Cardiac arrest, stony heart, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An updated revisit

The post-resuscitation period is recognized as the main predictor of cardiopul-monary resuscitation(CPR)outcomes.The first description of post-resuscitation syndrome and stony heart was published over 50 years ago.Major manifestations may include but are not limited to,persistent precipitating pathology,systemic ischemia/reperfusion response,post-cardiac arrest brain injury,and finally,post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction(PAMD)after successful resuscitation.Why do some patients initially survive successful resuscitation,and others do not?Also,why does the myocardium response vary after resuscitation?These ques-tions have kept scientists busy for several decades since the first successful resuscitation was described.By modifying the conventional modalities of resu-scitation together with new promising agents,rescuers will be able to salvage the jeopardized post-resuscitation myocardium and prevent its progression to a dismal,stony heart.Community awareness and staff education are crucial for shortening the resuscitation time and improving short-and long-term outcomes.Awareness of these components before and early after the restoration of circulation will enhance the resuscitation outcomes.This review extensively addresses the underlying pathophysiology,management,and outcomes of post-resuscitation syndrome.The pattern,management,and outcome of PAMD and post-cardiac arrest shock are different based on many factors,including in-hospital cardiac arrest vs out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA),witnessed vs unwitnessed cardiac arrest,the underlying cause of arrest,the duration,and protocol used for CPR.Although restoring spontaneous circulation is a vital sign,it should not be the end of the game or lone primary outcome;it calls for better understanding and aggressive multi-disciplinary interventions and care.The development of stony heart post-CPR and OHCA remain the main challenges in emergency and critical care medicine.

Glucose metabolic reprogramming-related parameters for the prediction of 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after cardiac arrest:a prospective single-center observational study

BACKGROUND:We aimed to observe the dynamic changes in glucose metabolic reprogrammingrelated parameters and their ability to predict neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in cardiac arrest patients after the restoration of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).METHODS:Adult cardiac arrest patients after ROSC who were admitted to the emergency or cardiac intensive care unit of the First Aflliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from August 1,2017,to May 30,2021,were enrolled.According to 28-day survival,the patients were divided into a non-survival group(n=82) and a survival group(n=38).Healthy adult volunteers(n=40) of similar ages and sexes were selected as controls.The serum levels of glucose metabolic reprogrammingrelated parameters(lactate dehydrogenase [LDH],lactate and pyruvate),neuron-specific enolase(NSE) and interleukin 6(IL-6) were measured on days 1,3,and 7 after ROSC.The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II(APACHE II) score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA) score were calculated.The Cerebral Performance Category(CPC) score was recorded on day 28 after ROSC.RESULTS:Following ROSC,the serum LDH(607.0 U/L vs.286.5 U/L),lactate(5.0 mmol/L vs.2.0 mmol/L),pyruvate(178.0 μmol/L vs.70.9 μmol/L),and lactate/pyruvate ratio(34.1 vs.22.1) significantly increased and were higher in the non-survivors than in the survivors on admission(all P<0.05).Moreover,the serum LDH,pyruvate,IL-6,APACHE II score,and SOFA score on days 1,3 and 7 after ROSC were significantly associated with 28-day poor neurological prognosis and 28-day all-cause mortality(all P<0.05).The serum LDH concentration on day 1 after ROSC had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) of 0.904 [95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.851–0.957]) with 96.8% specificity for predicting 28-day neurological prognosis and an AUC of 0.950(95% CI:0.911–0.989) with 94.7% specificity for predicting 28-day all-cause mortality,which was the highest among the glucose metabolic reprogramming-related parameters tested.CONCLUSION:Serum parameters related to glucose metabolic reprogramming were significantly increased after ROSC.Increased serum LDH and pyruvate levels,and lactate/pyruvate ratio may be associated with 28-day poor neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality after ROSC,and the predictive eflcacy of LDH during the first week was superior to others.

