Construction and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing S1 Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus(PEDV)

To evaluate the specific immune responses induced by recombinant Lactococcus lactis（L.lactis） which expresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus（PEDV） S1 protein through oral administration,the spike gene fragment of PEDV was amplified from PEDV SDLY strain to construct p MG36 e-S1 recombinant plasmid.The recombinant plasmid was then electro-transferred into competent cells of L.lactis MG1363,to prepare the recombinant L.lactis expressing S1 protein of PEDV.The expression of target protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot.New Zealand white rabbits were orally administered with the recombinant strain;the antibody titer in intestinal mucosa and serum was detected by neutralizing test;and the specific Ig G in serum was evaluated by indirect ELISA.The results showed that the recombinant L.lactis could effectively induce high level of Ig G in serum and high level of mucosal immune antibody.The recombinant L.lactis is qualified to be a potential oral vaccine because it could successfully stimulate both humoral and mucosal immune responses against PEDV.

Screening of Host Proteins Interacting with PorcineEpidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) N Protein by YeastTwo-hybrid System

[Objective] The paper was to obtain host proteins interacting with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus （PEDV） N protein. [Method] The re-combinant vector pGBKT7-N of PEDV N gene was constructed and used as the bait plasmid to screen the proteins interacting with N protein ofPEDV from the cDNA library of porcine alveolar macrophage （PAM） by yeast two-hybrid method. [Result] There was no toxicity and self activationof bait protein in yeast hybridization system, and six proteins （FTH1, LGALS3, CORO1C, SNRPG, KRTAP5-3, ZNF598） interacting with N proteinwere indentified. It was confirmed that LGALS3 and SNRPG had specific interaction with N protein by return experiment and co-immunoprecipitation（CoIP） test. [Conclusion] The study lays a foundation for further studying the function of PEDV N protein and the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV.

Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Guangxi Province from 2011 to 2014 and Sequence Analysis of Its M Gene

Detection of pigs epidemic diarrhea virus （PEDV） was conducted on 331 piglets diarrhea fecal samples collected in Nanning, Yulin and other 12 areas of Guangxi Province from January of 2011 to April of 2014 by the method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The results showed that the positive samples of PEDV were 210 and the positive rate was 63.44%. The clone and sequencing of M gene was carried out on 25 positive samples. PEDV reference strains were selected from GeneBank to conduct the sequence homology alignment analysis and the phylogenetic tree of M gene. The M gene homology and amino acid sequence identity between 25 isolated strains and 51 reference strains were 96.0% - 99.6% and 94.3% - 99.6%, respectively. The genetic variation anal- ysis of M gene showed that the genetic relationship of PEDV prevalent strains in Guangxi Province from 2013 to 2014 was close to that of the prevalent strains in Bei- jing, Anhui, Wuhan, Hebei and Guangdong from 2010 to 2013, and which were far from that of the Chinese early isolates CH/S （GenBank number： JN547228 ）, vaccine strain CV777 （GenBank number： AF353511 ） and Attenuated DR13 （GenBank number： JQ023162）. Indicating that the PEDV strains prevalent in Guan- gxi in recent years showed significant variation with the early isolates.

Isolation and Identification of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus(PEDV) HLJ Strain with IPEC-J2 Cells and Phylogenetic Analysis of Its S Gene

Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED)is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),and is characterized by vomiting,diarrhea and dehydration of suckling pigs from 80% to 100% morbidity and 50% to 90% mortality,and resulted in tremendous economic losses to swine industry.The PEDV mainly infects small intestine of pigs,resulting in vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of mucosal epithelium.The IPEC-J2 is a pig intestine epithelial cell line,which is similar to the intestinal environment of piglets,can be used to isolate and identify the PEDV field isolates.In this study,it appeared the PEDV typical postmortem changes and histopathological lesion of degeneration and destruction of small intestine in infected piglets,and IHC identified that the PEDV distributed in the mucosa and submucosa of small intestine mostly.Furthermore,the PEDV HLJ strain was successfully isolated and characterized in the IPEC-J2 cells,and indicated that the IPEC-J2 cell line was sensitive to isolate and adapt the PEDV field strain,and could be utilized to multiply the PEDV rapidly.The S gene analysis indicated that the PEDV HLJ strain was the prevailed virus,belonged to Group 1 with attenuated virulent DR13,SC1402 and J-S2/2015 strains isolated in South Korea and China from 2014 to 2015.This study had important theoretical and practical significances on analyzing genetic variation of the PEDV,understanding the pathogenic characteristics of the virus and developing new vaccines for the PED.

