylene glycol） monomethyl ether （PEG）. The copolymers were obtained via the ATRP ofN-isopropylacrylamide （NIPAM） at 30℃ with CuCl/Me6TREN as a catalyst system and DMF/H2O （v/v = 3：1） mixture as solvent. The resulting copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography （GPC） and ^1H NMR. These block copolymers show controllable molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions （PDI 〈 1.15）. Their phase transition temperatures and the corresponding enthalpy changes in aqueous solution were measured by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. As a result, the phase transition temperature of PEG45-b-（PNIPAM55）2 is higher than that of PNIPAM, however, the corresponding enthalpy change is much lower, indicating the significant influence of the macromolecular composition and architecture on the phase transition.

SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BLOCK COPOLYMERS OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID)WITH POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)THROUGH ANIONIC POLYMERISATION

A novel kind of copolymer with ABA-type block structure was synthesized by anionic ring-opening polymerization of beta-butyrolactone (beta-BL) in the presence of a PEG-based dicarboxylates as macroinitiators which were prepared by the esterification of aliphatic cyclic anhydride and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers (M-n = 2000, 4000 and 6000) and conversion of potassium dicarboxylates. The resultant copolymers as well as the intermediates were characterized by IR, H-1-NMR and GPC.

Preparation and Characterization of Copolymer Micelles Formed by Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polylactide Block Copolymers as Novel Drug Carriers

Diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether–polylactide (MePEG–PLA) micelles were prepared by dialysis against water. Indomethacin (IMC) as a model drug was entrapped into the micelles by dialysis method. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the prepared micelles in distilled water investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy was 0.0051 mg/mL which is lower than that of common low molecular weight surfactants. The diameters of MePEGPLA micelles and IMC loaded MePEGPLA micelles in a number-averaged scale measured by dynamic light scattering were 52.4 and 53.7 nm respectively. The observation with transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope showed that the appearance of MePEGPLA micelles was in a spherical shape. The content of IMC incorporated in the core portion of the micelles was 18% (ω). The effects of the synthesis method of the copolymer on the polydispersity of the micelles and the yield of the micelles formation were discussed.

Preparation and characterization of biodegradable nanoparticles from methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide)block copolymers as novel drug carriers

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymers (PEG-PLA) were prepared through ring-opening polymerization.The oil in water suspension method was used to prepare block copolymer micelles. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) by fluorescence spectroscopy was 0.0056 mg·ml -1 . The physical state of the inner core region of micelles was characterized with 1HNMR. The size of indomethacin (IMC) loaded micelles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed narrow monodisperse size distribution and the average diameters were less than 50 nm. In addition, the nanoparticles with relatively high drug loading content (DLC) were obtained.

Selective swelling of polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer towards fouling-resistant ultrafiltration membranes

Fouling resistance of ultrafiltration(UF) membranes is critical for their long-term usages in terms of stable performance, so convenient approaches to prepare fouling-resistant membranes are always anticipated. Herein, we demonstrate the facile fabrication of antifouling polysulfone-block-poly(ethylene glycol)(PSF-b-PEG, SFEG)composite membranes. SFEG layer was coated onto macroporous supports and cavitated by immerging them in acetone/n-propanol following the mechanism of selective swelling induced pore generation. Thus-produced SFEG membranes possessed high permeance and excellent mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the structures and separation performances of the SFEG layers can be continuously tuned through simply changing swelling durations. More importantly, the hydrophilic PEG chains were spontaneously enriched onto the pore walls through swelling treatment, endowing intrinsic antifouling property to the SFEG membranes. Bovine serum albumin(BSA)/humic acid(HA) fouling tests proved the prominent fouling resistance of SFEG membranes, and the fouling resistance is expected to be long-standing because of the firm connection between PEG chains and PSF matrix by covalent bonding.

PREPARATION OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/POLYETHYLENE-BLOCK-POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)COPOLYMER BLEND POROUS MEMBRANES VIA THERMALLY INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

High density polyethylene （HDPE）/polyethylene-block-poly（ethylene glycol） （PE-b-PEG） blend porous membranes were prepared via thermally induced phase separation （TIPS） process using diphenyl ether （DPE） as diluent. The phase diagrams of HDPE/PE-b-PEG/DPE systems were determined by optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. By varying the content of PE-b-PEG, the effects of PE-b-PEG copolymer on morphology and crystalline structure of membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and wide angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD）. The chemical compositions of whole membranes and surface layers were characterized by elementary analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection （FTIR-ATR） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Water contact angle, static protein adsorption and water flux experiments were used to evaluate the hydrophilicity, antifouling and water permeation properties of the membranes. It was found that the addition of PE-b-PEG increased the pore size of the obtained blend membranes. In the investigated range of PE-b-PEG content, the PEG blocks could not aggregate into obviously separated domains in membrane matrix. More importantly, PE-b-PEG could not only be retained stably in the membrane matrix during membrane formation, but also enrich at the membrane surface layer. Such stability and surface enrichment of PE-b-PEG endowed the blend membranes with improved hydrophilicity, protein absorption resistance and water permeation properties, which would be substantially beneficial to HDPE membranes for water treatment application.