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity,Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest of a Ruthenium(II)-Substituted Keggin Polyoxotungstate

The ruthenium multi-substituted polyoxotungstate,K_7[Si W_(9)O_(37)Ru_(4)(H_(2)O)_(3)Cl_(3)]·15H_(2)O(S1),was synthesized by a conventional aqueous solution containing the trilacunary Keggin-anionsβ-Na_(9)HSi W_(9)O_(34)·12H_(2)O(S2)and Ru Cl_(3)·n H_(2)O(S3).Compound S1 was charac‐terized by elemental analysis,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),thermogravimetric analysis(TG),infrared spectroscopy(IR),uliraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy(UV/Vis)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The cytotoxicitycy of S1 was tested in C33A(human cervical cancer),DLD-1(human colon cancer),Hep G2(human liver cancer)and human normal embryonic lung fibroblasts cell(MRC-5).And the viability of these treated cells was evaluated by MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bro‐mide)assay.To explore the mode of cell death induced by S1,morphological study of DNA damage and apoptosis assays were conducted.These analyses revealed that S1 exerted its cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner,primarily triggering apoptotic cell death.Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry indicated that compound S1 caused cell cycle arrest and accumulated cells in S phase.

Antitumor Effect of Apcin on Endometrial Carcinoma via p21-Mediated Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

Objective Endometrial carcinoma(EC)is a prevalent gynecological malignancy characterized by increasing incidence and mortality rates.This underscores the critical need for novel therapeutic targets.One such potential target is cell division cycle 20(CDC20),which has been implicated in oncogenesis.This study investigated the effect of the CDC20 inhibitor Apcin on EC and elucidated the underlying mechanism involved.Methods The effects of Apcin on EC cell proliferation,apoptosis,and the cell cycle were evaluated using CCK8 assays and flow cytometry.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was subsequently conducted to explore the underlying molecular mechanism,and Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation were subsequently performed to validate the results.Animal studies were performed to evaluate the antitumor effects in vivo.Bioinformatics analysis was also conducted to identify CDC20 as a potential therapeutic target in EC.Results Treatment with Apcin inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in EC cells,resulting in cell cycle arrest.Pathways associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle were activated following treatment with Apcin.Notably,Apcin treatment led to the upregulation of the cell cycle regulator p21,which was verified to interact with CDC20 and consequently decrease the expression of downstream cyclins in EC cells.In vivo experiments confirmed that Apcin treatment significantly impeded tumor growth.Higher CDC20 expression was observed in EC tissue than in nonmalignant tissue,and increased CDC20 expression in EC patients was associated with shorter overall survival and progress free interval.Conclusion CDC20 is a novel molecular target in EC,and Apcin could be developed as a candidate antitumor drug for EC treatment.

Hydrangea serrata extract exerts tumor inhibitory activity against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells via inducing p27/CDK2-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Objective:To examine the inhibitory effect of Hydrangea serrata extract against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:The effects of Hydrangea serrata extract on growth inhibition of tumor cells and spheroids were assessed using MTT and 3D culture assays.Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were employed to investigate the changes in mRNA and protein expression levels of molecules related to cell cycle and apoptosis.Results:Hydrangea serrata extract effectively inhibited the growth of both tumor cells and spheroids.The extract also significantly upregulated p27 mRNA expression and downregulated CDK2 mRNA expression,leading to cell cycle arrest.Moreover,increased BAX/Bcl-2 ratio as well as caspase-9 and-3 were observed after treatment with Hydrangea serrata extract,indicating the induction of tumor cell apoptosis.Conclusions:Hydrangea serrata extract has the potential to alleviate tumors by effectively modulating cell-cycle-related gene expressions and inducing apoptosis,thereby inhibiting tumor growth.

Critical Solvation Structures Arrested Active Molecules for Reversible Zn Electrochemistry

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries(AZIBs)have attracted increasing attention in next-generation energy storage systems due to their high safety and economic.Unfortunately,the side reactions,dendrites and hydrogen evolution effects at the zinc anode interface in aqueous electrolytes seriously hinder the application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries.Here,we report a critical solvation strategy to achieve reversible zinc electrochemistry by introducing a small polar molecule acetonitrile to form a“catcher”to arrest active molecules(bound water molecules).The stable solvation structure of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)is capable of maintaining and completely inhibiting free water molecules.When[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)is partially desolvated in the Helmholtz outer layer,the separated active molecules will be arrested by the“catcher”formed by the strong hydrogen bond N-H bond,ensuring the stable desolvation of Zn^(2+).The Zn||Zn symmetric battery can stably cycle for 2250 h at 1 mAh cm^(-2),Zn||V_(6)O_(13) full battery achieved a capacity retention rate of 99.2%after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1).This paper proposes a novel critical solvation strategy that paves the route for the construction of high-performance AZIBs.

