The critical role of inorganic nanofillers in solid polymer composite electrolyte for Li+transportation

Compared with commercial lithium batteries with liquid electrolytes,all-solidstate lithium batteries(ASSLBs)possess the advantages of higher safety,better electrochemical stability,higher energy density,and longer cycle life;therefore,ASSLBs have been identified as promising candidates for next-generation safe and stable high-energy-storage devices.The design and fabrication of solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)are vital for the future commercialization of ASSLBs.Among various SSEs,solid polymer composite electrolytes(SPCEs)consisting of inorganic nanofillers and polymer matrix have shown great application prospects in the practice of ASSLBs.The incorporation of inorganic nanofillers into the polymer matrix has been considered as a crucial method to achieve high ionic conductivity for SPCE.In this review,the mechanisms of Li+transport variation caused by incorporating inorganic nanofillers into the polymer matrix are discussed in detail.On the basis of the recent progress,the respective contributions of polymer chains,passive ceramic nanofillers,and active ceramic nanofillers in affecting the Li+transport process of SPCE are reviewed systematically.The inherent relationship between the morphological characteristics of inorganic nanofillers and the ionic conductivity of the resultant SPCE is discussed.Finally,the challenges and future perspectives for developing high-performance SPCE are put forward.This review aims to provide possible strategies for the further improvement of ionic conductivity in inorganic nanoscale filler-reinforced SPCE and highlight their inspiration for future research directions.

Tailoring Practically Accessible Polymer/Inorganic Composite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries:A Review

Solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)are widely considered the essential components for upcoming rechargeable lithium-ion batteries owing to the potential for great safety and energy density.Among them,polymer solid-state electrolytes(PSEs)are competitive candidates for replacing commercial liquid electrolytes due to their flexibility,shape versatility and easy machinability.Despite the rapid development of PSEs,their practical application still faces obstacles including poor ionic conductivity,narrow electrochemical stable window and inferior mechanical strength.Polymer/inorganic composite electrolytes(PIEs)formed by adding ceramic fillers in PSEs merge the benefits of PSEs and inorganic solid-state electrolytes(ISEs),exhibiting appreciable comprehensive properties due to the abundant interfaces with unique characteristics.Some PIEs are highly compatible with high-voltage cathode and lithium metal anode,which offer desirable access to obtaining lithium metal batteries with high energy density.This review elucidates the current issues and recent advances in PIEs.The performance of PIEs was remarkably influenced by the characteristics of the fillers including type,content,morphology,arrangement and surface groups.We focus on the molecular interaction between different components in the composite environment for designing high-performance PIEs.Finally,the obstacles and opportunities for creating high-performance PIEs are outlined.This review aims to provide some theoretical guidance and direction for the development of PIEs.

Ameliorating the interfacial issues of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries by constructing polymer/inorganic composite electrolyte

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anodes for next-generation batteries due to its high capacity and low reduction potential.However,the notorious Li dendrites can cause the short life span and safety issues,hindering the extensive application of lithium batteries.Herein,Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZO)ceramics are integrated into polyethylene oxide(PEO)to construct a facile polymer/inorganic composite solid-state electrolyte(CSSE)to inhibit the growth of Li dendrites and widen the electrochemical stability window.Given the feasibility of our strategy,the designed PEO-LLZO-LiTFSI composite solid-state electrolyte(PLLCSSE)exhibits an outstanding cycling property of 134.2 mAh g^(-1) after 500 cycles and the Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%after 1000 cycles at 1 C in LiFePO_(4)-Li cell.When cooperated with LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)(NCM622)cathode,the PLL-CSSE renders a capacity retention of 82.4%after 200 cycles at 0.2 C.More importantly,the uniform dispersion of LLZO in PEO matrix is tentative tested via Raman and FT-IR spectra and should be responsible for the improved electrochemical performance.The same conclusion can be drawn from the interface investigation after cycling.This work presents an intriguing solid-state electrolyte with high electrochemical performance,which will boost the development of all-solid-state lithium batteries with high energy density.

Friction and Wear of Polymer Composites Filled by Nano-Particles: A Review

Composites formed by adding nano-scale particles to a polymer matrix results in improving electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the composite. Good tribological properties can be obtained for polymers filled with nano-scale fillers compared to that filled with micro-scale particles. The friction and wear resistance of these composites is found to increase with increasing filler concentration. It is also possible to use multi-functional fillers to develop high performance composites which cannot be achieved by using a single filler.

