The Treatment of Polymer-bearing Wastewater from Refinery by Fenton Oxidation - Activated Carbon Adsorption

To solve the problem of polymer-bearing effluent of crude oil not reaching the standard,deep treatment system of Fenton oxidation-activated carbon adsorption is established in one refinery,and the most suitable condition of Fenton oxidation reaction is determined.Operation results show that CODCrconcentration of effluent treated by the system could be lower than 50 mg/L,and ammonia nitrogen content is less than 3 mg/L,which meets design requirement.

Food processing wastewater purification by microalgae cultivation associated with high value-added compounds production——A review

Microalgae have been considered as an efficient microorganism for wastewater treatment with simultaneously bioenergy and high value-added compounds production.However,the high energy cost associated with complicated biorefinery(e.g.microalgae cultivation,harvesting,drying,extraction,conversion,and purification)is a critical challenge that inhibits its large-scale application.Among different nutrition(e.g.carbon,nitrogen and phosphorous)sources,food processing wastewater is a relative safe and suitable one for microalgae cultivation due to its high organic content and low toxicity.In this review,the characteristic of different food wastewater is summarized and compared.The potential routes of value-added products(i.e.biofuel,pigment,polysaccharide,and amino acid)production along with wastewater purification are introduced.The existing challenges(e.g.biorefinery cost,efficiency and mechanism)of microalgal-based wastewater treatment are also discussed.The prospective of microalgae-based food processing wastewater treatment strategies(such as microalgae-bacteria consortium,poly-generation of bioenergy and value-added products)is forecasted.It can be observed that food wastewater treatment by microalgae could be a promising strategy to commercially realize waste source reduce,conversion and reutilization.

Performance and Modeling of an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB) Reactor for Treating High Salinity Wastewater from Heavy Oil Production

In this study,an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor was applied to treat the high salinity wastewater from heavy oil production process.At a HRT of ≥24 h,the COD removal reached as high as 65.08% at an influent COD ranging from 350mg/L to 640mg/L.An average of 74.33% oil reduction was also achieved in the UASB reactor at an initial oil concentration between 112mg/L and 205mg/L.These results indicated that this heavy oil production related wastewater could be degraded efficiently in the UASB reactor.Granular sludge was formed in this reactor.In addition,two models,built on the back propagation neural network(BPNN) theory and linear regression techniques were developed for the simulation of the UASB system performance in the oily wastewater biodegradation.The average error of COD and oil removal was-0.65% and 0.84%,respectively.The results indicated that the models built on the BPNN theory were wellfitted to the detected data,and were able to simulate and predict the removal of COD and oil by the UASB reactor.

Identification of the Electricity-Producing Bacteria in Wastewater for Microbial Fuel Cells （MFCs）

A microbial fuel cell （MFC） is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy during substrate oxidation by microorganisms. The characterization and identification of these microbial communities will allow better control of this electricity generation with simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen. This study aims to investigate the role of natural bacteria in electricity generation by studying three different sources of wastewater： the raw wastewater （RW）, wastewater from an aeration tank （AEW） and returned activated sludge （RAS） from an activated sludge treatment plant. The result showed that after the MFC treatment, the number of bacterial strains was reduced from twenty strains to eight strains. Microscopic observation further showed that fifteen isolate before the treatment were gram-positive, and five were gram-negative whereas all isolates after the treatment were gram-positive rods or cocci The four strains isolated from the RAS inoculums, β-Comamonas sp., γ-Enterobacter sp., Bacillus cereus sp. and Clostridium sp. produced the highest power density of 67.57 mW/m^2 which made them potential candidates for electrochemically active bacteria in MFCs. However, the level of chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal was 20% and the total kjeldahl nitrogen （TKN） removal was 66.7%. Key words：

Kinetic Performance of Oil-field Produced Water Treatment by Biological Aerated Filter

The biological aerated filter （BAF） was used to treat the oil-field produced water. The removal efficiency for oil, COD, BOD and suspended solids （SS） was 76.3%-80.3%, 31.6%-57.9%, 8.6.3%-96.3% and76.4%--82.7%, respectively when the hydraulic loading rates varied from 016m·h^-1 to 1.4m·h^-1. The greatest partof removal, for example more than 80% of COD removal, occurred on the top 100cm of the media in BAF. The kinetic .performance of BAF indicated that the relationship of BOD removal efficiency with the hydraulic loadingrates, in biological aerated filters could be described by c1/c1=l-exp（-2.44/L^0.59）. This equation could be used topredict the B OD.removal efficiency at different hydraulic loading rates.

