Heat Transfer during the Solidification of Hot Dip Aluminizing Coating

Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating thickness of aluminizing products,however,there are few publications on the mathematical modeling of pulling speed during the hot dip process.In order to describe the correlation among the pulling speed,coating thickness and solidification time,the principle of mass and heat transfer during the aluminizing process is investigated in this paper.The mathematical models are based on Navier-Stokes equation and heat transfer analysis.Experiments using the self-designed equipment are carried out to validate the mathematical models.Specifically,aluminum melt is purified at 730 ℃.The Cook-Norteman method is used for the pretreatment of Q235 steel plates.The temperature of hot dip aluminizing is set to 690 ℃ and thedipping time is set to 3 min.A direct current motor with stepless speed variation is used to adjust the pulling speed.The temperature change of the coating is recorded by an infrared thermometer,and the coating thickness is measured by using image analysis.The validate experiment results indicate that the coating thickness is proportional to the square root of pulling speed for the Q235 steel plate,and that there is a linear relationship between coating thickness and solidification time when the pulling speed is lower than 0.11 m/s.The prediction of the proposed model fits well with the experimental observations of the coating thickness.

Structures of ceramics coatings on steel fabricated by hot-dipping and micro-arc oxidation

Firstly, an aluminum coating was produced metallurgically on mild steel by hot-dipping, then an aluminum oxide coating was formed self-growingly from the aluminum coating by micro-arc oxidation treatment. The structures of the composite coatings were investigated by means of SEM, TEM and XRD. The results show that the composite coating consists of three layers which are Fe-Al alloy, aluminum coating and aluminum oxide orderly outward from the steel substrate. There are amorphous phases, k-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 mainly in the aluminum oxide.

Hot-Dip Coating of Lead-free Aluminum on Steel Substrates with Ultrasonic Vibration

Hot-dip coating has been practically employed in manufacturing zinc alloy coated steel sheets.However,it is difficult to coat aluminum alloy on a bulky steel substrate without sufficient preheating,because a rapidly solidified layer containing gas babbles is formed on a substrate surface.A variety of iron-aluminides are also formed at the interface of a steel and aluminum hot-dip coating system,which is the main difficulty in joining of steel with aluminum.Ultrasonic vibration was applied to a steel substrate during hot-dip coating of aluminum alloy to control a rapidly solidified layer and a brittle reaction layer.Hot dipping of columnar steel substrates into molten aluminum alloy （Al-2.7 mass fraction Si-4.6 mass fraction Sn） was carried out through the use of a Langevin oscillator with resonant frequency of 19.5 kHz.The application of ultrasonic vibration is quite effective to control a rapidly solidified layer and a surface oxide layer from a substrate surface by the sonocapillary effect based on a cavitation phenomenon,so that the intimate contact is achieved at the beginning of hot-dip coating.The application of ultrasonic vibration to hot-dipping is effective to control a reaction layer with less than 5 #m in thickness.An impact test exhibits that the good adhesive strength is approved in hot-dipped aluminum coatings with a thin reaction layer of approximately 5μm.

Analysis of Coating Microstructure of Hot-Dip Aluminum of Deformed Low-Carbon Steel Containing Rare Earth

The coating microstructure of hot-dip aluminum (HDA) of deformed low-carbon steel containing RE was analyzed by metallography microscopy, TEM and XRD, and the forming mechanism was also discussed. The results show that, the Fe_2Al_5 phase, on whose subcrystal boundaries, Al particles with the size of 7～30 μm existing on parallel linear are, grows a strong orientation. And the spread activation energy of Al is 155.22 kJ·mol -1. In addition, the effects of deformation on coating microstructure of hot-dip aluminum and the function of RE were preliminarily analyzed.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF HOT DIP COATING IN ARTIFICIAL SEAWATER

The corrosion behavior of a zinc-baased alloy (compared with that of pure zinc) coating was studied in this research on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of hot dip coating in artificial seawater. The electrochemical parameters of these two hot dip coatings were measured by the galvanostatic method and accelerated corrosion test. The two coatings showed uniform corrosion, but the corrosion of the pure zinc coating was actively sustained continuously. The corrosion of the zinc-based alloy coating was very slow because of the formation of a stable anti-corrosion membrane. The corrosion mechanisms of these two coatings were also compared by the weak polarization curve fitting method. The corrosion of the zinc-based alloy coating is typical of that in natural passive corrosion system.