Real-time Fluorescence Reverse-transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

Porcine epidemic diarrhea,a highly contagious enteric infectious disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus（ PEDV） with symptoms of vomit,diarrhea,loss of appetite of suckling pig,has led to serious economic loss to the global swine industry. In this study,a real-time fluorescence reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification（ RT-LAMP） assay was developed to detect PEDV RNA. The real-time fluorescence RT-LAMP assay was performed at62 ℃ for 60 min,using a simple and portable device,the ESE-Quant Tube Scanner. The detection limit of RNA was 2. 9 × 10~6 copies/μl,10 times as sensitive as RT-PCR,and the detection was specific only to PEDV. Application of this method to clinical samples yielded a positivity rate of 93%,which was higher than that of RT-PCR. This technique saves time and is efficient,and is thus expected to be useful for the diagnosis of PEDV infection in the field.

Porcine NF-κB p65 Subunit:Molecular Characterization,Tissue Expression and Transcriptional Profile in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-infected IPEC-J2 Cells

The p65 protein is a functional subunit of NF-κB family and exhibits a crucial role in host immune and inflammatory responses,apoptosis and tumor proliferation if improperly-regulated.Given its ubiquitous association with nearly all the animal cells and its pleotropic functions,the gene encoding NF-κB p65 subunit was cloned and sequenced from porcine kidney(PK-15)cells.The gene was 1662 bp in length,encoded a 553-amino acid protein and contained the prototypical NF-κB functional domains.Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were used to characterize the transcription and expression levels of the p65 in different pig tissues.The results indicated that the p65 gene and protein were both broadly expressed in pig tissues,but most highly expressed in the intestine-associated lymph nodes and the lungs.To localize the recombinant protein in intestinal porcine epithelial cells(IPEC-J2),the gene was subcloned into the vector pEGFP(pEGFP-p65).Using fluorescence microscopy,the protein was found confined to the cytoplasm in normal cells;however,during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)infection,mRNA and protein expression were significantly up-regulated and the protein exhibited an overt tendency for nuclear translocalization consistent with a regulatory role in antiviral innate immunity.

Identification of niclosamide as a novel antiviral agent against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by targeting viral internalization

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV),an enteropathogenic coronavirus,has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry.However,there remain no effective drugs against PEDV infection.In this study,we utilized a recombinant PEDV expressing renilla luciferase(PEDV-Rluc)to screen potential anti-PEDV agents from an FDAapproved drug library in Vero cells.Four compounds were identified that significantly decreased luciferase activity of PEDV-Rluc.Among them,niclosamide was further characterized because it exhibited the most potent antiviral activity with the highest selectivity index.It can efficiently inhibit viral RNA synthesis,protein expression and viral progeny production of classical and variant PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner.Time of addition assay showed that niclosamide exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or after virus infection.Furthermore,niclosamide significantly inhibited the entry stage of PEDV infection by affecting viral internalization rather than viral attachment to cells.In addition,a combination with other small molecule inhibitors of endosomal acidification enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of niclosamide in vitro.Taken together,these findings suggested that niclosamide is a novel antiviral agent that might provide a basis for the development of novel drug therapies against PEDV and other related pathogenic coronavirus infections.