POLYCAPROLACTONE-POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) BLOCK COPOLYMER Ⅲ DRUG RELEASE BEHAVIOR

The drug release behavior of degradable polymer--polycaprolactone-poly (ethyleneglycol)block copolymer(PCE) in vitro was investigated by using 5-Fluoro-uracil (5-Fu) asa model drug under a condition of pH 7. 4 at 37C. It is found that the release rate of 5-Fufrom PCE increased with increasing polyether content of the copolymer. The results showthat the increasing polyether content of the copolymer caused increasing hydrophilicity anddecreasing crystallinity of the PCE copolymer. Thus, the drug release behavior and thedegradable property of the PCE can be controlled by adjusting the composition of thecopolymer.

Block Copolymer Solid Electrolytes Based on Comb-Like Poly(ethylene glycol)Plasticized Poly(ionic liquid)s for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Electrolytes based on poly(ionic liquid)s(PILs)have attracted great attention in the fields of next-generation solid lithium-ion batteries.However,the low ionic conductivity prevents their practical applications.Herein,we report novel solid electrolytes based on block copolymers composed of PILs and comb-like poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG),which were synthesized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 3-(2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)ethyl)-1-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide and poly(ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate.Comb-like PEG acts as plasticizers in block copolymers dominated by PILs to promote the mobility of PILs segments.Effects of the copolymer composition and length of the comb-like PEG chain on ionic conductivity were investigated.The optimized electrolyte delivers the highest ionic conductivity of 1.5×10^(–5)S·cm^(–1)at 30℃,and robust electrochemical stability up to 4.6 V.A solid-state Li/LiFePO4 cell using the optimized electrolyte demonstrates good cycle performance at 0.2 C with high capacity retention of 92%after 70 cycles at 50℃.

POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE METHYL PHOSPHATE IN THE PRESENCE OF SODIUM POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)ATE

Poly(ethylene methyl phosphate)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ethylene methyl phosphate) triblock copolymers carrying hydroxyl group at both chain ends were synthesized with sodium poly(ethylene glycol)ate as initiator. The effects of the factors such as solvent, amount of the initiator and reaction time were investigated. The copolymers were characterized by IR, H-1-NMR, H-1{P-31}-NMR, C-13-NMR, P-31{H-1}-NMR, and DSC. High molecular weight of the copolymer and high yield of the polymerization were achieved within 3 min at 25 degrees C. The polymerization process was studied by P-31{H-1}-NMR and transesterification was found during longer polymerization time.

Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-SS-poly(ε-caprolactone)-SS-poly(ethylene glycol)triblock copolymers via end-group conjugation and self-assembly for reductively responsive drug delivery

In this study,we describe a simple synthesis route to prepare triblock copolymers with disulfide-linkers,poly(ethylene glycol)-SS-poly(ε-caprolactone)-SS-poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG-SS-PCL-SS-PEG)for application in the reductively responsive release of doxorubicin(DOX).To synthesize PEG-SS-PCL-SS-PEG,two end-groups of PCL-diol were first modified with cystamine to introduce disulfide bonds and subsequently conjugated with PEG-NHS via carbodiimide chemistry.PEG-SS-PCL-SSPEG fabricated into polymeric micelles with stable structure and different nanoscale sizes via adjusting the PCL chain length,showing obvious reductive responsiveness and fast drug release of encapsulated DOX in the presence of glutathione(GSH).Moreover,DOX-loaded PEG-SS-PCL-SS-PEG micelles exhibited higher therapeutic efficacy than reduction-insensitive PEG-b-PCL micelles in vitro.Thus,end-groups conjugation is a simple and straightforward strategy to introduce intelligent responsiveness in biocompatible block copolymers and improve their therapeutic efficacy.

