Numerical investigation of cavitating flow behind the cone of a poppet valve in water hydraulic system

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using advanced RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43 000. The working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model. Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera. The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good agreement with the numerical result.

Flow and cavitation characteristics of water hydraulic poppet valves

Two types of poppet valves were tested, one is a poppet with a sharp-edged seats, and the other is that with a chamfered seat. During the tests, the effects of backpressure and poppet lift on flow characteristics were considered. Cavitation inception was detected by the appearance and rapid growth of a particular low frequency component of the outlet pressure fluctuation of valve when cavitation occurs. Experimental results show cavitation, back pressure, valve opening and its geometrical shape have significant effects on the flow characteristics of valve. The flow coefficient of throttle with water used as working medium is 0 85～0 95 when there is no cavitation. The pressure drop of flow saturation decreases with the increasing of poppet lift. The sharp-edged throttle has stronger anti-cavitation ability than the chamfered one.

英语故事教学的三大抓手——故事Poppet教学设计有感

"教师在故事阅读的课堂上,一味关注阅读策略和技巧的培养,牺牲掉的是什么?这样的阅读教学在小学阶段是否略显功利?是否失去了阅读教学最真实、最自然、最本真的状态呢?"故事,一向是备受学生喜爱和欢迎的阅读方式。沉浸在精彩的故事情节中,学生们不仅享受了阅读的乐趣,还在无形中拓展了语言能力。作为二语习得的必要补充,在小学英语课堂教学中,利用故事阅读促进学生开动脑筋,设计个性化的故事情节,大胆表达自己的观点,让学生从始至终都在一种愉悦的氛围中内化故事语言,这是目前我们北大附小英语教学研究团队的共识。

Geometrical transition properties of vortex cavitation and associated flow-choking characteristics in poppet valves

Poppet valves have become increasingly significant in ensuring precise digital flow rate and pressure control in hydraulic systems,necessitating a more profound understanding of the geometrical properties of cavitation in them,as well as associated flow-choking conditions.Through a comparative analysis with experimentally observed cavity images,we found that large eddy simulation(LES)turbulence modeling effectively replicates the geometrical properties of cavitation in these valves.The analysis demonstrated that cavitation is generated from vortices that result from the interaction between the notch contracta flow and the surrounding fluid structure.Variations in the internal or external vena contracta conditions result in fixed or discrete cavities,and the length-to-diameter ratio serves as a measure of the transition between internal and external vena contracta flow properties.This study establishes a threshold length-to-diameter ratio of approximately 2 for the tested poppet valves.More specifically,in notch structures with a smaller valve opening,longer sealing length,and smaller throttling angle(corresponding to a larger length-to-diameter ratio),the liquid-to-vapor transfer process is more evident than that in the reverse direction.A long-standing vapor cavity becomes fixed inside the notch,leading to a more pronounced flow-choking phenomenon.In contrast,for structures with a smaller length-to-diameter ratio,the cavitation process for discrete vapor cavities is more complete,ensuring fluid flow continuity and significantly reducing the occurrence of the flow-choking phenomenon.

油压锥阀与水压锥阀空化特性的对比分析

油压锥阀与水压锥阀在空化特性方面有较大差异,其流场机制尚未明确。为此,利用VOF空化两相流数值模拟算法在OpenFOAM开源平台上开展流场模拟,研究水压锥阀与油压锥阀空化特性。结果表明,水压锥阀及油压锥阀的空化分布较为一致,集中在自由剪切层、壁面剪切层及阀芯后沿等位置,同时各区域的空化诱发机制相同。油压锥阀的近壁面漩涡空化呈现径向链状特征,而水压锥阀则为分散性的片状结构,不同的空化形态主要源于转捩过程的差异。另外,在高强度空化流动条件下,直角型油压锥阀的整体空化强度相对水压锥阀较大,而倒角型锥阀则相反。水压锥阀比油压锥阀更容易发生空化初生。研究分析了水压锥阀与油压锥阀的空化特性差异及相关机制,可为不同介质的液压阀设计提供理论参考。

Squeal noise in hydraulic poppet valves

The poppet valve is a fundamental component in fluid power systems. Under particular conditions, annoying ＂squeal＂ noises may be generated in hydraulic poppet valves. In the present study, the frequency spectrum of the squeal noise is obtained by analyzing the sampling data from the accelerometer mounted on the valve body. It is found that the flow velocity, pressure, and structural parameters have crucial effects on the properties of squeal noise, especially frequency. Larger valve chamber volume or lower backpressure leads to lower fundamental frequency of the squeal noise. An explanation for the squeal noise, as a result of Helmholtz resonance, is suggested and proved by experimental results.