Effect of Dip Coating Process on the Performance of Graphene/Spandex Yarn Strain Sensor

This study presented the effect of the concentration of graphene in the dispersion,the type of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and the surfactant on the sensing properties of dip-coated graphene/spandex yarns as resistance strain sensors.Experimental results showed that the addition of styrene-acrylic emulsion surfactant facilitates the dispersion of graphene and then improves the conductivity and sensing performance,and the sensitivity is up to 91.The conductivity and sensing properties of graphene/spandex yarns at 2%graphene dispersion are better than those at 1%graphene dispersion.When the conductive yarn treated by 2%graphene dispersion is stretched to 50%,the sensitivity is up to 29,the repeatability is good,and the hysteresis is low.In terms of the binding agent,PVA as a high alcoholysis and large polymerization decreases the sensitivity,repeatability as well as the hysteresis.

Effect of Mischmetal on Oxidation Resistance of 55Al－Zn Alloy Hot Dip Coating

The effect of mischmetal addition on high temperature oxidation resistance of 55wt% Al43.4 wt% Zn-1 .6wt% Si alloy hot-dip coatings has been investigated. It is found that rare earth addition improves high temperature oxidation resistance of the coatings. The oxidation tests at 800℃, 100 h and 1000℃, 50 h show that the coating with addition of 0. 1 % RE has the best properties. The morphology of oxide scale and element distribution of coating section were analysed by SEM, EPMA and XRD. It is indicated that mischmetal addition improves the adhesion between oxide scale and coating substrate, and spalling resistance of the scale is also improved with the addition of RE. Additionally, RE controls the degeneracy speed of Al-content in the coatings and inhibits the growth of Fe-Al intermetallic compound. For this reason, higher Al-content is kept in all the coatings with RE addition.

Effect of Pb content on the surface topography and corrosion resistance of hot dip Zn-Al-Mg coatings

In this study,the effect of Pb content on the surface morphology and salt spray corrosion resistance of hot dip Zn-AI-Mg coatings was investigated. The results showed that the coating surface easily formed small grains of zinc spangle structures and that the salt spray con＇osion resistance of the coating decreased when Pb content was greater than 0.01%. The microstructure and energy dispersive spectrum analysis of surface and cross-sectional areas was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Pb content present in the coating was analyzed by glow discharge spectrum. The results showed that the distribution of Pb in the coating was not uniform. The Pb content was segregated on the surface and at the cross-section of the Zn-A1-MgZn2 ternary eutectic structure,especially,on the surface of the Zn-A1-MgZn2 ternary eutectic structure.

Preparation and Characterization of ZnO: In Transparent Conductor by Low Cost Dip Coating Technique

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) based on indium doped zinc oxide films in the nano scale were successfully prepared using combination between dip coating and thermal decomposition process. Structural investigations confirm the polycrystalline ZnO hexagonal wurtzite phase grown along the c-axis with nano crystallite size about 10 nm. Morphology investigation shows that ZnO films consist of fine grains of average size 40 nm. This indicates that each grain contains several crystallites with different orientations. Cross sectional image presents good adhesion of the films with the substrate and the film thickness has been determined. Compositional analysis detects the indium content in the host ZnO matrix, the In/Zn ratio is close to the calculated concentration ratios of the precursor. The optical transmittance shows that the films are transparent in the UV and VIS-IR spectral region and interference fringes were observed to be thickness dependent. Preparation parameters were investigated and optimized such as dipping rate, number of deposition cycles, precursor concentration, annealing process and In/Zn ratio. Optimization process was investigated for low resistivity, high optical spectral window transmission and easy preparation process. Dipping rate in the range 2 - 38 mm/s is the most suitable range for good film quality while dipping rate range 30 - 38 mm/s produces thicker films in lower deposition cycles. The higher dipping rate produces films with lower transparency (milky films) while the small deposition rate rate requires large number of deposition cycles in order to increase the thickness. Besides, the higher dipping rate reflects lower resistivity of the deposited films. Precursor molar concentration was observed to have an essential effect on the film thickness, film quality and transparency. Lower precursor concentration requires also large number of deposition cycles for thickening the films. The higher concentration results also milky films (high scattering process by powder film). Precursor concentrations in the range 0.7 - 0.9 mol/liter were found to be the optimal for better quality and for faster deposition process. The resistivity of the films has been reduced from the range 1.5 - 2.5 kW?cm to the range 100 - 400 W.cm as the molar concentration reaches the range 0.07 - 0.09 mol/liter. The resistivity of films increases from 330 to 1686 .cm as the decomposition temperature increases from 200C to 350C. Annealing at 450C process after completing the decomposition at 200?C results the lowest resistivity with annealing time in the range 1.5 - 2 h. In/Zn percentage in the range 1.5% - 5% produces the lowest electrical resistivity. The absorption edge of the deposited films was observed to be critical affected by the preparation parameters. The band gap change was discussed through the degenerate semiconductors as well as nanostructured semiconducting materials of the energy gap confinement effect. Deposition of TCO based on ZnO:In was optimized depending on all deposition parameters forwide area, the lower cost and good performance TCO films.