The Packaging Materials with Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites

A polymer-based carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) composite with high electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding effectiveness (SE) and with high mechanical property is developed for packaging of electronic modulus or devices.The liquid crystal polymers (LCP) and melamine formaldehydes (MF) polymer are used to study the orientation effect of CNTs in various polymeric matrix.The influences of orientation,aspect ratio,and mass fraction of CNTs upon the shielding effectiveness (SE) of CNTs-composites are investigated.The higher the orientation,aspect ratio,and weight percentages of nano-materials are, the higher the SE of the carbon composites.The highest SE for the CNTs/LCP nano composite obtained is more than 62 dB. This results may lead to the developing for CPU IC chip packaging.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites

The polymer nanocomposites have been the exponentially growing field of research for developing the materials in last few decades. The remarkable improvement in the polymer nanocomposite is found when a small amount of nanosized particles are added to a polymer matrix. The addition of inorganic solid nanoparticles (typically in the form of fibres, flakes, spheres or fine particles) into polymer matrix increases their physical, structural and mechanical properties. Since the polymer-nano composites have been the staple of modern polymer industry, their durability under various environmental conditions and degradability after their service life are also essential fields of research. This leads to focus on preparation & characterization of polymer nanocomposite. This article is intended to review the status of worldwide research in this aspect. The successful application of nano particles depends upon both the correct preparation techniques followed by testing through characterization. Surface modification can improve the inherent characteristics of the nano particles and serve to prepare nano composites inexistent in nature. Therefore, some tools as their various properties like electrical, optical and morphological can be used to optimize the preparation of polymer nano composites. This chapter will make an overview about different routes to prepare polymer-based nano composites by extrusion, synthesis of nano particles by sol-gel reactions, sputtering and mainly by physical evaporation deposition method.

Incorporation of Acetoacetanilide Crystals in Host PMMA Polymer Matrix and Characterizations of the Hybrid Composite

Blending of polymer with organic/inorganic material has given a new direction for developing novel materials. This is an easy and inexpensive method of modifying various properties of the individual materials and composites. The aim of the present work is an attempt to incorporate crystals in polymer host and investigate the effect, on optical properties of the of polymer- crystal combine. In this paper a novel technique of incorporating inorganic/organic crystal in a host polymer matrix is reported. Crystals of acetoacetanilide (AA) are grown in the host Poly Methyl Methacrelate (PMMA) by simple evaporation technique. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) studies reveal the growth of Acetoacetanilide crystals of varying sizes and shapes (flakes) in prepared samples. The results are confirmed by various spectroscopic characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the UV-Vis spectroscopy. The investigations carried out, show a change in optical absorption band edge which is attributed due to change in band gap because of crystal sizes.

Fabrication and Thermal Insulating Properties of ITO/PVB Nanocomposites for Energy Saving Glass

Chemical co-precipitation method was used to synthesize tin-doped indium oxide（ITO）nanoparticles,and the subsequent solution co-blend was employed to fabricate ITO/PVB nanocomposites.UV（Ultra-violet）-Vis（Visible）-NIR（Near Infrared） spectra show that the addition of ITO nano particles can significantly enhance the thermal insulating efficiency of ITO/PVB nanocomposites.With increasing ITO content,the thermal insulating efficiency is increased.UV is almost fully absorbed by all ITO/PVB nanocomposites.Vis transmittance-haze spectra reveal that ITO/PVB nanocomposites exhibit higher Vis transmittance over 71.3%and lower haze below 2%when ITO content is in the range of 0.1 wt%-0.7 wt%.The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy shows that,under the premise of over 70%transmittance to the visible light,the screening effect of the NIR can be enhanced by 80%with 0.7%ITO/PVB nanocomposite membrane compared with the undoped PVB.The thermal insulating tests indicate that,in comparison with the pure PVB film,nanocomposite films with 0.1 wt%-0.9 wt%ITO can reduce temperature by 3-8 ℃.The results show that this novel nanocomposite can be used for energy-saving glass.