Computational fluid dynamics analysis on flow-induced vibration of a cryogenic poppet valve in consideration of cavitation effect

Poppet valves are basic components of many manufacturing operations and industrial processes. The valve plug will withstand unbalanced pressure during the switching process due to the complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI) in the local flow condition, especially with the occurrence of cavitation, which results in a convoluted generation and propagation of mechanical and fluid-dynamic vibrations. In the present work, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approaches are proposed to model the flow-driven movement of the disc, in consideration of the valve stem rigidity, for a cryogenic poppet valve with liquid nitrogen as the working fluid. Cavitation effects are included in the CFD simulations. The relationship between the displacement of the disc and the resistance of the stem is obtained in advance using the finite element method(FEM), and implemented in CFD calculations based on the user-defined functions(UDFs). The disc vibration is realized using the dynamic mesh technology according to the resultant flow field force and resistance of the stem determined in the UDF. The vibration characteristics of the valve disc, including velocity and vibration frequency, are presented. The temporal evolutions of cavitation behavior due to the vibration are also captured. Comparisons of results between cavitation and non-cavitation conditions are made, and spectral analysis of the transient pressure fluctuations reveals that the presence of cavitation induces transient unbalanced loads on the valve disc and generates instantaneous tremendous pressure fluctuations in the flow field. Various pressure differences between the inlet and outlet as well as valve openings are modeled to probe the influences of FSI on valve disc vibration mechanisms.The consequent analysis gives deeper insights and improves understanding of the mechanism of the complicated interaction between the cavitating flow and the vibration of the valve disc.

Surface Roughness Simulation During Rotational-Magnetorheological Finishing of Poppet Valve Profiles

Surface finishing is essential for various applications in the aerospace industry.One of the applications is the poppet valve,which is used for leak-proof sealing of high-pressure gases in aerospace gas propulsion engines.The combustion engine also typically employs a poppet valve as an intake and exhaust valve.Nano-finishing a poppet valve is difficult because of its complex narrow profile.The precise nano-finished poppet valve perfectly fits on its seat and reduces hydrocarbon emissions.The rotational-magnetorheological fluid-based finishing process can be used effectively for these complicated surfaces.The polishing agent in this process is magnetorheological fluid,and rheological properties are controlled by a permanent magnet.This article presents the uniform finishing of the poppet valve's narrow ridge profile,which is analyzed through finite element analysis(FEA),wherein the outcomes are uniform shear stress,normal stress,and magnetic flux density distributions along the poppet ridge profile.The study of forces exerting on abrasive grains and surface roughness simulation is also conducted using FEA findings.The experiment is subsequently performed to verify the simulation results for poppet profile polishing.The obtained experimental and simulated surface roughness values are comparable.After the finishing process,the maximum percentage improvement of surface roughness is obtained as 93.71%.The rotational-magnetorheological fluid-based finishing process has high accuracy and reliability for specific applications.

锥型阀芯液动力计算与补偿方法研究

为研究锥型电磁换向阀的弹簧无法推动阀芯的故障现象,利用动量定理计算出阀芯的静态液动力理论值,并提出了一种阀芯优化方案。基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)平台计算出阀芯优化前后的压力云图和速度矢量图,通过分析仿真结果确定了最优的阀芯几何参数。结果表明在相同工况下,优化后阀芯的射流角增加,压力损失降低。

进排气压力对气门式二冲程柴油机扫气过程的影响

为深入理解气门式二冲程发动机的扫气过程,以顶端入口进气道气门式二冲程柴油机为研究对象,在1 500 r/min转速下采用三维仿真研究了扫气过程中进排气压差和排气背压对缸内气体流动的影响机理。结果表明:由左侧进气道流入气缸的新鲜充量形成逆滚流,其前锋面抵达排气门之前经右侧进气道流入气缸的新鲜充量主要影响排气纯度,而在之后排气纯度明显增加;压差从30 kPa增加至210 kPa时左侧排气道排气纯度增加,在中低压差下右侧排气道排气纯度较高,扫气品质系数先从0.61降低至0.52,之后增加至0.56且保持不变;定压差和背压从100 kPa增加至190 kPa时排气纯度接近,而扫气效率增加较慢,扫气品质系数从0.55降低至0.53。

黏度对锥阀空化动态特性的影响机制

针对黏度对锥阀空化特性的作用机理尚未明确的问题,对水压锥阀及油压锥阀空化射流进行三维动态数值模拟,分析造成其动态行为差异的流场行为,研究黏度对锥阀空化动态特性的影响机制。结果表明,油压锥阀与水压锥阀均同时存在漩涡空化及附着型空化,并且空化诱发机制基本一致。油压锥阀的转捩过程较为缓慢,其漩涡空化结构具有明显的拟序性;而水压锥阀则具有明显的三维特性。水压锥阀空化射流的剪切层厚度仅为0.01 mm左右,阀芯表面的片状漩涡结构源于近壁面剪切效应;而油液射流的剪切层厚度则大10倍以上,油压锥阀近壁面链状漩涡空化与射流核的局部分离流现象有关。在阀芯后沿处,水压射流的近壁面剪切强度是油压射流的3倍,水压锥阀附着型空化卷入部分漩涡空化,而油压锥阀附着型空化则被卷进漩涡空化。