Recovering from prolonged cardiac arrest induced by electric shock:A case report

BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest(CA)induced by electric shock is a rare occurrence,particularly in cases of prolonged CA.Currently,there is limited literature on similar incidents,and we present a relevant case report.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old Asian male man,experiencing respiratory CA due to electric shock,was successfully restored to sinus rhythm after 50 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 8 electrical defibrillation sessions.In the subsequent stages,the patient received multiple organ function protection measures,leading to a successful recovery and eventual discharge from the hospital.CONCLUSION Prolonging resuscitation time can enhance the chances of survival for patients,this study provide valuable insights into the management of electric shock-induced CA.

Approach to traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department: a narrative literature review for emergency providers

BACKGROUND:Traumatic cardiac arrest(TCA)is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in all age groups and poses a significant burden on the healthcare system.Although there have been advances in treatment modalities,survival rates for TCA patients remain low.This narrative literature review critically examines the indications and eff ectiveness of current therapeutic approaches in treating TCA.METHODS:We performed a literature search in the PubMed and Scopus databases for studies published before December 31,2022.The search was refi ned by combining search terms,examining relevant study references,and restricting publications to the English language.Following the search,943 articles were retrieved,and two independent reviewers conducted a screening process.RESULTS:A review of various studies on pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors showed that survival rates were higher when patients had an initial shockable rhythm.There were conflicting results regarding other prognostic factors,such as witnessed arrest,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),and the use of prehospital or in-hospital epinephrine.Emergency thoracotomy was found to result in more favorable outcomes in cases of penetrating trauma than in those with blunt trauma.Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta(REBOA)provides an advantage to emergency thoracotomy in terms of occupational safety for the operator as an alternative in managing hemorrhagic shock.When implemented in the setting of aortic occlusion,emergency thoracotomy and REBOA resulted in comparable mortality rates.Veno-venous extracorporeal life support(V-V ECLS)and veno-arterial extracorporeal life support(V-A ECLS)are viable options for treating respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock,respectively.In the context of traumatic injuries,V-V ECLS has been associated with higher rates of survival to discharge than V-A ECLS.CONCLUSION:TCA remains a signifi cant challenge for emergency medical services due to its high morbidity and mortality rates.Pre-and intra-arrest prognostic factors can help identify patients who are likely to benefit from aggressive and resource-intensive resuscitation measures.Further research is needed to enhance guidelines for the clinical use of established and emerging therapeutic approaches that can help optimize treatment effi cacy and ameliorate survival outcomes.

A novel predictor of unsustained return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest patients through a combination of capnography and pulse oximetry: a multicenter observational study

BACKGROUND:Unsustained return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)is a critical barrier to survival in cardiac arrest patients.This study examined whether end-tidal carbon dioxide(ETCO_(2))and pulse oximetry photoplethysmogram(POP)parameters can be used to identify unsustained ROSC.METHODS:We conducted a multicenter observational prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with cardiac arrest from 2013 to 2014.Patients’general information,ETCO_(2),and POP parameters were collected and statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The included 105 ROSC episodes(from 80 cardiac arrest patients)comprised 51 sustained ROSC episodes and 54 unsustained ROSC episodes.The 24-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the sustained ROSC group than in the unsustained ROSC group(29.2%vs.9.4%,P<0.05).The logistic regression analysis showed that the difference between after and before ROSC in ETCO_(2)(ΔETCO_(2))and the difference between after and before ROCS in area under the curve of POP(ΔAUCp)were independently associated with sustained ROSC(odds ratio[OR]=0.931,95%confi dence interval[95%CI]0.881-0.984,P=0.011 and OR=0.998,95%CI 0.997-0.999,P<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ofΔETCO_(2),ΔAUCp,and the combination of both to predict unsustained ROSC were 0.752(95%CI 0.660-0.844),0.883(95%CI 0.818-0.948),and 0.902(95%CI 0.842-0.962),respectively.CONCLUSION:Patients with unsustained ROSC have a poor prognosis.The combination ofΔETCO_(2) andΔAUCp showed signifi cant predictive value for unsustained ROSC.

