Phylogenetic Relationship Analysis of the Complete Genomes of Porcine Circovirus Type 2( PCV2) Strains Isolated from Hainan Province

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） strains isolated from Hainan Province. [ Method] The complete genome of PCV2 was amplified from PMWS-suspected samples by PCR for sequence analysis. [ Result] A total of eight PCV2 strains were isolated and identified. All the eight isolates belonged to genotype PCV2b, among which seven isolates belonged to subgenotype PCV2b-1 C, and one isolate be- longed to subgenotype PCV2b-IA/1B. ORF2 gene of PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province was 705 bp in length, encoding 234 amino acids. Antigenic epitopes of Cap protein exhibited certain changes. Nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 gene shared 95.3% -99.7% and 93.6% - 100% simi- larities among eight PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province, respectively. Moreover, nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 gene of PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province shared 91.0% -99.9% and 91.0% -99.6% similarities with other PCV2 strain isolated from China （AY682994, AF381175, JX945577, JX682407, AY180397 ）, respectively; nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 gene of PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province shared 90.0% - 97.0% and 88.0% -97.9% similarities with PCV2 isolates from other countries （ NC_005148, JQ994268, KJ187306, AF201307, AF454546, AY＂/Sd020）, respectively; nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 gene of PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province shared 98.2% -100% and 94.9% -100% similarities with vaccine strain SH, respectively; nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of ORF2 gene of PCV2 isolates from Hainan Province shared 90.6% -91.7% and 89.7% - 91.0% similarities with vaccine strain LG, respectively. [ Conclusion] This study provided theoretical hasis for the prevention and control of PCV2 and selection of vaccine strains in Hainan Province.

A survey on porcine circovirus type 2 infection and phylogenetic analysis of its ORF2 gene in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province,China

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is closely related to the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In this study, the pig serum and tissue samples collected from different regions of Hangzhou District in Zhejiang Province of China between 2003 and 2005 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PCV2 antibody and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ORF2 gene. The results show that out of 1250 randomly collected serum samples, 500 sera (40%) were seropositive for PCV2. PCR results demonstrate that Hangzhou PCV2 with more than 50% Chinese PCV2 strains and French PCV2 formed Cluster A. Only one PCV2 from Hangzhou belonged to Cluster B with some other Chinese PCV2 and Netherlands’s isolates. Cluster C consisted of PCV2 isolates from China, US, Canada, UK and Germany. The results indicate that the PCV2 infection was widespread in Hangzhou.

Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Porcine Circovirus Type 2

In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was used to develop a rapid and simple detection system for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). According to the PCV2 sequences published in GenBank, multiple LAMP primers were designed targeting conserved sequences of PCV2. Using the DNA extracted from PCV2 isolates HUN-09 and SD-09 as the template, LAMP reactions in a PCV2 LAMP system was performed, the amplification products were detected by adding SYBR Green I and could be observed directly by the naked eye. The results showed highly-efficient and specific amplification in 30 min at 63°C with a LAMP real-time turbidimeter. Furthermore, PCV2 DNA templates, with a detection limit of 5.5×10-5 ng of nucleic acid, indicated that this assay was highly sensitive. The results obtained with the naked eye after SYBR Green I staining were consistent with those detected by the real-time turbidimeter, showing the potential simplicity of interpretation of the assay results. The LAMP assay appeared to have greater accuracy than PCR and virus isolation for the analysis of 18 clinical samples. In addition it offers higher specificity and sensitivity, shorter reaction times and simpler procedures than the currently available methods of PCV2 detection. It is therefore a promising tool for the effective and efficient detection of PCV2.

Genetic Diversity of Intragenomic Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in vitro and in vivo

We characterized the genome sequences of defective-interfering(DI) particle DNA of porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2) by sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. DI particles were both generated by serial passage of PCV2 in PK15 cells and obtained from sera of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS). These subviral isolates ranged from 358 nt to 1 125 nt genomes. Investigating the complexity and diversity of PCV2 DI in vivo and in vitro can help elucidating the evolutionary history of PCV2.

