Tensile Properties of Mechanically-Defibrated Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Matrix Composites Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

Biodegradable polymers are highly attractive as potential alternatives to petroleum-based polymers in an attempt to achieve carbon neutrality whilst maintaining the mechanical properties of the structures.Among these polymers,polylactic acid(PLA)is particularly promising due to its good mechanical properties,biocompatibility and thermoplasticity.In this work,we aim to enhance the mechanical properties of PLA using mechanically-defibrated cellulose nanofibers(CNFs)that exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and biodegradability.We also employ fused deposition modeling(FDM),one of the three-dimensional printing methods for thermoplastic polymers,for the low-cost fabrication of the products.Mechanically-defibrated CNF-reinforced PLA matrix composites are fabricated by FDM.Their tensile properties are investigated in two printing directions(0°/90°and+45°/-45°).The discussion about the relationship between printing direction and tensile behavoir of mechanically-defibrated CNF-reinforced PLA matrix composite is the unique point of this study.We further discuss the microstructure and fracture surface of mechanically-defibrated CNF-reinforced PLA matrix composite by scanning electron microscope.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Apocynum and Ramie Fiber Mat Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and rational utilization of resources,natural fiber reinforced composites have shown broad development prospects.Apocynum fiber,known as the“king of wild fiber”,not only has moisture absorption,air permeability,and good mechanical properties but also has many health-related advantages such as antibacterial properties.In this study,four types of needle-punched Apocynum fiber and ramie fiber mat reinforced polylactic acid(PLA)composites were fabricated.Mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were tested and analyzed.The results showed that compared with those of the ramie fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites,the tensile strength and the tensile modulus of Apocynum fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites had increased by 15.3%and 60.1%,respectively.In comparison,the bending strength and the bending modulus were decreased by 21.8%and 7.6%,respectively.Moreover,compared with the Apocynum fiber finish needled-punched mat reinforced composites and the ramie fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites,the Apocynum 50/ramie 50 finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites had the best tensile and bending properties.The after-fracture morphology was detected by a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The thermal properties of the composites were also characterized.It was found that the thermal properties of the four types of composites showed very similar behaviors.

Effects of Selected Printing Parameters on the Fire Properties of 3D-Printed Neat Polylactic Acid(PLA)and Wood/PLA Composites

The effects of selected printing parameters on the fire properties of additively produced composites from neat polylactic acid(PLA)and wood/PLA filaments were investigated.The reaction to fire of the 3D-printed specimens was tested according to the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter test method.The results showed that the properties of the specimens when exposed to fire were significantly affected by the incorporation of wood flour into the PLA filament.It was also interesting that PLA specimens had much better reactions to fire than the wood/PLA specimens.Time to ignition was found to be much longer in the 3D-printed PLA specimens.Although the maximal heat release rate was a little higher in the PLA than the wood/PLA specimens,the duration of HRR was longer for the wood/PLA specimens.The initial mass of the specimens was smaller in the wood/PLA composites,but during the radiant heat exposure the mass typically decreased slower than in the PLA specimens.

Preparation and Properties of Heat Resistant Polylactic Acid(PLA)/Nano-SiO2 Composite Filament

In order to improve the thermal properties of polylactic acid（PLA） filament,nano-SiO_2 was applied to mix with PLA,then they were spun as composite filament by melt-spinning.The dispersion of nano SiO_2 and the fracture surfaces of filaments were studied by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.The properties of composite filament,such as orientation degree,mechanical properties,and surface friction properties,were analyzed.The thermal performances of composite filament were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） and thermo gravimetric analysis（TGA）.The results showed that the nano-SiO_2 modified by 5% KH-550 could disperse evenly and loosely in nano-scale,and 1 wt% and 3 wt% nano-SiO_2 dispersed throughout PLA evenly.As the quantity of nano-SiO_2 increased,the properties of composite filament,such as orientation degree,friction coefficient,thermal decomposition temperature,and glass transition temperature,increased more or less.The breaking tenacity increased when 1 wt% SiO_2 was added in PLA,but declined when 3 wt% SiO_2 was added.

Mechanical Property Evaluation of Glass-carbon-durian Skin Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites

The main objective of this work was to study and develop composite materials by experiments with mixtures of synthetic(glass fiber, carbon fiber) and natural fiber(durian skin fiber) reinforcements on a polylactic acid(PLA) matrix composite, because of its excellent mechanical properties. Durian skin fiber(DSF) is a natural waste throughout Thailand, and an alternative to recycling is to realize its potential as a new reinforcement through mixing and the injection molding processes. The flexural strength(σ_(F)) and flexural modulus(E_(F)) of the composites from specimens showed a maximum value by content of durian skin fiber at 10 wt%, for good performance relative to particle dispersion between the matrix and the fiber, and showed a minimum value by content of durian skin fiber at 20 wt%, because the reinforcement material affects the mechanical properties in the experiments.