Correction:Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital patients with cardiac arrest

This is an erratum to an already published paper named“Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-ofhospital patients with cardiac arrest”.We found errors in the affiliated institution of the authors.We apologize for our unintentional mistake.Please note,these changes do not affect our results.

Hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect neurons from cardiac arrest-induced pyroptosis

Cardiac arrest can lead to severe neurological impairment as a result of inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation neurological damage.Hypoxic preconditioning has been shown to improve migration and survival of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and reduce pyroptosis after cardiac arrest,but the specific mechanisms by which hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against brain injury after cardiac arrest are unknown.To this end,we established an in vitro co-culture model of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells and oxygen–glucose deprived primary neurons and found that hypoxic preconditioning enhanced the protective effect of bone marrow stromal stem cells against neuronal pyroptosis,possibly through inhibition of the MAPK and nuclear factor κB pathways.Subsequently,we transplanted hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells into the lateral ventricle after the return of spontaneous circulation in an 8-minute cardiac arrest rat model induced by asphyxia.The results showed that hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced cardiac arrest–induced neuronal pyroptosis,oxidative stress,and mitochondrial damage,whereas knockdown of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase in bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibited these effects.To conclude,hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells offer a promising therapeutic approach for neuronal injury following cardiac arrest,and their beneficial effects are potentially associated with increased expression of the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase following hypoxic preconditioning.

An integrated model for predicting the flame propagation in crimped ribbon flame arresters

Crimped ribbon flame arresters are important safety devices in the chemical industry, especially for the danger- ous situations. Although proper design of arresters by the numerical simulation method is promising, its reliabil- ity and accuracy are dependent upon the mathematical model. In this work, an integrated mathematical model for the microchannel in the crimped ribbon flame attesters was set up; the fluid flow behavior and the sensitiv- ities of four chemical kinetics mechanisms of propane-air on the accuracy were analysed. It is shown that turbu- lence is predominant in the microchannel of the crimped ribbon flame arresters under the defiagration and detonation conditions, and a new quenching criterion for the numerical simulation is proposed. The kinetics mechanism of Mansouri et al. among the four ones is the most accurate due to the best agreement of the pre- dicted outlet temperature at the experimental flameproof velocity with the autoignition temperature of propane-air. The species mass fraction profiles and the temperature distribution, which are too difficult to mea- sure due to the tiny dimension of the microchannel in experiments, are captured. The fundamental insights into chemical reactions and heat loss are well portrayed. It can be concluded that the integrated mathematical model established in this work can be used as a reliable tool for modeling, selecting and designing such type of crimped ribbon flame attesters with the propane-air medium in the future.

Study of the Electric Filed Around a Metal Oxide Surge Arrester： Measurement and Simulation

The study of the electric field around a surge arrester is useful for design procedures and diagnostic tests. The current work com- putes the electric field around a medium voltage gapless surge arrester using 2D and 3D representation of the arrester. The 2D simulation design, which is described in IEC 60099-4 Standard, cannot include the non symmetrical parts of the arrester geometry and the test arrange- ment. 3D simulation procedures have the advantage that takes into account these asymmetries, giving more accurate results for each measurement position. In order to confirm the suitability of the created models, the simulation results of the electric field, using the 2D and 3D edition of PC Opera, are compared with recorded measurements, which are obtained in laboratory using appropriate calibrated field meters.

Leakage Currents of Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters in 22 kV Distribution System Using Thermal Image Camera

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) surge arresters (SAs) experience thermal runaway when the temperature exceeds the acceptable limit. This phenomenon is associated with the increase in resistive leakage current due to degradation. This paper presents the electrical performance of ZnO SAs in 22 kV distribution systems using thermal image camera under the power frequency AC operating voltages. When ZnO surge arresters are installation takes a long time in distribution system over more than 5 years. For the experimental study, as ZnO installation takes a long time over 6 years the leakage current is 63.9 mA, temperature differences were measured over a period of time over 14 degree Celsius. This data will be useful as a guideline for solving problems and reducing power loss from leakage current. Moreover, it will be useful in predicting lifetime of ZnO SAs.