聚偏氟乙烯-b-聚甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物的合成和凝聚态结构

为了制备综合性能优异的固态聚合物电解质基材,通过碘转移活性自由基聚合(ITP)合成聚偏氟乙烯-b-聚甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PVDF-b-PPEGMA)共聚物。通过1H-核磁共振和凝胶渗透色谱证明了共聚物分子的合成,采用红外光谱和透射电子显微镜分析共聚物的凝聚态结构,并测试共聚物/双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSi)固态聚合物电解质的电导率。结果表明:聚甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PPEGMA)链段的嵌段引入可促进β相聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)结晶的形成;PVDF和PPEGMA链段热力学不相容,嵌段共聚物存在微相分离,随着PPEGMA嵌段比增加,共聚物由“海-岛”相结构向双连续相结构转变。PPEGMA质量分数为25.5%的嵌段共聚物与锂盐混合(氧化乙烯与Li^(+)物质的量比n(EO):n(Li^(+))为10:1)能达到9.4×10^(-5)S·cm^(−1)的室温离子电导率。

PA1211-b-PEG弹性体的制备与性能

采用熔融缩聚法,以十一碳二元酸、十二碳二元胺和聚乙二醇(PEG)为反应原料,钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,制备了5种不同相对分子质量聚酰胺链段的PA1211-b-PEG弹性体。通过红外光谱(FTIR)表征了PA1211-b-PEG的化学结构,采用广角X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热失重分析(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和力学性能测试等,研究了硬段分子量对PA1211-b-PEG弹性体的结晶形态、熔融和结晶温度、热稳定性、断裂面微观形貌和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,双端羧基的PA1211预聚体与双端羟基的PEG发生了酯化反应,成功制备了PA1211-b-PEG弹性体。同时,随着硬段分子量的减小,PA1211-b-PEG弹性体的熔融温度由179.5℃减小至172.2℃、结晶温度由152.3℃减小至145.6℃,热分解温度逐渐向低温区移动;软段和硬段间存在显著的微相分离。另外,随着硬段相对分子质量的减小,PA1211-b-PEG弹性体的拉伸强度由35.5 MPa减小至14.8 MPa、拉伸模量减小了约640 MPa,冲击强度由6.7 kJ/m^(2)增大至11.9 kJ/m^(2),断裂伸长率增大了约200%。

Self-assembly of monodisperse polymer microspheres from PPQ-b-PEG rod-coil block copolymers inselective solvents

Poly(phenylquinoline)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)(PPQ-b-PEG) rod-coil block co- polymers possess the self-assembly behavior in selective solvents. The copolymers in the mixed solvents of V(trifluoroacetic acid, TFA)︰V(dichloromethane, DCM)=1︰1 can self-assemble into polymer hollow microspheres with diameters of a few micrometers. The polymer hollow micro- spheres are monodisperse, and the diameters of them increase with an increased polymerization degree of the PPQ rigid-rod block. The solution concentration has no effect on the microsphere diameter, but spherical surface shows burrs when the solution concentration is too low. It has been found that the obtained dilute solution has the strongest absorption peak at 376 nm and strongest emissionpeak at 604 nm by the spectroscopy analysis.

Influence of Chain Architectures on Crystallization Behaviors of PLLA Block in PEG/PLLA Block Copolymers

The effect of the architecture of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(L-lactide)(PEG/PLLA) block copolymers on the non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of PLLA blocks was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD). 1-Arm MPEG-b-PLLA and 4-arm PEG-b-PLLA(4PEG-b-PLLA) were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of Llactide in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether(MPEG) and 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)(4PEG). 4-Arm PLLA-b-MPEG(4PLLA-b-PEG) was synthesized by coupling 4-arm PLLA and MPEG. The WAXD results indicated that the crystalline structure of PLLA blocks did not alter due to the different chain architectures. The average values of Avrami index(ˉn) were all above 4, which indicated that the nucleation mechanism of PLLA blocks was heterogeneous nucleation, regardless of the architectures. The overall crystallization rates were decreased markedly as following: MPEG-b-PLLA > 4PEG-b-PLLA > 4PLLA-b-PEG, ascribed to the different confinement by PEG blocks and to the steric hindrance of chain architectures. Therefore, the crystallization of PLLA blocks became more difficult and the crystallization activation energy of the PLLA blocks increased due to the confinement of chain architectures.