Preparation and Properties of Polylactic Acid( PLA) /Nano-SiO_2 Composite Master Batch with Good Thermal Properties

In order to improve the thermal properties of polylactic acid( PLA) master batch,the nano-SiO2 was applied to mixing with PLA. The structure and thermal properties of the composite master batches were studied. The results showed that the nano-SiO2 modified by 3% coupling agent KH-570 could be dispersed evenly in PLA in small scale. The thermal decomposition temperature of composite master batches increased by 6. 20-10. 80 ℃, the glass transition temperature increased by 0. 22-5. 16 ℃,and the heat enthalpy at the glass transition temperature increased by 0. 574-2. 437 J /g,compared with pure PLA. The composite master batch possessed superior thermal stability and heat resistance.

Preparation and Characterization of Raw and Chemically Modified Sponge-Gourd Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

This research work has been undertaken to fabricate environmentally friendly biocomposites for biomedical and household applications. Sponge-gourd fibers (SGF) obtained from Luffa cylindrica plant were chemically treated separately using 5 and 10 wt% NaOH, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride solutions. SGF reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated using melt compounding technique. Surface morphological, structural, mechanical and thermal properties, as well as antibacterial activities of raw and chemically modified SGF reinforced PLA (SGF-PLA) composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, universal testing method, thermogravimetry, and Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method, respectively. Surface morphology indicates that after treatment of fibers, the interfacial adhesion between PLA and fibers is improved. X-ray diffractometry result shows that chemical treatment of fibers improves the crystallinity and exhibits new chemical bond formation in the composites. After chemical treatment, compressive strength of the composites is found to increase by 10% - 35%. The thermal stability of the treated fiber reinforced composites is also found to increase significantly. The composites have no antibacterial activities and no cytotoxic effect on non-cancer cell line. Soil burial test has confirmed that the composites are biodegradable. Benzoyl chloride treatment of fibers shows superior mechanical properties and enhances thermal stability among the composites.

3D printing of personalized polylactic acid scaffold laden with GelMA/autologous auricle cartilage to promote ear reconstruction

At present,the clinical reconstruction of the auricle usually adopts the strategy of taking autologous costal cartilage.This method has great trauma to patients,poor plasticity and inaccurate shaping.Three-dimensional(3D)printing technology has made a great breakthrough in the clinical application of orthopedic implants.This study explored the combination of 3D printing and tissue engineering to precisely reconstruct the auricle.First,a polylactic acid(PLA)polymer scaffold with a precisely customized patient appearance was fabricated,and then auricle cartilage fragments were loaded into the 3D-printed porous PLA scaffold to promote auricle reconstruction.In vitro,gelatin methacrylamide(GelMA)hydrogels loaded with different sizes of rabbit ear cartilage fragments were studied to assess the regenerative activity of various autologous cartilage fragments.In vivo,rat ear cartilage fragments were placed in an accurately designed porous PLA polymer ear scaffold to promote auricle reconstruction.The results indicated that the chondrocytes in the cartilage fragments could maintain the morphological phenotype in vitro.After three months of implantation observation,it was conducive to promoting the subsequent regeneration of cartilage in vivo.The autologous cartilage fragments combined with 3D printing technology show promising potential in auricle reconstruction.

Production of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Fibrillated Poly(Lactic Acid)(PLA) Material Obtained by a Papermaking Process

A devised beating process was applied, which enabled the formation of slurry consisting of uniformly dispersed fibrillated polylactic acid（PLA） fibers with bamboo fiber, and the polymer material was obtained by a conventional papermaking process. Owing to the fast dewatering time, good repeatability and the facility to manufacture on a large scale, this process was used. It was revealed that the beaten PLA fiber was overall in machinery extrusion by the results of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope（SEM） observations. The improvement in the tensile index, burst index, tear index and other mechanical properties was considered as a key benefit as a result of adding bamboo fiber.

Preparation of Nano-composites Membranes with Graphic Oxides and Polylactic Acid

Organic polymer materials were used as a layer of adhesive into the graphene sheet between the layers to enhance the interaction force between the nano-structure to achieve excellent mechanical properties and barrier properties. PLA with good flowability and easy processing was selected. The mechanical properties and barrier properties of the graphene-based composites were improved by the use of PLA for good flowability, making it easy to enter the GO layer as a binder. Three methods of preparation of GO/PLA homogeneous composite membranes were designed by vacuum filtration. The experimental results show that the injection of PLA as a molecular binder into the GO layer can effectively mimic the nano-structure, and enhance the intergranular force of the graphene molecules and the compatibility with the polymer matrix.