The neuro-prognostic value of the ion shift index in cardiac arrest patients following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

BACKGROUND:The ion shift index(ISI) as a prognostic indicator that can show the severity of hypoxic-ischemic injury.We aimed to evaluate the performance of the ISI in predicting unfavorable neurological outcomes at hospital discharge in cardiac arrest(CA) patients following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation(ECPR) and to compare its performance to other prognostic predictors.METHODS:This was a retrospective observational study including adult CA patients treated with ECPR between January 2018 and December 2022 in a tertiary hospital.Data regarding clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected from medical records.The ISI was determined based on the first available serum electrolyte levels after ECPR.The primary outcome was unfavorable neurological status at hospital discharge,defined as Cerebral Performance Categories 3–5.Comparisons of the characteristics between the two groups were made using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the t-test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables,as appropriate.Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation coeficient.A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS:Among the 122 patients involved,46(37.7%) had out-of-hospital CA,and 88 had unfavorable neurological outcomes.The ISI was significantly higher in the unfavorable outcome group than in the favorable outcome group(3.74 [3.15–4.57] vs.2.69 [2.51–3.07],P<0.001).A higher ISI level was independently related to unfavorable outcome(odds ratio=6.529,95% confidence interval 2.239–19.044,P=0.001).An ISI level >3.12 predicted unfavorable outcomes with a sensitivity and specificity of 74.6% and 85.2%,respectively(P<0.001).The prognostic performance of ISI(area under the curve [AUC]=0.887) was similar to that of other predictors,such as gray-to-white matter ratio(AUC=0.850,P=0.433) and neuronspecific enolase(AUC=0.925,P=0.394).CONCLUSION:ISI may be used as a prognostic biomarker to predict neurological outcomes in CA patients following ECPR.

Effect of metal oxide arrester on the chaotic oscillations in the voltage transformer with nonlinear core loss model using chaos theory

In this paper, controlling chaos when chaotic ferroresonant oscillations occur in a voltage transformer with nonlin- ear core loss model is performed. The effect of a parallel metal oxide surge arrester on the ferroresonance oscillations of voltage transformers is studied. The metal oxide arrester （MOA） is found to be effective in reducing ferroresonance chaotic oscillations. Also the multiple scales method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior and different types of fixed points in ferroresonance of voltage transformers considering core loss. This phenomenon has nonlinear chaotic dynamics and includes sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic, and also chaotic oscillations. In this paper, the chaotic behavior and various ferroresonant oscillation modes of the voltage transformer is studied. This phenomenon consists of different types of bifur- cations such as period doubling bifurcation （PDB）, saddle node bifurcation （SNB）, Hopf bifurcation （HB）, and chaos. The dynamic analysis of ferroresonant circuit is based on bifurcation theory. The bifurcation and phase plane diagrams are il- lustrated using a continuous method and linear and nonlinear models of core loss. To analyze ferroresonance phenomenon, the Lyapunov exponents are calculated via the multiple scales method to obtain Feigenbaum numbers. The bifurcation diagrams illustrate the variation of the control parameter. Therefore, the chaos is created and increased in the system.

Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital patients with cardiac arrest

BACKGROUND Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)is a leading cause of death worldwide.AIM To explore factors influencing prehospital return of spontaneous circulation(P-ROSC)in patients with OHCA and develop a nomogram prediction model.METHODS Clinical data of patients with OHCA in Shenzhen,China,from January 2012 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression and multivariate logistic regression were applied to select the optimal factors predicting P-ROSC in patients with OHCA.A nomogram prediction model was established based on these influencing factors.Discrimination and calibration were assessed using receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)and calibration curves.Decision curve analysis(DCA)was used to evaluate the model’s clinical utility.RESULTS Among the included 2685 patients with OHCA,the P-ROSC incidence was 5.8%.LASSO and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age,bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR),initial rhythm,CPR duration,ventilation mode,and pathogenesis were independent factors influencing P-ROSC in these patients.The area under the ROC was 0.963.The calibration plot demonstrated that the predicted P-ROSC model was concordant with the actual P-ROSC.The good clinical usability of the prediction model was confirmed using DCA.CONCLUSION The nomogram prediction model could effectively predict the probability of P-ROSC in patients with OHCA.