Recent Advances in Epidemiology of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Diagnosis of Porcine Circovirus-Associated Diseases

Porcine cimovirus （PCV） is the smallest animal virus so far and has two serotypes. PCV1 is nonpathogenic, but PCV2 is pathogenic and causes post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome （ PMWS）. Factors to induce PMWS include immunity and infection status of sows, infec- tion time, mixed infection, PCV2 variants, physical status of gilts, and feeding management. For final diagnosis, histopathological changes and ex- istence of PCV2 in lymphoid tissues are professional standards, because fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR is not enough specific or sensitive. The commemial PCV2 vaccines can reduce occurrence of PMWS and PCV-related diseases. This paper reviews recent advances in epidemiology of PCV2 as well as diagnosis and control of PMWS.

An Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Rapid Detection of Antibodies against Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Porcine cimovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection causes huge economic losses, but no serological method is available for batch detection of field samples. The aim of the study was to develop a method for large-batch detection of PCV2 infection. Colloidal gold-labeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA) was sprayed on glass fibers to prepare a conjugate pad. The recombinant ORF2 protein of PCV2 was blotted on the test line of the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane, and pig IgG was streaked on the control line of the NC membrane. Then, the immunochromatographic strip was used for detection of antibodies against PCV2. The results show that the strip test was simple and the results could be determined within 10 min with naked eyes. The test strip was highly specific for pig serum against PCV2 and no cross-reaction with pig serum against other pathogens was observed. The test strip had close similarity with ELISA. Storage at RT for 6 months did not affect the specificity and sensitivity obviously. A total of 324 clinical pig sera were detected by both ELISA and the developed test strip, and the coincidence was 98.77%. Therefore, the developed immunochromatographic strip is specific, sensitive, stable, fast and simple, and it is suitable for on-site detection of antibodies against PCV2.

Epidemiology Survey of Porcine Parvovirus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Sichuan Province

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the prevalence of Porcine Parvovirus （PPV） and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 （ PCV2 ） and the mixed infection in Sichuan Province to lay the foundation for further predicting the tendency of the plague and formulating appropriate prevention and control strategies. [ Method] Two hundred and seventy -three samples were collected from 21 large pig farms in Sichuan province, and epidemiology of PPV and PCV2 were investigated by PCR detecting. [ Result] The positive rate of PPV was 17.22% （47/273）, and positive rate of pig farms was 38.1% （8/21）, meanwhile it also displayed the feature that infection rate of boar was higher than that of piglets; The positive rate of PCV2 was 52.38% （143/273）, and positive rate of pig farms was 85.7% （18/21）, and it showed the trend that the infection rate of PCV2 was rising with the growth of the age. The co-infection rate of PPV and PCV2 was 10.62% （29/273）, and co-infection rate of pig farms was 28.7% （6/21）, which mainly concentrated in the sow and nursery piglets. Only 14.3% （3/21） pig farms was epidemiologically negative of PPV and PCV2. [ Conclusion] PPV and PCV2 and co-infection was widely popular in Sichuan province, and it did more serious harm to the pig-raising industry.

Establishment and Application of a Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Method for Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2

[ Objective ] To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR） method with SYBR Green I for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2）. [Methods] Specific primers were designed to amplify the conserved gene segments of PCV2 with a size of 177 bp by PCR. The ampli- fied gene was cloned into the vector of pMD 18-T and transformed into DHSct to screen positive clones. After being extracted and purified, the recombinant plasraids pMD 18-T-177 were taken as the standard DNA templates to establish the fluorescence quantitative PCR method for the detection of PCV2, and the PCR re- action conditions were optimized. [ Results] Ct value of the established PCR method showed a good linear relationship with the standard DNA templates within a viral load of 3.21 × 100 -4.16 × 108 copies/μL , the correlation coefficient was O. 998 8 and the slope was - 3.286. The method did not show any cress-reactions with the genomes of PRRSV, PCV1, CSFV, PRV, PPV and Escherichia coli. Sensitivity of this method was proved to be 3.21 × 10 copies/μL, which was 1 000 times higher as conventional PCR method. Variation coefficients of the repeated trims among same batch or different batches were both less than 3.00%. Positive rate of clinical samples detected by the established PCR method was 58.94%, which was significantly higher than the detection rate by conventional PCR. [ Conclusions ] A reM-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method with SYBR Green I for the detection of PCV2 was established, which was better for conducting the quan- titative analysis and the early diagnosis of PCV2 infection.

