Comparisons of Structured Surface Floors for Pool Boiling Enhancement at Low Heat Fluxes: Hands-On Learning Setup for Heat Transfer Classroom

Various enhanced surfaces have been proposed over the years to improve boiling heat transfer. This paper introduces an experimental setup designed for boiling demonstration in the graduate-level Heat Transfer course. The pool boiling performance of water under atmospheric pressure of 1.025 bar is investigated by using several structured surfaces at heat fluxes of 28 and 35 kW/m2. Surfaces with holes, rectangular grooves, and mushroom fins are manufactured by an NC-controlled vertical milling machine. The heat flux versus excess temperature graph is plotted by using thermocouple measurements of water and base temperatures of the boiling vessel. The separation, rise, and growth of individual vapor bubbles from the surface during boiling were recorded with a digital camera. The results for the plain surface are compared to the Rohsenow correlation. The enhancement of heat transfer coefficient (h) ranged between 15% - 44.5% for all structured surfaces. The highest heat transfer coefficient enhancement is observed between 41% - 56.5% for holed surface-3 (405 holes) compared to the plain surface. The excess temperature dropped around 29% - 34% for holed surface-3 (405 holes) compared to the plain surface. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the spacing between channels or holes decreases. While the bubbles on holed and mushroomed surfaces were spherical, the bubbles on the flat and grooved surfaces were observed as formless. The suggested economical test design could be appropriate to keep students focused and participating in the classroom.

Heat Transfer in Nucleate Pool Boiling of Binary and Ternary Refrigerant Mixtures

Heat transfer coefficients in nucleate pool boiling were measured on a horizontal copper surface for refrigerants, HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, their binary and ternary mixtures under saturated conditions at 0.9MPa. Compared to pure components, both binary and ternary mixtures showed lower heat transfer coefficients.This deterioration was more pronounced as heat flux was increased. Experimental data were compared with some empirical and semi-empirical correlations available in literature. For binary mixture, the accuracy of the correlations varied considerably with mixtures and the heat flux. Experimental data for HFC-32/134a/125 were also compared with available correlated equation obtained by Thome. For ternary mixture, the boiling range of binary mixture composed by the pure fluids with the lowest and the medium boiling points, and their concentration difference had important effects on boiling heat transfer coefficients.

Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Dilute Water/Triethyleneglycol Solutions

Boiling of water/triethyleneglycol(TEG)binary solution has a wide-ranging application in the gas processing engineering.Design,operation and optimization of the involved boilers require accurate prediction of boiling heat transfer coefficient between surface and solution.In this investigation,nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient has been experimentally measured on a horizontal rod heater in water/TEG binary solutions in a wide range of concentrations and heat fluxes under ambient condition.The present experimental data are correlated using major existing correlations.In addition a correlation is presented for prediction of pool boiling heat transfer for the system in which the vapour pressure of one component is negligible.This model is based on the mass transfer rate equation for prediction of the concentration at the bubble vapor/liquid interface.Based on this prediction,the temperature of the interface and accordingly,the boiling heat transfer coefficient could be straightforwardly calculated from the known concentration at the interface.It is shown that this simple model has sufficient accuracy and is acceptable below the medium concentrations of TEG when the vapor equilibrium concentration of TEG is almost zero.The presented model excludes any tuning parameter and requires very few physical properties to apply.

Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement on porous surface tube

The passive residual heat removal exchanger (PRHR HX),which is a key equipment of the passive residual heat removal system,is installed in an elevated pool.Its heat transfer performance affects security and economics of the reactor,and boiling heat transfer in the liquid surrounding the exchanger occurs when the liquid saturation temperature exceeded.The smooth tubes,which are widely used as heat transfer tubes in PRHR HX,can be replaced by some enhanced tubes to improve the boiling heat transfer capability.In this paper,the pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of smooth tube and a machined porous surface tube are investigated by using high-pressure steam condensing inside tube as heating source.Compared with smooth tube,the porous surface tube considerably enhances the boiling heat transfer,and shortens the time significantly before reaching the liquid saturation temperature.Its boiling heat transfer coefficient increases from 68% to 75%,and the wall superheat decreases by 1.5oC.Combining effect of condensation inside tube with boiling outside tube,the axial wall temperatures of heat transfer tube are neither uniform nor linear distribution.Based on these investigations,enhance mechanism of the porous surface tube is analyzed.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN TIG WELD POOL WITH FULL PENETRATION WU Chuansong,CAO Zhenning,WU Lin Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin,China