蓄热式热氧化装置的设计与控制

近年来蓄热式热氧化装置时有爆炸,因而蓄热式热氧化装置的设计和过程安全控制十分重要。为保障蓄热式热氧化装置的运行安全,设计人员应该更加注重以下五个方面:(1)爆炸下限(LEL)分析仪表应设置在蓄热式热氧化炉前合适位置;(2)提升阀应保证零泄漏和故障率低;(3)燃烧器应选择低氮长明灯型,且带有高温自动停系统;(4)高温热旁通阀门必须选择耐高温调节型;(5)控制系统应按照工艺参数的重要性和安全预评价,进行冗余设置或采用安全仪表系统。本文为采用蓄热式热氧化装置作为废气处理技术的工程项目提供了参考。

基于CFD方法的可调式单向阀设计与流量分析

介绍了可调式单向阀的研究成果。为了提升现有阀门流动特性和减少压力损失,在阀体内部即插装阀和连接板之间适当地塑造、布置了孔和流道。通过与通道主轴成一定角度进行额外钻孔的方法改进了流道的几何形状,并用CFD模拟计算了标准阀体和改进后新方案的流速和压力损失,确定了钻孔角度和流量系数。结果表明,改进后的II型比I型压力损失降低了30%~40%,A-B方向的最大流体流速降低约30%,可见文中提出的改进方案可有效减少压力损失。

锥阀阀口气穴流场的数值模拟与试验研究

采用NNGk-ε湍流模型数值模拟了锥阀阀口的气穴流动。运用工业纤维镜与高速摄像机等组成流场可视化试验系统,多方位地观察了阀口附近的气穴现象,对其进行数字图像处理后,获得了气穴流场的分布信息,与仿真结果比较,吻合良好,表明RNGk-ε湍流模型能有效地描述锥阀等液压元件的阀口气穴流动。同时采用涡流式位移传感器、激光位移器和数字应变测量仪等构成的检测系统,研究了气穴流场诱发的阀体与阀芯振动。

液压控制锥阀内流场的数值模拟与试验可视化研究

用Galerkin有限元法对液压控制锥阀在不同的开口度、不同的阀芯结构、不同的阀座尺寸下的内流场进行数值计算，计算结果以可视的图形图像形式给出。并用DPIV技术对锥阀内流场进行试验可视化研究，试验结果与计算结果吻合。研究结果对设计低能耗、低噪声液压锥阀具有指导意义。

阀芯运动过程液压锥阀流场的CFD计算与分析

应用CFD方法对阀芯运动状态下流体在锥阀内的流动状态进行了可视化计算和分析研究。参照实际锥阀的结构和参数,用CAD软件Pro/E建立了阀内流道的三维几何模型。应用前处理软件Gambit进行了网格的划分、细化,用自定义函数UDF确定了阀芯运动速度。应用Fluent中动网格技术进行了计算研究,获得了阀芯开启、关闭过程受到的瞬态液动力、流量系数与通过阀流量、阀开口度之间的定量关系。

内流式锥阀液动力及阀芯锥面压强分布的实验研究

设计了专门的锥阀阀芯锥面压强分布与液动力的实验装置，测量了内流式锥阀阀芯压强分布，测定并分析了液动力的变化规律。

基于CFD的液压锥阀振动原因分析

对插装式液压锥阀建立动态数学模型,同时利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件对实际使用中产生振动的锥阀及其改进结构进行稳态和动态解析,分析了液压锥阀发生振动的原因。数学建模结果表明:使阀芯开启的稳态液动力是加剧阀芯振动的重要因素之一。CFD稳态计算结果表明:原始结构锥阀对应的稳态液动力随阀芯的开启先增大而后降低,但方向向上,始终存在使阀芯开启的趋势,这可能是引起阀芯发生剧烈振动的原因。动态计算结果表明:改进结构锥阀相对于原始结构的确可以消振,但会产生较大的负压,易于产生气蚀和气蚀噪声。

液压锥阀的热力学建模仿真与试验研究

针对液压锥阀的热特性问题,考虑油液物理特性变化对锥阀节流损失的影响,采用控制体方法建立了锥阀的热力学模型,对包含锥阀的简单液压系统进行了数值模拟。在不同进口压力下对锥阀的热特性进行了试验研究,得到了锥阀节流损失系数相对油液温度的变化和锥阀进出口温度的变化。结果表明:试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合,验证了热力学建模和仿真的正确性。

内流式锥阀液动力的理论探讨

文中指出一般内流式锥阀流体力分析中选用一个控制体积的不足，选取了阀腔上、下流两个控制体积，运用两次动量变化的概念，得到新的内流式锥阀液动力理论方程，为了实用方便，文中给出了一种近似计算公式。