Oilfield produced water treatment in internal-loop airlift reactor using electrocoagulation/flotation technique

Oilfield produced water is large quantities of salty water trapped in underground formations and subsisted under high temperatures and pressures that are brought to the surface along with oil during production. Produced water(PW) contains a lot of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and metals, this water must be treated before disposal. Therefore, different techniques are being used to treat produced water. Electrocoagulation is an efficient treatment technique involving the dissolution of anodes and formation of electro-coagulants, while the simultaneous generation of H_2 bubbles at the cathode leads to the pollutant removal by flotation. Electrocoagulation(EC)method is one of the most promising and widely used processes to treat oilfield produced water. In the present work, a conventional internal-loop(draught tube) airlift reactor was utilized as electrocoagulation/flotation cell for PW treatment by inserting two aluminum electrodes in the riser section of the airlift reactor. The EC airlift reactor was operated in a batch mode for the liquid phase. Different experimental parameters were studied on the oil and turbidity removal efficiencies such as current density, initial pH, electrocoagulation time, and air injection.The experimental results showed that mixing of the oil droplets in the PW was accomplished using only the liquid recirculation resulted by H_2 microbubbles generated by EC process which enhanced the oil removal. The experimental results further showed that the EC time required achieving ≥ 90% oil removal efficiency decreases from 46 to 15 min when operating current density increases from 6.8 to 45.5 mA·cm^(-2). This reactor type was found to be highly efficient and less energy consuming compared to conventional existing electrochemical cells which used mechanical agitation.

分段递进式除硫工艺对油井采出含硫废水的处理研究

针对油井采出废水中硫化物去除难的问题,采用分段递进式除硫工艺对油井采出废水经过UASB生物反应池和仿生池进行分段递进式回流处理。实验结果表明,采用分段递进式除硫工艺,调节采出废水中S/N为5.2∶2,补充一定量的HCO_(3)^(-),设置回流比为2.7∶1条件下,采出废水中的硫化物(S_(2)^(-))去除率为95.8%,最大容积载荷6.46 kg/(m^(3)·d);硝酸盐(NO_(3)^(-)-N)去除率达99.6%,最大容积载荷1.13 kg/(m^(3)·d)。经SEM和XRD验证,硫代谢产物以单质硫(S0)为主,回收率83.8%,其次为SO_(4)^(2−)和S_(2)O_(3)^(2-);硝酸盐代谢产物以N_(2)为主,产率72.4%,其次为NO_(2)^(-)。分段递进式除硫工艺不仅解决了采出废水中的硫化物去除难题,同时实现了资源回收(S0)和主要代谢终产物(如N2)的无污染排放。

合水油田含聚合物采出水处理技术的研究与应用

长庆合水油田采出水废水中含有大量的聚合物、水凝胶,采出水水体发黑、黏度大、乳化稳定性强、难破乳,难以用常规污水处理方法进行处理。在对水质成份进行详细分析后,认为水体发黑的原因是其中的二价铁离子与硫化物形成了黑色的硫化铁胶体固形物。用“氧化→解聚→絮凝”新工艺对合水油田采出水进行处理,效果十分显著。首先对含聚水中聚合物氧化解聚,破坏其结构稳定性,然后用适量的过碳酸钠(SPC)使硫化铁胶体脱色,随后再进行絮凝沉淀,使用200~350ppm的SPC和2~5ppm的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺和聚合硫酸铁组合的复合絮凝剂,可以使含聚采出水的悬浮物下降到30mg·L^(-1)以下,pH约为7.0,且有效降低了水体的色度和浊度,其中浊度降低率达到98.02%,铁离子去除率为96.46%。较好地解决了含聚废水水体发黑、不易沉降、难处理等问题,有效改善了采出水水质,达到回注要求。

海上低渗油田含油污水陶瓷膜处理现场试验与分析

针对海上低渗油田含油污水处理工艺冗长、设备占地面积大、运行成本高等问题,采用自主研发的陶瓷功能膜材料对某渤海低渗油田平台含油生产污水开展了现场处理试验。结果表明:气浮选器、核桃壳过滤器及双介质过滤器等出口污水膜处理运行周期差距较大,核桃壳过滤器和双介质过滤器出口污水膜处理运行周期满足膜设备稳定运行要求,三种设备产水水质均满足平台低渗油田A1注水标准要求;经济性分析数据显示,平台生产水处理的最佳工艺为斜板除油器+气浮选器+核桃壳过滤器+双介质过滤器+膜设备。