A model is established to analyze three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer in TICweld pools with full penetration.It considers the deformation of the molten pool surfaceat the condition of full penetrated workpieees,takes the are pressure as the drivingforce of the pool surface deformation,and determines the surface configuration of weldpool based on the dynamic balance of arc pressure,pool gravity and surface tension atdeformed weld pool surface. The SIMPLER algorithm is used to calculate the fluid flowfield and temperature distribution in TIG weld pools of stainless steel workpieces.TIGwelding experiments are made to verify the validity of the model.It shows the calculatedresults by the model are in good agreement with experimental measurements. professor,Dept of Welding Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150006,China

Modeling transient fluid flow and heat transfer phenothena in stationary pulsed current TIG weld pool

A mathematical model is presented to describe transient behavior of heat transfer and fluid flow in stationary pulsed current tungsten inert gas (PC-TIG) weld pool, which considers three kinds of driving, forces for weld pool convection, i,e. buoyancyforce, electromagnetic force and surface tension force. furthermore. the effect of vaporization heat flux at the free surface of weld pool and the temperature coefficient of surface tenston which is a function of temperatuer and composition are considered in the model In order to accelerate the convergence of iteration the AST(additive source term)method which concerns with the thermal energv boundary conditions is extended successfully to deal with the momentum boundary conditions by which the transient momentum equation and energy equation are mutually coupled. At the same time. ADI (Alternating direction implicit) method and DBC (double blocks correction) technque are employed to solve the finite difference equations. The results of numerical simulation demonstrate the transient behavior of PC-TIG weld pool, as well as the periodic variation of fluid flow and heat transfer with the periodic variation of welding current in stationary PC-TIG weld pool. The theoretical predictions based on this model are, shown to be in good accordance with the experimental measurements.

Heat Transfer Characteristic of Molten Pool for Twin-Roll Strip Casting

Body-fitted coordinate transformation equation was deduced and used to generate the body-fitted grids of molten pool for twin-roll strip casting.The orthogonality of the grids on the boundary was modified by adjusting source item.The energy equation and the boundary conditions were transformed from physical space to computational space.The velocity field model proposed by Hirohiko Takuda was used to calculate the temperature field of molten steel,and the influence of technical factors was also discussed.

An Experimental Study of Porous Surface Tubes for Enhancement of Binary Liquid Mixture Pool Boiling Heat Transfer

Experiments have been conducted on the pool boiling of binary mixtures in JK tubeswith porous surface and ribbed channels,attempting to enhace the boiling heat transfer coefficientsinvolved.The binary mixtures used in this study are R113 and R11.The results show that the boilingfi1m heat transfer coefficients for the R113 and R11 binary mixtures in JK2 and JK1 tubes are 2—8tirnes and 2—5 times greater than those in smooth tubes respectively.Based on this experimentaldata and simple theoretical analysis,a correlation has been proposed to predict the boiling heattransfer coefficients for R113/R11 mixtures in a horizontal JK tube with a relative error of less than16%.

Modeling a General Equation for Pool Boiling Heat Transfer

It is recognized that the nucleate pool boiling data available in literature are mainly related to four known correlations, each differs from the other by a varying magnitude of constant coefficients, depending on restrictive experimental conditions. The present work is concerned in developing an empirically generalized correlation, which covers the entire range of nucleate boiling with a minimum possible deviation from experimental data. The least squares multiple regression technique is used to evaluate the best coefficient value used in the correlations. An empirical correlation that fits a broader scope of available data has been developed by a non-linear solution technique leading to the following equation: where the coefficients R1 and R3 both represent the effect of surface-liquid combination. They are assessed independently for the used surface material and liquid.

Heat Transfer of Boiling R134a and R142b on a Twisted Tube with Machine Processed Porous Surface

这个工作的目的是调查起核心作用有机器的一个扭曲的试管上的 R134a 和 R142b 的水池沸腾传热性能和机制处理了多孔的表面(T-MPPS 试管) 象一样决定它的潜在的申请到充满的致冷的蒸发器。在试验性的范围，一个 T-MPPS 试管上的 R134a 的沸腾传热系数是光管上的 R134a 的比那些大的 1.8-2.0 时间。另外，发达试验性的关联证实以试验性的条件在一个 T-MPPS 试管上煮 R134a 和 R142b 的传热系数的预言是更加精确的。

Application of Superhydrophobic Surface on Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluids

Boiling heat transfer is a mode using the phase change of working medium to strengthen the heat exchange due to its good heat exchange capability,and it is widely used in heat exchange engineering.Nanofluids have been used in the direction of enhanced heat transfer for their superior thermophysical property.The wetting,spreading and ripple phenomena of superhydrophobic surfaces widely exist in nature and daily life.It has great application value for engineering technology.In this article,the boiling heat exchange characteristics of nanofluids on superhydrophobic surface are numerically studied.It was found that with the increase of superheating degree,the steam volume ratio of unmodified heated surface increases to saturation,while the steam volume and evaporation ratio of modified superhydrophobic surface increase firstly and then decrease.At the same time,bubbles are generated and accumulated more fully on superhydrophobic surface.It was also found that nanofluids with low viscosity are more affected by superhydrophobic surface characteristics,and the increase is more significant with high superheating degree,and the superhydrophobic surface is beneficial to enhancing boiling heat exchange.Compared with the simulation results,it could be concluded that the boiling heat exchange performance of CuO-water nano-fluids on the modified superhydrophobic surface is better than that of CuO-ethylene glycol nanofluids under high superheating degree.