聚己内酯－聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物Ⅱ．组成、结晶性同降解性间关系

采用ＤＳＣ法测定了新嵌段共聚物聚己内酯（ＰＣＬ）－聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）嵌段共聚物（ＰＣＥ）的结晶性，研究了共聚物的结晶性同组成及降解性的关系．结果表明随着共聚物中ＰＥＧ组分的含量和分子量增加，共聚物的结晶性下降，亲水性提高，降解速度加快．

聚乳酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物结晶行为研究

用^1HNMR，SEC，XRD和DSC对聚乳酸（PLLA）-聚乙二醇（PEG）二嵌段共聚物进行了表征．由于共聚物中两种组分比例的不同，表现出某组分单独结晶或两种组分共同结晶．用DSC和POM方法，对两组分含量相当的共聚物进行了熔体结晶行为研究，并采用Avrami方程进行了结晶动力学计算．用Lauritzen—Hoffmann理论对PLLA—PEG结晶机理进行了分析．在70—94℃范围内，得到成核参数K（POM）=5．23×10^5K^2．共聚物的Kg和链折叠自由能σe。都比均聚物的文献报道值高，表明PEG链段的存在影响了PLLA的结晶，使得其成核较均聚物困难．

PLA-mPEG嵌段共聚物胶团的制备及其表面张力

利用无催化剂方法合成丙交酯,再与封端的甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)共聚,制备出低分子量的两亲性嵌段共聚物。FT IR谱显示该嵌段共聚物兼有PLA、mPEG750 .2种聚合物的特征结构,GPC测得其分子量Mw的峰值在1 696。测定了一系列两亲性共聚物水溶液的表面张力,求得临界胶束浓度(CMC)值在3 .5×10-5 ~5 8×10-5 mol/L之间,表明该两段式共聚物具有与传统表面活性剂相似的表面活性。将两亲式共聚物溶于水中,形成胶团,改变反应条件可以得到不同尺寸的纳米胶团。

聚乙二醇单甲醚一聚(D,L-乳酸)嵌段共聚物的研究

采用熔融缩聚反应合成一系列聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA)/聚乙二醇单甲醚(mPEG)两亲性二嵌段共聚物(PEDLLA),采用IR、1H-NMR、DSC、WAXD和TEM等手段分析和研究PEDLLA的结构与性能。实验结果表明,PEDLLA的结构和组成与设计相一致,结晶度和熔点均低于均聚物,且随着PEDLLA中PDLLA含量的增加,mPEG嵌段熔点降低,随着PDLLA嵌段相对分子质量的增大,PEDLLA降解速率增大。载药纳米粒呈核壳结构,载药量达30%。

紫杉醇自组装核壳型纳米胶束的制备与性能

本文合成了聚乙二醇-聚谷氨酸苄酯（polyethylene glycol-polybenzyl-L-glutamate，PEG-PBLG）两亲嵌段共聚物，并采用超微透析法制备了紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG核壳型纳米胶束。通过高效液相色谱测定了胶束的载药量及药物包封率；采用动态光散射法测定了胶束的粒径及分布；通过体外试验研究了紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束的释药特性；采用四噻唑蓝法考察了紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束的体外细胞毒性；通过裸鼠的抑瘤试验评价了紫杉醇胶束对人肝癌细胞的疗效。结果表明，PEG-PBLG胶束能包埋疏水性药物紫杉醇；紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束的粒径为80—265nm，且随着载体共聚物PBLG嵌段相对分子质量的升高而增大；紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束的体外释放具有缓释特性；当紫杉醇浓度大于20μg·mL^-1时，紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束的细胞毒性低于相应浓度的紫杉醇／聚氧乙烯蓖麻油注射剂（P〈0．05），紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG胶束具有与紫杉醇／聚氧乙烯蓖麻油注射剂相似的抑制肿瘤作用。综上所述，紫杉醇／PEG-PBLG纳米胶束具有较均匀的粒径及粒径分布、缓释特性、低毒和较好的抗肿瘤作用。

两亲性二嵌段共聚物MPEG_(44)-b-Phe的合成及其在水溶液中的自组装

利用光气法,以三光气和苯丙氨酸为原料,合成了苯丙氨酸酸酐(b-Phe-NCA).用端氨基聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG-NH2)作大分子引发剂,引发b-Phe-NCA开环聚合,合成了不同分子量的聚乙二醇单甲醚-聚(L-苯丙氨酸)(MPEG44-b-Phe)AB型二嵌段共聚多肽.利用IR1、H-NMR、GPC对共聚物结构进行了表征.利用TEM研究了二嵌段共聚多肽MPEG44-b-Phe50及MPEG44-b-Phe7在水溶液中的自组装形态,结果表明合成出的两亲性二嵌段共聚物在水溶液中自组装形成胶束,随着嵌段共聚物中亲水嵌段含量的增高,共聚物溶水性增强,其在水溶液中的自组装形态更加均一.