Electrochemical Properties of Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) Doped TiO_2-PEO Films Prepared by Sol-gel Dip Coating Technique

PEO modified Ti02 -PEO organic-inorganic hybrid thin films were prepared via, sol-gel dipping process on glass substrate pre-coated with ITO. The preparation parameters were studied. Electrochemical and optical properties of the films were characterized by cyclic voltammetric response and visible transmittance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determined the crystalline structure of the gel. The results show the sols added with PEO have acceptable stable periods for practical use. The PEO modified optical transitivity of the hybrid films has heavy effects on the crystallization of TiO2 during structural evolution because of the interaction between PEO and Ti02 . PEO-TiO2 films have better electrochemical activity than the TiO2 equivalent behaved as higher Li + insertion/extraction current density and cyclic reversibility.

Fabrication of ZrO_2/Mo-Si/Ni Functionally Graded Material by Dip-Coating

A slurry dip-coating technique was developed for fabrication of Zr02/Mo-Si/Ni functionally graded material (FGM)on the stainless steel substrate. The rheological behavior of ZrO2-Ni-ethanol slurry was characterized by viscositytest. The amount of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) additives, which served as the dispersant and binder in ZrO2-Ni-ethanolslurry, was optimized. The results showed that the characters of mixed slurries with added 9 vol. pct (relativelyto total powders) MoSi2 powders prepared by mechanical alloying changed little. The stainless steel substrate wascoated several times by dipping in the slurries, and followed by drying in air every dipping. After debinding in Arin graphite die, the coated FGM plate was finally hot pressed at 1300℃ for 1 h under the pressure of 5 MPa in Arin the same die. Microstructural observations of the sintered FGM specimens revealed that the graded layers wereformed on the stainless steel substrate, in which no cracks were observed.

Influence of Sn Low Doping on the Morphological, Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Films Deposited by Sol Gel Dip-Coating

In this work, Undoped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Sndoped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Sn) films have been deposited by sol-gel dip coating method, where the Sn/Zn atomic ratio was 3% and 5% in the solution. The effects of Sn incorporation on morphological, structural and optical properties of ZnO films were investigated. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the morphological surface of the films was affected by Sn low doping. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that all films have polycrystalline structures, and the doping incorporation has not lead to substantial changes in the structural characteristics of ZnO films. The crystallite size was calculated using the well-known Scherrer’s formula and found to be in the range of 23 - 40 nm. The measurements from UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (U-Vis) indicated that the highest average optical transmittance in the visible region was related to Undoped ZnO film, then the optical band gap and Urbach energy values of thin films were calculated. The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) has demonstrated that Sn is incorporated in ZnO lattice.