超临界CO_(2)池式传热流固耦合传热特性数值模拟

超临界类沸腾传热已有初步研究,对类气-类液界面的定义仍不统一.采用层流模型对超临界CO_(2)池式传热特性进行流固耦合数值模拟研究,d=70μm的铂丝为加热件,热流密度q_w范围为0-2000 kW/m^(2),压力P范围为8-10 MPa,加热丝附近采用多尺度网格进行建模,模拟值与实验数据吻合较好.通过与亚临界传热类比通过计算导热占比Q_(con)/Q_(t)沿r方向变化规律,将超临界划分为3个区,当TT_(M)为类气区(vapor-like,VL),与用超临界类沸腾干度x分区规律相同;根据通过计算导热占比确定的类气膜内平均导热λ_(ave)和导热热阻R_(G)随热流密度q_(w)变化曲线可很好地解释类蒸发区换热系数h随q_(w)的变化规律.本文提出了确定超临界池式传热类气-类液界面的新方法,较好地解释了类蒸发区传热机理,为后续超临界类沸腾池式传热的发展提供了理论基础.

多孔介质孔隙率对池沸腾传热性能影响机理的模拟研究

采用介观相变格子Boltzmann(lattice Boltzmann, LB)方法,在孔隙尺度下研究了多孔介质的孔隙率对池沸腾换热过程的影响,重点分析了不同孔隙率时气泡的运动过程,并对气泡在多孔介质中的典型状态进行了力平衡分析,进而探究了多孔介质孔隙率影响沸腾传热的机理.结果表明,与无多孔介质的平板表面相比,多孔材料能够有效地降低初始成核的壁面过热度,增强流体的扰动,并且能够显著提升临界热流密度(critical heat flux, CHF)值.在所研究的工况中,孔隙率ε=73.2%时,CHF值提升最大,约为平板的3.6倍,其余孔隙率的多孔介质最小也可将其CHF值提升至平板的2.3倍.研究发现,当孔隙率从97.7%开始逐渐减小时,CHF值逐渐增大,同时沸腾换热曲线向左上方移动,这是因为减小孔隙率能够增大有效换热面积,减小气泡成核的壁面过热度,从而强化沸腾换热.当孔隙率减小到ε=73.2%时,若继续减小孔隙率,热流密度将突然下降,沸腾传热性能显著降低.通过对沸腾过程中气泡的受力进行分析后发现,当孔隙率较小时,过小的孔隙直径显著增大了气泡的逸出阻力,降低了气泡的上升速度,延长了气泡脱离多孔介质的时间,且此时气泡会在蒸发动量力、接触压力以及摩擦力等的共同作用下聚集在加热器上表面,形成气膜,从而恶化沸腾传热.

铜表面-氧化石墨烯纳米涂层池沸腾换热特性实验

石墨烯材料因其优异的导热性能和化学惰性,在核反应堆先进换热设备领域有很大的应用前景。为探索石墨烯材料的强化换热性能,本文采用沸腾沉积法制备氧化石墨烯纳米涂层,开展了氧化石墨烯涂层-去离子水池沸腾换热特性实验。氧化石墨烯纳米流体工质浓度为0.001、0.003、0.005 mg/mL,加热时间控制为1 h和2 h,通过沸腾沉积在裸露铜表面制备6种氧化石墨烯涂层。以此为基础开展池沸腾实验,结果发现氧化石墨烯涂层对池沸腾换热系数的影响很小,但可显著增强池沸腾临界热流密度。从涂层表面润湿性、热导率及形貌结构变化等角度分析了氧化石墨烯涂层对池沸腾换热特性的影响机理。

CMT电弧增材制造铝合金传热传质与熔池行为数值模拟

为研究冷金属过渡(cold metal transition,CMT)电弧增材制造铝合金传热传质与熔池流动特性,基于Fluent软件建立了三维CMT电弧增材制造数值模型.模型中,采用动网格技术模拟焊丝竖直方向上的往复运动,利用流体体积法捕获气/液界面,焓-孔隙率法追踪固/液界面,并施加周期热量输入和阶段电弧力作用来等效电弧放电行为,研究分析了焊道成形传热传质过程与熔池动态行为.结果表明,焊道成形初期,熔池余高和坡度较大,形貌犹如半个球体,成形后期热量积累造成焊道余高后方较前方略小,而后端熔宽较前端略宽;单滴过渡周期内,焊丝机械回抽对熔池表面流动影响最为明显,液桥断裂产生较大反冲作用于熔池;熔池内部则是电磁力作为主导驱动力产生一股顺时针环流,环流随燃弧阶段周期切换而不断加强与减弱,并基本贯穿整个过渡周期,使得熔池内部热对流更加充分.模拟结果与试验结果显示吻合良好.