Isolation and Identification of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Taizhou

In September 2011, an infectious disease suspected to be postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome （PMWS） broke out in some pig farm in Taizhou. The inguinal lymph node, liver and lung tissues were collected and grinded into tissue suspension. The suspension was subjected to PCR detection, and the positive product was sequenced. The suspension of positive samples was filtered with 0.22 μm filter membrane, and the filtrate was inoculated onto PK15 cells. After five generations of blind passages, the cell viral liquid was collected and extracted for DNA, which was subjected to PCR detection and indirect immunofluorescence. The results showed that the isolate was porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） and designated as TAIZ110926. The target sequence was committed to NCBI with a serial number： KF039888.

Expression of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ORF2 Gene in Myocardial Cells of Detached Cherry Valley Duck

The objective of this study was to construct the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid of ORF2 gene harboring enhanced green fluorescent protein （EGFP） report gene. ORF2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 cloned by PCR was ligated to the expression vector pEGFP-N1, which contains enhanced green fluorescent protein （EGFP） report gene, the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-N1-ORF2 was constructed successfully and was transfected into pre- pared duck myocardial cells （DMCs） by lipofectin. According to the result, the fluorescence expression was directly detected with fluorescence microscope, and the expression of ORF2 were analyzed by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay （IFA） respectively. About 48 h after transfection, green fluorescent can be observed on transfected cells ： T-PCR and IFA were positive. This indicated that ORF2 gene of PCV2 was expressed efficiently in transfected duck myocardial cells.

Inducible Expression on Multi-epitope of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Its Immunological Competence

In order to obtain induction expressed porcine circovirus type 2（PCV2）multi-epitope with good immunogenicity in vitro.Major epitopes of PCV2 were screened in the test,epitopes were composed sequentially,the c DNA sequences were artificially synthesized.Bam HⅠand SalⅠwere directionally cloned into prokaryotic expression vector PEGX-4T-1 multiple cloning site,then BL21 competent cells were transformed,positive clones were screened,IPTG inducible expression was conducted.Expression on target gene was analyzed by SDS-PAGE,fusion protein polypeptide was extracted and purified,immunocompetence of the expressed multi-epitope protein was identified by Westernblot.BALB/c mouse was immuned by fusion protein polypeptide,the antibody was determined by ELISA,immunogenicity was evaluated.Results showed that expression recombinant plasmid pEGX-4T-1-ep contained with seven PCV2 antigen epitopes had been constructed successfully.SDS-PAGE analysis showed that fusion protein polypeptide was expressed effectively in Escherichia coli（E.coli）,and the molecular weight was about 35ku,which existed in the form of solubility.Results of Westernblot showed that the extraction and purification of fusion protein polypeptide and PCV2 positive serum had good reactogenicity.Results of ELISA showed that the purified fusion protein polypeptide could stimulate the body to produce PCV2 specific antibody which had good immunogenicity.Results indicated that the constructed PCV2 multi-epitope had good expression characteristics in vitro,and the expression protein had good immunogenicity.The study provided a basic for the study on PCV2 epitope screening,functional identification and multi-epitope vaccine.