A syntrophic propionate-oxidizing microflora and its bioaugmentation on anaerobic wastewater treatment for enhancing methane production and COD removal

Methane fermentation process can be restricted and even destroyed by the accumulation of propionate because it is the most difficult to be anaerobically oxidized among the volatile fatty acids produced by acetogenesis. To enhance anaerobic wastewater treatment process for methane production and COD removal, a syntrophic propionate-oxidizing microflora B83 was obtained from an anaerobic activated sludge by enrichment with propionate. The inoculation of microflora B83, with a 1：9 ratio of bacteria number to that of the activated sludge, could enhance the methane production from glucose by 2.5 times. With the same inoculation dosage of the microflora B83, COD removal in organic wastewater treatment process was improved from 75.6% to 86.6%, while the specific methane production by COD removal was increased by 2.7 times. Hydrogen-producing acetogene_sis.appeared to be a rate-limiting step in methane termentation, and the enhancement orhydrogen-producing acetogens in the anaerobic wastewater treatment process had improved not only the hydrogen-producing acetogenesis but also the acidogenesis and methanogenesis.

聚酰胺胺树形分子在染料废水处理中的应用研究

使用聚酰胺胺 (PAMAM)树形分子对以酸性红B为代表的 1 2种水溶性染料模拟废水进行脱色处理。研究了溶液的酸度、时间、以及PAMAM的加入量对脱色率的影响。研究表明 ,PAMAM树形分子对水溶性染料具有优异的脱色效果 ,在pH =1～ 9较宽的范围内 ,PAMAM在 1 0mg/L的条件下 ,1 0min左右即能使多数模拟废水脱色 98%以上 ,CODCr去除率大多在 96 %左右。

膜技术处理含油废水的研究

介绍了膜技术在含油废水处理中的特点和应用前景,针对含油废水的性质,探讨了膜类型的选择、操作压差、膜面流速、操作温度、膜污染及清洗等因素对膜技术处理含油废水的影响.通常情况下,操作压力过大时,膜通量随压力变化较小,而低于该压力时,膜通量随操作压力的增大而提高;膜面流速和温度对膜通量的影响和操作压力的影响类似;膜经过合适的清洗可以基本恢复膜通量.还介绍了膜技术在油田含油废水处理中的实例和存在的问题,并进一步指出今后的发展方向是研究开发经济、高效的污水处理技术,尤其是膜技术和微生物法结合处理油田含油废水的技术.

高盐度污水生物处理技术研究

广西涠洲石油终端处理厂污水Cl 浓度在 110 0 0～ 12 0 0 0mg L ,平均为 113480mg L ,CODCr约为 15 0～ 4 0 0mg L ,属高盐度污水。通过对微生物进行驯化 ,仍可以用生化法处理。研究表明 :单一的厌氧生化法和好氧生化法处理污水均不能达标 ,而厌氧 好氧联合处理效果良好 ,出水水质稳定 ,出水CODCr为 14～ 6 7mg L 。

油田采出水的改性回注处理工艺研究

针对安塞油田采出水偏酸性、浊度高、含油量高的特征,采用"中和—H2O2氧化—絮凝—过滤"处理工艺进行回注处理,探讨了采出水的pH值、H2O2和絮凝剂投加量等因素对采出水水质改性处理效果的影响.结果表明:以NaOH作为pH调节剂将采出废水pH值调至7.5,H2O2投加体积分数为0.6%,投加XN-90、PAM的质量浓度分别为80mg/L和2.5 mg/L时,处理后采出水的悬浮物、含油量、总铁含量、静态平均腐蚀速率、SRB及TGB含量由处理前的110～145 mg/L,96.6～124.3mg/L,24.8～35.5mg/L,0.310 3mm/a,105～106个/mL和102～103个/mL分别降至处理后的1.1～6.0mg/L,2.5～6.0mg/L,0.05～0.23mg/L,0.0108mm/a和101～102个/mL,处理后采出水的各项指标达到了安塞油田注水水质标准.