电弧增材制造传热传质数值模拟技术综述

电弧增材制造过程涉及丝材的送入和熔化,熔融金属向熔池的过渡,熔池中液态金属的对流、凝固和成形。缺陷的形成与电弧增材制造过程中发生的复杂多物理场现象密切相关。因此,需要借助高保真数值模拟技术来深入理解这些物理现象,并将其作为优化工艺条件、制造高质量产品的理论依据。本文综述了电弧增材制造传热传质数值模拟涉及的关键技术,并对未来研究方向进行了展望:首先,介绍了几种典型的热源模型,鉴于电弧增材制造过程中熔池的形成与演变是多种驱动力共同作用的结果,分析了浮力、电磁力、表面张力、电弧压力、电弧剪应力模型对流体流动和熔池表面变形的影响;然后,总结了三种金属过渡模型,包括速度入口填充液态金属、指定位置添加球状质量源项以及直接建立固态金属焊丝;最后,介绍了常用的气液界面跟踪方法。

Visualization of Bubble Dynamics for Pool Boiling of Binary Refrigerant Mixture R11-R113

A digital photographic study of pool boiling with binary mixture R11(CCl3)-R113(CCl3CF3) was per- formed on a horizontal transparent heater at pressure of 0.1MPa. A high speed digital camera was applied to record the bubble behaviors in boiling process. Strong effects of composition on bubble departure diameter, departure time, nucleation density were observed, which was attributed to the nature of the activation of the boiling surface and mass diffusion effects. The bubble departure diameter, departure period and nucleation density as functions of composition for binary mixtures R11-R113 were presented respectively. From the video images, it can be concluded that evaporation of microlayer is very important to the growth of bubble. It is also observed that there is not any liquid recruited into the microlayer below the bubble.

送丝速度对电弧增材熔池流动及焊道成形影响的数值模拟

通过数值模拟研究了不同送丝速度下电弧增材制造单道熔积成形过程中的传热传质及熔池流态,分析了送丝速度对焊道形貌的影响.结果表明,当送丝速度较小时,基板接受的电弧热较多,熔池的熔深较深且流动性较强,成形焊道较宽且高度较低;随着送丝速度的增大,熔融金属向上堆积,熔池体积增加,送丝速度达到一定值时,电磁力与表面张力达到动态平衡,熔深与焊道高度接近;当送丝速度较大时,液态金属对流减弱,熔深较浅,在表面张力的作用下,熔池边缘收缩导致焊道隆起.模拟与试验结果吻合较好,研究结果可以为GTAW电弧增材技术的工艺参数调控提供理论依据.创新点:通过数值模拟方法探究了送丝速度影响电弧增材制造熔池传热与流动,以及焊道成形的作用机理.

纳米孔链双层复合表面过冷池沸腾传热特性

微纳复合多孔结构对相变换热的强化是能源化工领域的重要主题。基于气液协同输运的概念,通过飞秒激光正交扫描加工,在硅片上生成二维嵌套的纳米孔链双层复合多孔结构,实验研究了其对HFE-7100过冷池沸腾传热特性的影响。实验结果表明,相比于光滑表面,多孔表面在35K过冷池沸腾条件下的起始过热度从16.7K下降到12.3K,降低26.3%,最大临界热通量提高128.7%。同时利用高速摄影观察气泡行为来研究强化沸腾传热机理。研究发现,双层多孔结构表面和内部形成的大量连通孔穴大幅度增加了有效成核位点,纳米孔和双层连通结构提供垂直和水平方向的液体补充通道,在高热通量下气泡尺寸更小,脱离更快。有效汽化核心密度增加以及气液自适应协同输运增强了多孔网络中的微液膜蒸发和微对流作用,从而有效提升沸腾换热能力和临界热通量。

纳米涂层加热面强化池沸腾传热研究进展

沸腾传热主要受汽泡行为的影响,而汽泡行为与加热面的表面性质密切相关。使用纳米粒子对加热面进行表面涂层改性,可以有效调节气泡行为,进而增强池沸腾传热性能。介绍了纳米涂层表面的理论模型及强化性能最新研究进展,根据涂层表面纳米粒子种类的不同,将其分为金属纳米粒子涂层表面、碳基纳米粒子涂层表面和复合表面。讨论了纳米涂层表面强化沸腾传热的理论分析以及存在的不足,为纳米涂层表面进一步强化池沸腾传热的研究提供参考。