Fabrication and Thermal Insulating Properties of ATO/PVB Nanocomposites for Energy Saving Glass

The pechini method was used to synthesize antimony-doped tin oxide （ATO） nanoparticles, and the subsequent solution co-blend was employed to fabricate ATO/PVB nanocomposites. Uv-Vis-NIR spectra show that the addition ofATO nano particles can significantly enhance the thermal insulating efficiency of ATO/PVB nanocomposites. With the increase of ATO content, the thermal insulating efficiency is increased. Uv is almost fully absorbed by all ATO/PVB nanocomposites. Vis transmittance-haze spectra reveal that ATO/ PVB nanocomposites exhibit higher Vis transmittance of over 72.7% and lower haze of below 2% when ATO content is in the range of 0.1 wt%-0.5 wt%. The thermal insulating tests indicate that in comparison with the pure PVB film, nanocomposite films with 0.1 wt%-0.5 wt% ATO can reduce temperature of 1-3 ℃, suggesting that this novel nanocomposite can be used for energy-saving glass.

Zinc Oxide Nano Particles Integrated Kenaf/Unsaturated Polyester BioComposite

Increasing need for materials with special features have brought various new inventions,one of the most promising hope for new material with special features and functionalities is composites materials.Thus,this study report an integration of zinc nanoparticles into kenaf/polyester polymer composite to introduce new behavior to the composite.The composite behaviors were compared for mechanical,thermal,moisture absorption and biodegradability properties.Prepared Zinc Oxide nanoparticles entrenched in the kenaf/polyestaer composites net structure through chemical bonds between kenaf/ZnO/polyester resin,existence of ZnO significantly influence the mechanical and thermals properties of composites.Thermal analysis based on(TGA)response revealed the integration of ZnO nanoparticles improved the thermal stability when thermal decomposition temperature beyond 3650 C.The thermal cracking decreased with present of ZnO and increase with kenaf content(layers).The modulus,Tensile strength,break at elongation,flexural modulus,flexural strength and impact strength of the composites with higher content kenaf/ZnO nanoparticle are 560 MPa,58MPa,1.8%,1300 PMa,68 MPa and 31 MPa,respectively.Thus,addition of kenaf layers and ZnO results in larger mechanical properties enhancement,the results of the contact angle show improvement in wetting of the fibres with addition of ZnO nanoparticles.

A critical review on composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries:Design strategies and interface engineering

The rapid development of new energy vehicles and 5G communication technologies has led to higher demands for the safety,energy density,and cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries as power sources.However,the currently used liquid carbonate compounds in commercial lithium-ion battery electrolytes pose potential safety hazards such as leakage,swelling,corrosion,and flammability.Solid electrolytes can be used to mitigate these risks and create a safer lithium battery.Furthermore,high-energy density can be achieved by using solid electrolytes along with high-voltage cathode and metal lithium anode.Two types of solid electrolytes are generally used:inorganic solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes.Inorganic solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity,electrochemical stability window,and mechanical strength,but suffer from large solid/solid contact resistance between the electrode and electrolyte.Polymer solid electrolytes have good flexibility,processability,and contact interface properties,but low room temperature ionic conductivity,necessitating operation at elevated temperatures.Composite solid electrolytes(CSEs) are a promising alternative because they offer light weight and flexibility,like polymers,as well as the strength and stability of inorganic electrolytes.This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in CSEs to help researchers optimize CSE composition and interactions for practical applications.It covers the development history of solid-state electrolytes,CSE properties with respect to nanofillers,morphology,and polymer types,and also discusses the lithium-ion transport mechanism of the composite electrolyte,and the methods of engineering interfaces with the positive and negative electrodes.Overall,the paper aims to provide an outlook on the potential applications of CSEs in solid-state lithium batteries,and to inspire further research aimed at the development of more systematic optimization strategies for CSEs.

Synthesis of Electroconducting Hydroxy-Sodalite/Graphite Composite: Preparation and Characterization

Electroconductive hydroxy-sodalite/graphite composites were synthesized by alkali-activation of kaolinite in the presence of sodium hydroxide as the alkali activator and graphite as a conductive filler. Thermal, morphological and microstructural properties in addition to direct current (D.C.) conductivity of the prepared composites were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR/ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive using X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) and DC conductivity measurements were used to characterize the prepared composites. The effect of the hydroxyl-sodalite-to-graphite and NaOH-to-kaolinite ratios on the electrical conductivity was investigated and evaluated on the generated composite specimens made of Jordanian kaolinite or pure kaolinite. It was demonstrated that increasing the mass ratio of graphite-to-kaolinite in the clay-based composites increased the electrical conductivity of the resultant composites. It was also observed that using 1:1 graphite-to-pure kaolinite mass ratio showed the best electrical conductivity value of 3 × 10-3 s/cm, among the other mass ratios used for pure kaolinite specimens, while using 1:1 mass ratio of graphite-to-Jordanian kaolinite showed a conductivity of 1.6 s/cm.