Comparative Study of Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of SnO₂Thin Film Growth via CBD, Drop-Cast and Dip-Coating Methods

Tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were deposited on glass substrate by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), Drop-Cast and Dip-Coating method. The thin films were post-annealed at 500°C for 2 hours. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the SnO2 thin films were investigated by using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Electrometer experiment. The XRD patterns of SnO2 thin films deposited on glass substrate by CBD method, Drop-Cast method and Dip-Coating method showed cubic, tetragonal and amorphous structures respectively. The FTIR spectrum exhibited the strong presence of SnO2 with the characteristic vibrational mode of Sn-O-Sn. The SEM analysis was observed that the surface morphology of the thin films toughly depends on the deposition methods of the SnO2 thin films. EDX measurement confirmed that the thin films are the composition of Tin (Sn) and Oxygen (O2). The optical band gap of SnO2 thin films deposited by CBD method, Drop-Cast method and Dip-Coating method is found to be 3.12 eV, 3.14 eV and 3.16 eV respectively. Thin films deposited by Dip-Coating method showed the highest band gap. The electrical results confirmed that the SnO2 thin films are good conductors and pursued Ohm’s Law. These properties of the SnO2 thin films brand are appropriate for application in solar cell assembly, gas sensor devices and transparent electrodes of panel displays.

Preparation of a Novel Highly Effective and Environmental Friendly Wheat Seed Coating Agent

A novel environmental friendly wheat seed coating agent was prepared from the natural polymer,biological pesticide,microfertilizer,microelements and other additives.The laboratory and field test results showed that it could enhance the yield up to 16% and reduce its input cost to 1/6 as compared with the conventional wheat seed coating agent.It is safe without causing any pollution and would have significant economic and environmental benefits.

Effect of pattern coating thickness on characteristics of lost foam Al-Si-Cu alloy casting

An experimental study on lost foam casting of an Al-Si-Cu alloy was conducted. The main objective was to study the effect of pattern coating thickness on casting imperfection and porosity percentage as well as eutectic silicon spacing of the alloy. The results showed that increasing slurry viscosity and flask dipping time influenced the casting integrity and microstructural characteristics. It was found that thinner pattern coating produced improved mould filling, refined microstructure and higher quality castings containing less porosity.

Formation and structure of composite coating of HDA and micro-plasma oxidation on A3 steel

Composite coatings were obtained on A3 steel by hot dipping aluminum(HDA) at 720 ℃ for 6 min and micro-plasma oxidation(MPO) in alkali electrolyte. The surface morphology, element distribution and interface structure of composite coatings were studied by means of XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that the composite coatings obtained through HDA/MPO on A3 steel consist of four layers. From the surface to the substrate, the layer is loose Al2O3 ceramic, compact Al2O3 ceramic, Al and FeAl intermetallic compound layer in turn. The adhesions among all the layers are strengthened because the ceramic layer formed at the Al surface originally, FeAl intermetallic compound layer and substrate are combined in metallurgical form through mutual diffusion during HDA process.Initial experiment results disclose that the anti-corrosion performance and wear resistance of composite coating are obviously improved through HDA/MPO treatment.

Ro-Dip电泳线车身气泡型缩孔缺陷的解决方法

介绍了一种针对Ro-Dip电泳工艺在水平面、门槛等位置的气泡型缩孔的解决方法。通过延长电泳槽内部分喷管,并调整喷管的方向,加强对缺陷部位的吹扫,可以减轻甚至消除气泡型缩孔缺陷。

Compositions and Properties of Hydration-Resistant Coating of Magnesia-Calcia Materials

The complex coating on the MgO CaO clinker was prepared by dipping method and adding the second mineral to restrain the formation and expansion of the cracks. Meanwhile, the microstructure and the morphology of the coating and hydration resistance of the MgO CaO clinker were also investigated. The result shows that the coating consists mainly of Ca 2P 2O 7, MgO and CaCO 3, its thickness ranges from 5μm to 20μm, and the coating is dense and even, no micro cracks are observed. Also, the coating adheres closely to the matrix. The hydration resistance of the MgO CaO clinker after treatment is improved greatly, and the castables prepared with the treated MgO CaO clinker have better physical properties than MgO castable.

浅谈RoDip-3系统的车身电泳涂装工艺

叙述了全旋反向浸渍输送技术即RoDip-3,从全新的理念上彻底解决了预处理、电泳车身输送过程中存在的问题。介绍RoDip-3系统的优点、其系统整车电泳线的工艺特点等。