The Application of Cellulose Nanocrystals Modified with Succinic Anhydride under the Microwave Irradiation for Preparation of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites

The aim of this work was to use cellulose nanocrystals that were obtained by hydrolysis in phosphoric acid solution and further modified with succinic anhydride in the microwave field for PLA reinforcement.A series of allbionanocomposites containing unmodified and surface modified cellulose nanocrystals with CNC content in the range of 1–3%_(w.t.) were obtained by melt blending and tested by XRD,SEM,DSC and DMA to investigate the effect of surface esterification of CNCs on the structure,morphology,dynamic mechanical properties of bionanocomposites,as well as phase transitions of PLA in the presence of cellulosic nanofiller.DMA investigations showed the highest increase of storage modulus by ca.7%(335 MPa at 25℃)in the glassy state of PLA for 2%_(w.t.)of unmodified CNC.Though,addition of 2%_(w.t.)of succinylated CNCs caused the highest increase of the onset of glass transition temperature(by 6.2℃)thus widening the temperature range of biocomposite application.The increase of glass transition temperature indicates the strongest interfacial interactions due to improved miscibility of surface modified nanocrystals and thus good dispersion of additive in PLA matrix providing high interface.

Preparation and Photodynamic Anti-tumor Activity of Magnetic Polylactic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Photosensitizer

A novel magnetic nanocarrier was strategically designed and successfully prepared.Photosensitizer 2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-3,8-di-(1-propoxyethyl)-13,17-bis-(3-hydroxypropyl)porphyrin(PHPP)was encapsulated into polylactic acid(PLA)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles.The diameter of nanocarrier is 30-50 nm by transmission electron micrograph(TEM).The encapsulation efficiency of photosensitizer is 27.98% calculated from UV-vis absorption spectra.The nanocarrier shows obvious photocytotoxic activity to Hela299 tumor cells in vitro.

Flax/Polylactic Acid(PLA)Core/Sheath Structural Composite Yarn Fabricated by Spindle Braiding Technique

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly materials has driven research towards the development of green composites.In this work,the flax/polylactic acid(PLA)braided yarns were fabricated by braiding PLA filaments with 4 to 24 spindles on flax yarns.After curing at different temperatures(180℃and 190℃),the core/sheath structural flax/PLA composite yarns were manufactured.According to the results of the tensile test,the flax/PLA composite yarn with 4-spindle PLA yarns as a sheath layer and at a curing temperature of 180℃reached the maximum elastic modulus of about(5.79±0.65)GPa and the maximum tensile strength of about(162.17±18.18)MPa.This flax/PLA composite yarn with good mechanical properties would be suitable for green composites in the automobile manufacturing industry and building materials.

聚乳酸聚氨酯嵌段预聚体增韧PLA/TPU共混物

合成聚乳酸聚氨酯嵌段共聚物预聚体(PLA-b-PUP),以其作为聚乳酸(PLA)和热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)的活性相容剂,通过原位反应增容制备PLA/TPU/PLA-b-PUP超韧共混物.通过拉伸试验、冲击试验、SEM、FTIR、DSC和TGA研究共混物的力学性能、热性能和增韧机理.结果表明,PLA-b-PUP中的异氰酸酯基团与PLA和TPU上的活性基团发生反应,显著改善了PLA/TPU共混物两相界面的相容性.随着PLA-b-PUP的加入量增加,共混物中PLA的玻璃化转变温度和相对结晶度逐渐降低,当PLA-b-PUP的质量分数为PLA/TPU共混物的4%时,共混材料的断裂伸长率和缺口冲击强度分别达到无相容剂时的8.12和2.73倍,表现出良好的增容增韧效果.添加PLA-b-PUP后,共混物的初始分解温度有所降低,但最快分解温度有所提高.