表达CSFV E2线性表位的PCV2病毒样颗粒的制备及免疫原性研究

为制备携带猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)病毒样颗粒(VLP),并在小鼠体内评价其免疫原性,本研究采用PCR扩增PCV2 Cap基因,利用重叠延伸PCR将PCV2 Cap蛋白的诱饵表位(aa169~aa180)替换成编码两个连续的CSFV E2蛋白线性表位(aa829~aa837)的融合基因(PCV2-Cap^(169~180)-E2^(829~837))经测序鉴定正确后克隆至载体pET-32a(+)中,构建重组质粒p-Cap-E2并采用PCR方法鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白(PCV2-Cap-E2),采用改良的镍亲和层析法纯化重组蛋白,并利用SDS-PAGE与western blot对重组蛋白的表达形式及反应原性鉴定;利用透射电镜观察纯化的重组蛋白能否形成VLP;利用本研究制备的VLP、PCV2及CSFV商品化疫苗分别免疫小鼠,采用ELISA方法检测免疫后不同时间小鼠体内的抗体水平及细胞因子含量。SDS-PAGE结果显示,在49 ku处出现目的条带,且重组蛋白主要以可溶性形式表达,纯化得到单一的目的蛋白;western blot结果显示,重组蛋白能够与猪源PCV2多克隆抗体(PAb)、猪源CSFV PAb及HRP标记的6×His-Tag小鼠单克隆抗体(MAb)发生特异性反应,在49 ku处出现特异性条带;电镜观察可见重组蛋白形成规则的VLP;抗体的ELISA结果显示,与PBS对照相比,VLP能够诱导小鼠产生较高的PCV2及CSFV抗体水平(P<0.01),与各商品化疫苗均无显著差异。细胞因子的ELISA结果显示,与PBS对照组相比,VLP能够诱导小鼠产生较高水平的细胞因子(P<0.01)。体外病毒中和试验结果显示,VLP免疫的小鼠血清中具有中和PCV2的活性。综上所述,本实验首次在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达并获得了纯化的重组蛋白(PCV2-Cap-E2),且其能够在体外自组装成VLP,并可刺激小鼠产生针对PCV2 Cap蛋白及CSFV E2蛋白的特异性抗体,为研制针对PCV2和CSFV的新型二联VLP疫苗提供了物质基础。

一株高病毒载量PCV2毒株的基因组特征及序列分析

【目的】了解广东省某猪群中猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)流行毒株的遗传进化情况,丰富PCV2分子流行病学数据,为当地PCV2疫苗候选株的选用和研发提供参考。【方法】使用qPCR方法对疑似PCV2的样品进行检测,发现1株具有高病毒载量的PCV2毒株,命名为GD222858。通过PCR方法进行全基因组分子克隆及遗传进化分析。使用MegAlign软件将该毒株ORF1、ORF2基因编码的氨基酸序列与PCV2同亚型参考毒株进行比对,分析氨基酸序列的相似性;采用DNAStar预测该毒株的Cap蛋白二级结构及B细胞表位,并与4株疫苗株DBN-SX07-2(HM641752)、LG(HM038034)、SH(HM038027)、ZJ(AY686764)的Cap蛋白抗原指数进行比对分析。【结果】GD222858毒株基因组长度为1767 bp。遗传进化分析表明该毒株属于PCV2d亚型。与国内外82株参考毒株的核苷酸相似性为91.4%~99.6%,与越南毒株Han8(GenBank登录号:JQ181600)的亲缘关系最近。在ORF1编码的Rep蛋白处发现多个特异性突变位点F70Y、F77L、W202R、N256S;ORF2编码的Cap蛋白相对保守。Protean预测Cap蛋白的氨基酸第5~18、24~25、39~41、48~49、57~65、99、101、112~114、139~140、145~150、162~165、175~181、188~189、205~211、227~232位置处均可能存在潜在的B细胞表位。GD222858毒株的Cap蛋白抗原指数与4株疫苗株均有差异,在氨基酸45~57、124~132、223~233位置处抗原指数明显高于4株疫苗株,且与疫苗株HM038034差异最大。【结论】GD222858毒株感染猪群的原因可能是Rep蛋白多个位点发生特异性突变及疫苗株选用不当所致。

广西壮族自治区猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)分子流行病学调查及遗传变异分析

[目的]了解猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)在广西壮族自治区的流行情况及遗传特征。[方法]采用PCR方法对广西壮族自治区不同地区送检的病料进行PCV2检测和全基因组序列扩增。应用BioEdit、Mega 7.0、RDP 5和SimPlot(ver 3.5.1)软件对获得的24株PCV2毒株全基因组序列进行核苷酸序列相似性、遗传变异和重组分析,并对Cap蛋白氨基酸序列变异位点进行分析。[结果]PCV2广西株基因组大小均为1768 bp;核苷酸序列相似性分析显示,广西株与参考株PCV1~PCV4的相似性在44.7%~99.7%,与PCV3亲缘性最低;广西株为PCV2b和PCV2d型,PCV2d流行最为广泛;全基因组序列重组分析显示,部分广西株存在重组事件;与疫苗株AY686764-PCV2b和HM641752-PCV2b相比,PCV2广西株的Cap蛋白氨基酸序列共有21个位点发生变异。[结论]PCV2广西流行毒株以PCV2d型为主,部分毒株具有重组现象,部分位点发生独特的氨基酸变异,遗传进化趋势明显。研究结果为广西壮族自治区PCV2的流行病学调查和遗传进化特征分析提供了基本数据。

Mouse models of porcine circovirus 2 infection

PCV2 is considered the main pathogen of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases(PCVD/PCVAD). However, the exact mechanism underlying PCVD/PCVAD is currently unknown. Mouse models of PCV2 are valuable experimental tools that can shed light on the pathogenesis of infection and will enable the evaluation of antiviral agents and vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of mouse models used in PCV2 research that has been performed to date, highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as prospects for future PCV2 studies.