Modeling Rogowski Coils for Monitoring Surge Arrester Discharge Currents

Rogowski coils(RCs)are widely used to measure power or high frequency currents based on their design.In this paper,two types of RCs that are circular(traditional)and cylindrical shapes wound using wire covered by varnish are constructed.This construction is carried out to be suitable for monitoring the discharge current of the surge arrester installed in the distribution system.Concerning high frequency RC modeling for both types considering transfer function is introduced.Self-integrating for both types is attained.Therefore,the experimental tests using function generator for both coils are carried out to identify the parameters of the transfer function representing the introduced model.The measured signals for current and induced voltages are denoised for the parameter identification process.The denoised process is achieved using the MATLAB code‘wdenoise’while the parameters are estimated using the system identification toolbox.Verification of the proposed model is achieved using experimental results for the two coils.The sensitivity of the two coils is investigated based on the induced output voltage.The application concerning the two coils for monitoring the discharge current of the surge arrester is done.The results confirm the accuracy of the introduced RC model,as well as the performance of the cylindrical shape,is better than the traditional one.The simulation is carried out using MATLAB and ATPDraw programs.

SEPW-the Cradle of Surge Arresters and Fuses in China

Shanghai Electric Porcelain Works (SEPW), a subsidiary enterprise of the SEC (Group), is specialized in manufacturing highvoltage surge arresters and fuses as main products, as well as some high-voltage insulators, wall bushings and disconnecting switches for power transmission & distribution systems. In fact, SEPW is

Establishment of a Rat Model of Capillary Leakage Syndrome Induced by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest

Objective:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)after cardiac arrest(CA)is one of the main causes of capillary leakage syndrome(CLS).This study aimed to establish a stable CLS model following the CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CA-CPR)model in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.Methods:We conducted a prospective,randomized,animal model study.All adult male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group(group N),a sham operation group(group S),and a cardiopulmonary resuscitation group(group T).The SD rats of the three groups were all inserted with 24-G needles through their left femoral arteries and right femoral veins.In group S and group T,the endotracheal tube was intubated.In group T,CA induced by asphyxia(AACA)was caused by vecuronium bromide with the endotracheal tube obstructed for 8 min,and the rats were resuscitated with manual chest compression and mechanical ventilation.Preresuscitation and postresuscitation measurements,including basic vital signs(BVS),blood gas analysis(BG),routine complete blood count(CBC),wet-to-dry ratio of tissues(W/D),and the HE staining results after 6 h were evaluated.Results:In group T,the success rate of the CA-CPR model was 60%(18/30),and CLS occurred in 26.6%(8/30)of the rats.There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics,including BVS,BG,and CBC,among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared with pre-asphyxia,there were significant differences in BVS,CBC,and BG,including temperature,oxygen saturation(SpO_(2)),mean arterial pressure(MAP),central venous pressure(CVP),white blood cell count(WBC),hemoglobin,hematocrit,pH,pCO_(2),pO_(2),SO_(2),lactate(Lac),base excess(BE),and Na+(P<0.05)after the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)in group T.At 6 h after ROSC in group T and at 6 h after surgery in groups N and S,there were significant differences in temperature,heart rate(HR),respiratory rate(RR),SpO_(2),MAP,CVP,WBC,pH,pCO_(2),Na+,and K+among the three groups(P<0.05).Compared with the other two groups,the rats in group T showed a significantly increased W/D weight ratio(P<0.05).The HE-stained sections showed consistent severe lesions in the lung,small intestine,and brain tissues of the rats at 6 h after ROSC following AACA.Conclusion:The CA-CPR model in SD rats induced by asphyxia could reproduce CLS with good stability and reproducibility.