PLA超细纤维/非织造吸声材料的制备及性能

目前石油基多孔吸声材料在市面上被广泛应用,在环保方面仍存在一系列问题亟待解决,因此需要开发绿色可降解的多孔吸声材料。首先以聚乳酸(PLA)纤维为原料,通过针刺非织造工艺制备了PLA针刺非织造材料,考察了针刺道数、纤维喂入量、针刺深度对非织造材料结构和吸声性能的影响。结果表明,较大的纤维喂入量和适当针刺深度能够显著提升非织造材料的吸声性能,在针刺道数8道和针刺深度5mm下制备的面密度为300g/m2的针刺非织造材料(PLA300-8-5)吸声系数可达0.56。采用静电纺丝技术制备不同形貌的PLA超细纤维,并将其与PLA300-8-5非织造基材复合,构建PLA超细纤维复合吸声材料,探究了纤维形貌及超细纤维膜厚度对材料吸声性能的影响,结果表明,多孔纤维及较厚的纤维膜可以有效增强吸声性能。PLA超细纤维复合吸声材料的构建为后续新型高效吸声材料的设计开发提供一定的理论基础。

PLA/PEG@SiO_(2)超细纤维包装材料及其日间辐射降温性能

超细纤维材料兼具有纸的印刷性、加工性和膜的阻隔性、贴合性,广泛适用于柔性包装领域,如何有效降低包装内温度并保证物资安全是柔性包装材料领域和安全防护纺织品领域的共性关键问题。基于此,本工作提出将二氧化硅(SiO_(2))引入聚乳酸/聚乙二醇(PLA/PEG)共混体系中,通过熔喷非织造方法制备PLA/PEG@SiO_(2)超细纤维材料,并对其物理结构、力学性能和辐射降温性能进行试验分析。结果表明:SiO_(2)对PLA成核结晶有积极作用,可以有效改善PLA结晶行为;SiO_(2)颗粒负载于纤维表面,有效提升了纤维表面粗糙度(Sa);随着SiO_(2)质量分数从0%增大到2.5%,纤维平均直径从2.65μm增大至7.11μm,表面粗糙度从7.4μm增大至12.7μm。受益于上述超细纤维结构特征,PLA/PEG@SiO_(2)超细纤维材料样品发射率和反射率最高可至87.5%和98.1%,测试温差最高可达8.9℃,具有优异的日间辐射降温性能。同时,PLA/PEG@SiO_(2)超细纤维材料样品对水、茶和咖啡等液体有优异的屏蔽性能,并表现出良好的可印刷书写性和异形裁剪性,有望为柔性包装和户外运动等领域提供一种新型日间辐射降温用柔性纤维材料。

Development of Morus alba Reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid with Elevated Mechanical and Thermal Properties

This research investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of Morus alba combined with polylactic acid in comparison with other natural fibers. The study uses three different fiber and PLA compositions - 20%, 30%, and 40% respectively - to produce composite materials. In addition, another composite with the same fiber volume is treated with a 4% NaOH solution to improve mechanical properties. The composites are processed by twin-screw extrusion, granulation, and injection molding. Tensile strength measurements of raw fibers and NaOH-treated fibers were carried out using a single-fiber tensile test with a gauge length of 40 mm. It was observed that the NaOH surface treatment increases the resistance against tensile loading and exhibited improved properties for raw fiber strands. The diameter of the fibers was measured using optical microscopy. During this research, flexural tests, impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and heat deflection temperature measurements (HDT) were conducted to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed composite samples. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of NaOH-treated Morus alba-reinforced polylactic acid outperform both virgin PLA samples and untreated Morus alba samples.

生物降解塑料聚乳酸(PLA)的改性研究进展

近些年来国内外在聚乳酸改性方面的研究进展情况进行了综述,其物理改性方法主要包括增塑剂共混改性、成核剂共混改性、无机填料共混改性以及纤维素共混改性等,化学改性方法主要包括共聚改性、扩链改性、交联改性、接枝改性等。最后就目前PLA存在的缺陷进行总结,并对未来PLA改性的发展方向作出展望。

C/PLA复合材料的体外降解特性研究

对C/PLA复合材料的体外降解特性进行了研究。考察了该复合材料在降解过程中吸水率、质量损失和宏观力学性能的变化 ,并与PLA进行了对比。结果表明 ,与PLA相比 ,C/PLA复合材料的吸水率增加 ,质量损失下降 ,弯曲强度和剪切强度的下降速率减小。在体外降解过程中 ,C/PLA复合材料的界面发生降解 。

不同比例PGA/PLA编织线的体外降解性能

采用不同组分比例的聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)、聚羟基乙酸(polyglycolic acid,PGA)长丝编织制备4种编织线(6PGA,4PGA/2PLA,2PGA/4PLA,6PLA).将编织线置于温度37℃、pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中进行4星期的体外降解实验.通过测试降解过程中其质量损失、pH值、力学性能、熔点、结晶度、表面形态等变化情况,对其降解性能进行研究探讨.研究表明:在降解过程中,除6PLA编织线外,其他3种编织线各方面性能都发生了明显变化.随着样品中PGA纤维成分比例的增大,编织线的降解速度不断加快,质量损失率增大,pH值、强力逐渐降低.