The damage properties of polymer bonded explosives under dynamic loading were studied by using ultrasonic evaluation. Explosive samples were damaged by a low-velocity gas gun at different impact velocities. Ultrasonic...The damage properties of polymer bonded explosives under dynamic loading were studied by using ultrasonic evaluation. Explosive samples were damaged by a low-velocity gas gun at different impact velocities. Ultrasonic examination was carried out with a pulse through-transmission method. Spectra analyses were carried out by using fast Fourier transform. Characteristic ultrasonic parameters, including ultrasonic velocities, attenuation coefficients, spectra area and master frequency, were obtained. The correlation between the impact damage and ultrasonic parameters was analyzed. A damage coefficient D was defined by considering a combination of ultrasonic velocity and amplitude. The results show that ultrasonic parameters can be used to quantitatively assess the damage extent in impacted plastic bonded explosives..展开更多
The deformation and failure of pressed polymer bonded explosives under different types of loads including tension, compression and low velocity impact are presented. Brazilian test is used to study the tensile propert...The deformation and failure of pressed polymer bonded explosives under different types of loads including tension, compression and low velocity impact are presented. Brazilian test is used to study the tensile properties. The microstructure of polymer bonded explosives and its evolution are studied by use of scanning electronic microscopy and polarized light microscopy. Polishing techniques have been developed to prepare samples for microscopic examination. The failure mechanisms of polymer bonded explosives under different loads are analyzed. The results show that interfacial debonding is the predominant failure mode in quasi-static tension, while extensive crystal fractures are induced in compression. With the increase of strain rate, more crystal fractures occur. Low velocity impact also induces extensive crystal fractures.展开更多
Polymeric materials used for the polymer bonded explosive(PBX)or other energetic composite materials(ECMs)that simultaneously possess excellent mechanical properties and high self-healing ability,convenient healing,an...Polymeric materials used for the polymer bonded explosive(PBX)or other energetic composite materials(ECMs)that simultaneously possess excellent mechanical properties and high self-healing ability,convenient healing,and facile fabrication are always a huge challenge.Herein,self-healing linear polyurethane elastomers(PTMEG2000-IPDI-DAPU,denoted as 2I-DAPU)with high healing efficiency and mechanical properties were facilely fabricated by constructing reversible covalent bonds and dynamic hard domains into polymer chains.Furthermore,a TATB-based PBX using as-prepared 2I-DAPU polymer as the binder was constructed,disclosing an excellent self-healing property to heal cracks generated during fabrication,transportation and storage.The damage healing manner of such a PBX sample was investigated by means of prefabricated damage through mechanical load,heal treatment via heating at high temperature,and CT-scanning the inner structure and mechanical property characterization via Brazilian test.The self-healing mechanism of internal damage in PBX was preliminarily explored.We propose that this 2I-DAPU binder with Diels-Alder bonds could generate plentiful active surface groups resulting from damage and drive self-healing at fitting temperature and increase the slightly packed hard phase via incorporating a small amount of hydrogen bonds.This work may offer a novel strategy for improving mechanical property and healing ability in the field of self-healing material which could help expand its applications with enhanced versatility in mechanical-enhanced functional materials.展开更多