Mg2＋-ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes： Materials Characterization and All-Solid-State Battery Performance Studies

For All-Solid-State battery applications, Mg2＋-ion conducting polymer electrolytes and Mg-metal electrode are currently considered as alternate choices in place of Li＋-ion conducting polymer electrolytes/Li-metal electrode. Present paper reports fabrication of All-Solid-State battery based on the following Mg2＋-ion conducting nano composite polymer electrolyte （NCPE） films： [85PEO： 15Mg（C104）2] ＋ 5% TiO2 （〈 100 nm）, [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2] ＋ 3% SiO2（-8 nm）. [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2] ＋ 3% MgO （〈 100 nm）, [85PEO：15Mg（C1O4）2] ＋ 3% MgO （-44 μm）. NCPE films were prepared by hot-press technique. Solid Polymer Electrolyte （SPE） composition： [85PEO： 15Mg（CIO4）2], identified as high conducting film at room temperature, has been used as ISt--phase host and nano/micro particles of active （MgO）/passive （SiO2, TiO2） fillers as IInd-phase dispersoid. Filler particle dependent conductivity studies identified above mentioned NCPE films as optimum conducting composition （OCC） at room temperature. Ion transport behavior of SPE/NCPE film materials was investigated previously. Present paper reports materials characterization and cell performance studies on All-Solid-State batteries： Mg （Anode） Ⅱ SPE or NCPE films tt C＋MnO2＋Electrolyte （Cathode）. Open circuit voltage （OCV） obtained was in the range： 1.79-1.92 V. The batteries were discharged at room temperature under different load conditions and some important battery parameters have been evaluated from plateau region of cell-potential discharge profiles. All the batteries performed quite satisfactorily specially under low current drain states.

Recent Progress in Two-dimensional Nanomaterials Following Graphene for Improving Fire Safety of Polymer(Nano)composites

The high fire safety of polymer nanocomposites is being pursued by research institutions around the world.In addition to intrinsic flame retardancy strategy,the additive-type flame retardants have attracted increasing attention due to low commercial cost and easy fabrication craft.However,traditional additive-type flame retardants usually need high addition amount to achieve a desirable effect which causes many side-effects on the overall performance of polymer materials,such as deteriorated mechanical property and processability.At present two-dimensional(2D)nanomaterials have also been applied to reduce the fire hazards of polymer(nano)composites with the coupling of barrier function and catalysis as well as carbonization effect.Even though most research work mainly focus on graphene-based flame retardants,more emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials are taking away research attention,due to their complementary and unique properties,mainly including hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN),molybdenum disulfide(MoS2),metal organic frameworks(MOF),carbon nitride(CN),titanium carbide(MXene)and black phosphorene(BP).In this review,except for graphene,the flame retardant mechanism involving different layered nanomaterials are also reviewed.Meanwhile,the functionalization method and flame retardancy effect of different layered nanomaterials are emphatically discussed for offering an effective reference to solve the fire hazards of polymer materials.Moreover,this work objectively evaluates the practical significance of polymer/layered nanomaterials composites for industrial application.

Physicochemical properties of a novel composite polymer electrolyte doped with vinyltrimethoxylsilane-modified nano-La_2O_3

Nano-La2O3 was modified with the vinyltrimethoxylsilane by hydrolysis and a novel poly （vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene） （PVDF-HFP） based composite polymer electrolyte doped with the modified nano-La2O3 was prepared by phase inversion method. The physicochemical properties were studied by SEM, FT-IR, XRD, TG and electrochemical methods. The results of FT-IR indicated that the nano-La2O3 was successfully modified with vinyltrimethoxylsilane. The XRD analysis showed that the incorporation of modified nano-La2O3 into the polymer electrolyte membranes could effectively reduce the crystallinity of PVDF-HFP, and the characterizations also suggested that thermal stability and electrochemical stability window could reach to 382°C and 5.1V, respectively; the reciprocal temperature dependence of ionic conductivity followed Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher （VTF） relation, ionic conductivity at room temperature was up to 3.5×10-3S/cm and lithium ions transference number was up to 0.42; the interfacial resistance increased at initial value about353Ω/cm2 and reached a steady value about 559Ω/cm2 after 5d storage at 30°C. The fabricated Li/As-prepared electrolytes/LiCoO2 coin cell showed excellent rate and cycle performances.