油田采出水的特性及处理技术

总结了油田采出水的特性及现场采用的水处理工艺流程 ,比较不同处理方法的适用范围及优缺点。指出目前油田现场采出水处理存在的问题 ,特别是对大庆油田聚合物驱和三元复合驱采出水进行了深入分析 ,阐明了污水处理难度大的原因是聚合物增加污水粘度 ,表面活性剂使污水严重乳化 。

自由表面流人工湿地处理超稠油废水

采用自由表面流芦苇湿地处理超稠油废水 .当芦苇床的水力负荷为 3 3 3cm/d时 ,对于年平均进水COD4 59.1 6mg/L ,石油类 2 7 65mg/L ,BOD53 3 52mg/L ,TN 1 3 74mg/L的超稠油废水 ,该系统的出水指标为COD77 2 1mg/L ,石油类 1 4 2mg/L ,BOD53 90mg/L ,TN 1 60mg/L .去除率分别为 :COD 83 1 8% ,石油类 94 86% ,BOD588 3 7% ,TN 88 3 6% ,pH值由 7 87降至 7.77.处理后的超稠油废水对土壤的污染并不明显 ,对芦苇的生长和材质指标几乎没有影响 .可见 ,自由表面流芦苇湿地深度处理超稠油废水的出水水质稳定 ,耐冲击负荷强 。

阳离子聚合物型絮凝剂处理含聚污水的研究

以污水中油滴的粒径和Zeta电位及污水的浊度、含油量、过滤性为考核参数,考察了污水类型、阳离子聚合物型絮凝剂含量、絮凝剂的阳离子度和分子结构对絮凝剂处理含聚污水和不含聚污水的影响。实验结果表明,随絮凝剂FO4800SH含量的增加,不含聚污水中油滴的粒径和污水的浊度呈先减小后增大的趋势,油滴的Zeta电位呈先增大后平稳的趋势;含聚污水中油滴的粒径略有减小,污水的浊度减小,油滴的Zeta电位为负值且变化程度小。絮凝剂的阳离子度越大,含聚污水中油滴的粒径、污水的浊度、含油量越小;当絮凝剂FO4240SH,FO4440SH,FO4800SH的质量浓度分别为300,300,200 mg/L时,含聚污水的过滤性最好。交联型絮凝剂和线型絮凝剂对含聚污水的处理效果相当,但含有交联型絮凝剂的含聚污水的过滤性较好。

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及相关废水絮凝效果试验

用常规的细菌分高纯化方法从废水、土壤、活性污泥中分离出42株细菌，将单株菌培养于特殊的产絮凝剂液体培养基中，培养物离心后上液对高岭土县液絮凝效果作为指标衡量其絮凝活性及产絮凝剂能力，由此初步获得6株微生物絮凝剂产生菌：Ⅰ－23，Ⅰ－24，Ⅱ－4，Ⅲ－2，Ⅲ－8，Ⅲ-12．其发酵离心上液对造纸黑液、皮革废水、偶氮染料废水、硫化染料废水、电镀废水、彩印制板废水、石油化工废水、造币废水及蓝墨水、碳素墨水等进行的絮凝试验表明，废水固液分离效果良好，CODCr去除率55％～98％，悬浮物、色度、浊度去除率90％以上．

嗜盐菌强化生物活性炭处理不同盐浓度采油废水的研究

研究生物活性炭对于不同水质、不同盐浓度采油废水的适应性及处理情况.实验采用COD、UV254 2种参数表征水中有机物的综合指标,通过测定呼吸速率（oxygen uptake rate,OUR）随时间变化曲线确定活性炭上生物膜的生长与稳定性.结果表明,驯化期间随着水中采油废水比例的不断加大,生物膜上微生物的活性呈现降低、恢复到稳定的变化过程.经嗜盐菌强化后的生物活性炭对于胜利油田地区乐安现场采油废水和现河首站采油废水有着较好的处理效果,水力停留时间为5 h时,COD去除率可分别达到64.86%、53.62%,UV254也随处理时间得到不同程度的去除.不同盐浓度下乐安现场采油废水的处理结果说明,对于不受高盐浓度影响或影响较小的微生物,如果水质相同,在较低盐浓度范围内的盐浓度的改变基本不影响其活性,盐浓度1.0%～3.0%范围内COD的去除率在64.86%～66.67%.对于相同或近似含盐量的不同水质采油废水,水中COD含量差异对生物处理效果存在影响.

人工潜流湿地处理稠油采出水的实验研究

人工潜流湿地由 3个面积各为 90 0m2 的芦苇床组成 ,平均布水量分布为 6m3 d、18m3 d和 30m3 d .进水污染物平均浓度为 :COD 40 1 0 8mg L ,BOD531 88mg L ,矿物油 2 4 6 7mg L ,TN 11 6 7mg L .经潜流湿地处理后上述污染物分别减少了COD6 7 2 5 %— 80 77% ,BOD580 0 2 %— 89 0 5 % ,石油类 78 0 0 %— 88 45 % ,TN 75 32 %— 82 43 % .经检测 ,试验期间潜流湿地的渗透率为 0 5 2m d ,在这种条件下潜流湿地的耐冲击负荷强 。