Realizing effective enhancement to the structure of interface region between explosive crystals and polymer binder plays a key role in improving the mechanical properties of the current polymer bonded explosives(PBXs)...Realizing effective enhancement to the structure of interface region between explosive crystals and polymer binder plays a key role in improving the mechanical properties of the current polymer bonded explosives(PBXs).Herein,inspired by the structure of natural nacre which possesses outstanding mechanical performance,a kind of nacre-like structural layer is constructed in the interface region of PBXs composites,making use of two-dimensional graphene sheets and one-dimensional bio-macromolecules of cellulose as inorganic and organic building blocks,respectively.Our results reveal that the constructed nacre-like structural layer can effectively improve the interfacial strength and then endow the PBXs composites with significantly enhanced mechanical properties involving of creep resistance,Brazilian strength and fracture toughness,demonstrating the obvious advantage of such bioinspired interface structure design strategy.In addition,the thermal conduction performance of PBXs composites also exhibits noticeable enhancement due to the remarkable phonon transport capability endowed by the asdesigned nacre-like structural layer.We believe this work provides a novel design route to conquer the issue of weak interfacial strength in PBXs composites and greatly increase the comprehensive properties for better meeting the higher requirements proposed to the explosive part of weapon equipment in new era.展开更多
The molecular simulations of the well-known high explosive β-HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) anditsfluorine containing polymer-bonded explosives(PBXs) were carried out with the combination method of quantum ...The molecular simulations of the well-known high explosive β-HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) anditsfluorine containing polymer-bonded explosives(PBXs) were carried out with the combination method of quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics. The atomic cluster model, containing the β-HMX molecule and the polymer molecule whose chain dimension was about the same as β-HMX’s, was fully optimized by AM1 and PM3 semi-empirical molecular orbital and molecular mechanical methods using COMPASS and PCFF force field. Then the calculated binding energy is found to be linearly correlated to each other. Molecular dynamics simulations using COM- PASS force field were performed for β-HMX crystal and the PBXs involving β-HMX and a series of fluorine containing polymers. Their elastic coefficients, moduli and Poisson’s ratios were calculated. It is found that the mechanical prop- erties of β-HMX can be effectively improved by blending with fluorine containing polymers in small amounts.展开更多
Use of epoxy as an adhesive is a common practice. The most common applications are permanent sealants. Epoxies have a wide range of operating temperatures, and are very resistance to adhesive failure. When a need to r...Use of epoxy as an adhesive is a common practice. The most common applications are permanent sealants. Epoxies have a wide range of operating temperatures, and are very resistance to adhesive failure. When a need to remove this adhesive arises, it is not always easily accomplished especially if the part has excessive adhesive. To maintain fidelity of the parts attached by epoxy, a project evaluating several methods of epoxy removal was conducted. Methods evaluated included low wavelength, near-ultraviolet radiation, solvent dissolution, and thermal cycling. The UV method failed to demonstrate a repeatable dissociation. The solvent study did result in dissociation of bonds, but introduced chemicals that could make subsequent chemical analysis of parts suspect. Thermal cycling showed a high repeatability for dissociation of bonds and may prove to be relatively inexpensive to implement.展开更多
文摘The damage properties of polymer bonded explosives under dynamic loading were studied by using ultrasonic evaluation. Explosive samples were damaged by a low-velocity gas gun at different impact velocities. Ultrasonic examination was carried out with a pulse through-transmission method. Spectra analyses were carried out by using fast Fourier transform. Characteristic ultrasonic parameters, including ultrasonic velocities, attenuation coefficients, spectra area and master frequency, were obtained. The correlation between the impact damage and ultrasonic parameters was analyzed. A damage coefficient D was defined by considering a combination of ultrasonic velocity and amplitude. The results show that ultrasonic parameters can be used to quantitatively assess the damage extent in impacted plastic bonded explosives..