P(AN-MMA)/TiO_2 Nano-composite Polymer Electrolyte by in-situ Polymerization

1 Introduction With the development of portable electric devices,polymer lithium ion batteries (PLiBs) have been widely used as the power sources because of their high energy density and safe property[1].P(AN-MMA) copolymer is a kind of cheap macromolecules easily dissolving in the polar solvents such as carbonate,it has been applied as gel polymer electrolyte in PLiBs.Here we prepare a kind of highly conductive nano-composite polymer electrolytes using the P(AN-MMA) copolymer incorporated with TiO2 nan...

First principles insights into oxide/polymer composites: SrTiO_(3) /polyaniline/graphene

A detailed computational investigation,based on density functional theory,of the interaction of polyani-line(PANI)and graphene nanoribbons(GNRs)with SrTiO_(3) is presented.The adsorption of PANI in var-ious oxidation states and co-adsorption with GNRs is found to be thermodynamically favourable.Ad-sorbed PANI introduces N and C 2p states into the SrTiO_(3) bandgap,while co-adsorption of PANI and GNRs leads to a bridging of the gap and semi-metallic behaviour,thus rendering the electrical properties highly sensitive to the loading of the GNRs/PANI in the composites.Modelling the lattice dynamics of the composites predicts a 68-88%reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity due to reduced phonon group velocities.Taken together,these findings provide insight into the growing number of experimental studies highlighting the enhanced thermoelectric performance of oxide-polymer composites and indicate co-adsorption with graphene as a facile direction for future research.

Optical and Mechanical Study of Mineral and Synthetic Nano Layered Silicate Reinforced Polyurethane Resin

In the present investigation, the effect of two different mineral nano clays and a synthetic nano layered silicate on the properties of a transparent polyurethane resin has been studied. Both high rotator Torusmill and high intensity ultrasonic deagglomerator are utilized for the dispersion process. Observations by means of the X-ray diffraction technique indicate the presence of different dispersion status of nano layers in polymer matrix. The optical effect of nano-filled clear coat was studied using goniospectrophotometer and compared with a blank clear coat to determine if it can be identified by human eye. Scratch and mar resistance tests presented considerable improvement. Gloss retention against rubbing increased significantly in the presence of merely 3 wt% of synthetic nano-filler.

Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Filled with Carbon Nano-Particulates (CNP_S)

The idea of adding reinforcing materials, or fillers, to polymers has been around for many decades. The reason for the creation of polymer composite materials came about due of the need for materials with specific properties for specific applications. For example, composite materials are unique in their ability to allow brittle and ductile materials to become softer and stronger. It is expected that good tribological properties can be obtained for polymers filled with nano-scale fillers. A soft plastic can become harder and stronger by the addition of a light weight high stiffness material. In the present work, the effect of adding different percentages of carbon nano-particulates to polystyrene (PS) on the mechanical properties of nano-composites produced was investigated. Based on the experimental observations, it was found that as the percentage of the carbon nano-particulates (CNPS) increased hardness increased and consequently friction coefficient remarkably decreased.

Voltammetric Study of the Interaction between Melamine and DNA on a Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Nano-Fe₃O₄Modified Electrode and Its Analytical Application for Melamine Determination in Liquid Milk Samples

Carboxylic acid-functionalized nano-sized magnetic composite polymers (COOH-NMPs) were synthesized and used for the preparation of the modified glassy carbon electrode, i.e., COOH-NMPs/GCE and DNA/COOH-NMPs/GCE. The electrochemical behaviors of melamine (MM) were investigated on COOH-NMPs/GCE by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in both cases of DNA in the solution and immobilized on the electrode surface. The electron transfer coefficient (a) and the rate constant (ks) kept unchanged in the absence and presence of DNA. Based on the electrochemical properties of the interaction of MM on the surface of the DNA/COOH-NMPs/GCE, a direct method for the determination of MM in liquid milk was established. The detection limit of this method was 2.0 ng·L﹣1, with average recoveries at 95.9% - 104.2% and RSD at 4.5% - 8.2%. The proposed method was provided to have a good accuracy, high stability and good reproducibility with a simple and environmental friendly process. 10 kinds of liquid milk samples bought from the market randomly were tested, and only 1 of them was found at relatively low level of MM residue with the amount of 0.12 ug·L﹣1.