Porcine Circovirus 2:Immunopathogenesis and Recent Developments in Vaccines

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is currently considered an important etiologic agent of swine and its infection has potentially serious economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. This virus is frequently associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), and also with other clinical conditions such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), late-term abortions, reproductive failure in sows, proliferative and necrotizing pneumonia and congenital tremors. The term porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is currently used to refer to any of these diseases when they are associated with PCV2 infection. The PCV2 was recognized as a pathogen in 1997, and many questions regarding its biology and pathogenesis remain unanswered. Currently, some studies have shown the production of new vaccine candidates and field efficacy testing of commercial vaccines. This review discusses some major points concerned with immunopathogenesis and vaccines for PCV2 infection.

鉴别猪圆环病毒2型和3型双重TaqMan MGB探针FQ-PCR检测方法研究

建立一种快速、特异鉴别检测猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)和猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)的双重TaqMan MGB探针FQ-PCR方法,本研究以PCV2的Rep蛋白和PCV3的Cap蛋白基因作为靶基因,各设计1对特异性引物和1条TaqMan MGB探针,经优化各反应条件和进行敏感性、特异性、重复性和干扰性试验,建立鉴别检测PCV2/PCV3的双重FQ-PCR方法。结果显示:该方法可特异性扩增PCV2、PCV3核酸,与猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)等8种病原及阴性对照无交叉反应,特异性较强;对PCV2和PCV3阳性质粒标准品的最低检出限均可达10 copies/μL,敏感性较高;PCV2/PCV3批内/批间重复试验变异系数(CV)值均在3%以下,表明方法稳定性、重复性较好;干扰性试验表明在两种病毒阳性质粒起始模板相差较大时该方法不会影响对其中任一病毒核酸的检出和准确定量。对42份临床疑似PCV感染样品检测结果与PCV2、PCV3基因测序结果符合率100%。本研究建立的双重FQ-PCR方法具有敏感性高达10 copies/μL、特异性强、在同一反应体系中能同时快速鉴别检测PCV2、PCV3等优点,可用于临床PCV2/PCV3感染的快速鉴别检测。

猪圆环病毒2型疫苗及其效力评价方法比较研究

为探索对不同猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type2,PCV2)疫苗产品进行统一质量评价的可行性,对国内该类疫苗产品及其现有效力评价方法进行了归纳和比较研究。结果发现,目前猪圆环病毒2型疫苗类产品种类有25个,且疫苗毒株数量多达10余个,效力检验方法包括传统的免疫攻毒法、血清学方法和多种不同的替代方法,但尚没有统一的效力评价体系。本研究可为进一步完善PCV2疫苗效力评价方法、统一评价疫苗效力、提高产品质量提供参考。

猪圆环病毒2型ORF1部分位点突变对病毒复制能力的影响

猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)可引起断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征,导致仔猪逐渐消瘦。PCV2 ORF1表达的Rep蛋白及其剪切体Rep′是PCV2复制所需的重要蛋白。为了研究PCV2 ORF1部分位点对PCV2复制能力的影响,本试验通过构建PCV2 ORF1区域点突变双拷贝感染性克隆质粒,在无PCV2污染的PK-15细胞中进行病毒拯救,使用荧光定量PCR检测不同位点突变病毒培养不同代次上清液的Ct值。结果:将PCV2 Rep的17 aa、19 aa、20 aa和21 aa突变为丙氨酸后病毒无法成功拯救,2 aa突变后严重影响病毒的复制能力,3 aa、5 aa和18 aa突变后病毒的复制能力增强且细胞病毒载量高于PCV2原毒株,推测17 aa、19 aa、20 aa和21 aa是影响PCV2复制的关键作用位点。本研究结果为未来PCV2复制相关研究提供了试验依据。