文摘The deformation and failure of pressed polymer bonded explosives under different types of loads including tension, compression and low velocity impact are presented. Brazilian test is used to study the tensile properties. The microstructure of polymer bonded explosives and its evolution are studied by use of scanning electronic microscopy and polarized light microscopy. Polishing techniques have been developed to prepare samples for microscopic examination. The failure mechanisms of polymer bonded explosives under different loads are analyzed. The results show that interfacial debonding is the predominant failure mode in quasi-static tension, while extensive crystal fractures are induced in compression. With the increase of strain rate, more crystal fractures occur. Low velocity impact also induces extensive crystal fractures.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21875229)NSAF(Grant No.U2030202)for grants in support of this wok。
文摘Polymeric materials used for the polymer bonded explosive(PBX)or other energetic composite materials(ECMs)that simultaneously possess excellent mechanical properties and high self-healing ability,convenient healing,and facile fabrication are always a huge challenge.Herein,self-healing linear polyurethane elastomers(PTMEG2000-IPDI-DAPU,denoted as 2I-DAPU)with high healing efficiency and mechanical properties were facilely fabricated by constructing reversible covalent bonds and dynamic hard domains into polymer chains.Furthermore,a TATB-based PBX using as-prepared 2I-DAPU polymer as the binder was constructed,disclosing an excellent self-healing property to heal cracks generated during fabrication,transportation and storage.The damage healing manner of such a PBX sample was investigated by means of prefabricated damage through mechanical load,heal treatment via heating at high temperature,and CT-scanning the inner structure and mechanical property characterization via Brazilian test.The self-healing mechanism of internal damage in PBX was preliminarily explored.We propose that this 2I-DAPU binder with Diels-Alder bonds could generate plentiful active surface groups resulting from damage and drive self-healing at fitting temperature and increase the slightly packed hard phase via incorporating a small amount of hydrogen bonds.This work may offer a novel strategy for improving mechanical property and healing ability in the field of self-healing material which could help expand its applications with enhanced versatility in mechanical-enhanced functional materials.
基金the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21875230,22275173,U2030202)。
文摘Realizing effective enhancement to the structure of interface region between explosive crystals and polymer binder plays a key role in improving the mechanical properties of the current polymer bonded explosives(PBXs).Herein,inspired by the structure of natural nacre which possesses outstanding mechanical performance,a kind of nacre-like structural layer is constructed in the interface region of PBXs composites,making use of two-dimensional graphene sheets and one-dimensional bio-macromolecules of cellulose as inorganic and organic building blocks,respectively.Our results reveal that the constructed nacre-like structural layer can effectively improve the interfacial strength and then endow the PBXs composites with significantly enhanced mechanical properties involving of creep resistance,Brazilian strength and fracture toughness,demonstrating the obvious advantage of such bioinspired interface structure design strategy.In addition,the thermal conduction performance of PBXs composites also exhibits noticeable enhancement due to the remarkable phonon transport capability endowed by the asdesigned nacre-like structural layer.We believe this work provides a novel design route to conquer the issue of weak interfacial strength in PBXs composites and greatly increase the comprehensive properties for better meeting the higher requirements proposed to the explosive part of weapon equipment in new era.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10176012 and 20173028).
文摘The molecular simulations of the well-known high explosive β-HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) anditsfluorine containing polymer-bonded explosives(PBXs) were carried out with the combination method of quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics. The atomic cluster model, containing the β-HMX molecule and the polymer molecule whose chain dimension was about the same as β-HMX’s, was fully optimized by AM1 and PM3 semi-empirical molecular orbital and molecular mechanical methods using COMPASS and PCFF force field. Then the calculated binding energy is found to be linearly correlated to each other. Molecular dynamics simulations using COM- PASS force field were performed for β-HMX crystal and the PBXs involving β-HMX and a series of fluorine containing polymers. Their elastic coefficients, moduli and Poisson’s ratios were calculated. It is found that the mechanical prop- erties of β-HMX can be effectively improved by blending with fluorine containing polymers in small amounts.
文摘Use of epoxy as an adhesive is a common practice. The most common applications are permanent sealants. Epoxies have a wide range of operating temperatures, and are very resistance to adhesive failure. When a need to remove this adhesive arises, it is not always easily accomplished especially if the part has excessive adhesive. To maintain fidelity of the parts attached by epoxy, a project evaluating several methods of epoxy removal was conducted. Methods evaluated included low wavelength, near-ultraviolet radiation, solvent dissolution, and thermal cycling. The UV method failed to demonstrate a repeatable dissociation. The solvent study did result in dissociation of bonds, but introduced chemicals that could make subsequent chemical analysis of parts suspect. Thermal cycling showed a high repeatability for dissociation of bonds and may prove to be relatively inexpensive to implement.