PEDV乳酸菌工程菌株对小鼠的免疫效果研究

本研究以引起猪流行性腹泻的猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)为研究目标,利用含有PEDV S基因的植物乳杆菌活载体菌株LP1522-PEDS口服免疫小鼠,应用ELISA试验检测免疫小鼠粪便中SIgA含量、血清中IgG、IL-4、IL-2和IFN-γ含量,评价乳酸菌重组菌株LP1522-PEDS对小鼠的免疫效果。结果表明,首次免疫后,商品灭活疫苗组和工程菌株免疫组粪便中的SIgA、血清中的IgG、IL-4、IL-2和IFN-γ含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05)。在免疫42~56 d,灭活疫苗组和重组菌株组抗体水平均达到最大值,抗体和免疫因子水平依次为:商品灭活疫苗组>LP1522-PEDS组>空载组≈对照组。随后商品灭活疫苗组、LP1522-PEDS组抗体和免疫因子水平逐渐下降。免疫70 d,商品灭活疫苗组抗体水平降幅度相对较小,工程菌株免疫组降幅较大。结果表明,小鼠口服携带PEDV S基因的基因工程植物乳杆菌LP1522-PEDS后能够诱导机体产生PEDV免疫应答。

猪流行性腹泻病毒PEDV SD株的分离及体外3D肠道类器官感染模型建立

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)是一种主要感染仔猪小肠的肠道冠状病毒。本研究旨在建立一种用于PEDV体外研究的仔猪小肠类器官模型。首先从PEDV发病猪场的临床仔猪腹泻样品中分离PEDV并进行全基因组测序,结果显示成功分离1株PEDV,命名为PEDV SD株。另外采用肠道类器官的培养技术,从10日龄健康仔猪小肠中分离小肠隐窝组织,经过体外培养7 d左右分化成具有肠道隐窝结构的猪小肠类器官,并能进行连续传代。然后将分离的PEDV SD株感染传代培养的猪小肠道类器官,通过间接免疫荧光试验显示PEDV可以很好地感染猪小肠道类器官,表明成功建立了PEDV感染肠道类器官的模型。猪小肠类器官感染模型可以在体外很好地重现PEDV感染肠道细胞的复杂结构的过程,为深入研究PEDV的致病机制提供一种新的可再生的体外研究模型。

PEDV、PoRVA和PDCoV TaqMan三重RT-qPCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

旨在建立一种可快速同时检测猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV)、猪A群轮状病毒(porcine rotavirus type A, PoRVA)和猪丁型冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus, PDCoV)三重荧光定量PCR方法。针对PEDV-N、PoRVA-VP6和PDCoV-M基因设计了引物和探针,条件优化后进行性能评估,并与商品化试剂盒检测对比。结果显示:本研究建立的三重RT-qPCR方法具有良好特异性,对PRRSV、PCV_2和PRV等阳性核酸不发生扩增;具有较高的敏感性,PEDV、PoRVA和PDCoV的最低检测限均达1 copies·μL^(-1);重复性良好,组内和组间变异系数均小于1%;样本适应性广,检测不同样本类型时,变异系数均小于1%。与商品化试剂盒对比,本研究建立的方法PEDV和PoRVA的检测符合率为92.5%和97.5%,并对PDCoV的检测范围更广,对其变异毒株仍有较好的检测效果。本研究建立的检测方法具有特异性好、敏感性高、稳定性强和样本适应性广等优势,为临床腹泻样本提供了一种好的检测方法。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探究白杨素和柚皮素抗PEDV的作用机制及试验验证

【目的】探讨白杨素和柚皮素抗猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)的作用靶点和机制,为进一步以白杨素和柚皮素开发新型抗PEDV的治疗药物提供理论依据。【方法】利用PharmMapper、TCMSP、SEA Search Server和STITCH在线数据库获得白杨素和柚皮素的潜在作用靶点,同时检索GeneCards数据库获得PEDV对宿主的作用靶点,利用在线程序Draw Venny Diagram获取白杨素、柚皮素与疾病的交集靶点。通过STRING数据库和Cytoscape 3.9.1软件构建靶蛋白互作(PPI)网络并筛选关键靶点,对靶点进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。通过AutoDock Vina v 1.2.0软件对核心靶点及小分子进行分子对接,并分析白杨素和柚皮素与靶蛋白的结合能和结合模式,利用PyMOL v 2.5实现对接结果的可视化。采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测白杨素和柚皮素对核心靶蛋白表达的影响。【结果】白杨素潜在抗PEDV的靶点有12个,其中白蛋白(ALB)、雌激素受体1(ESR1)、转化生长因子β-1蛋白(TGF-β1)可能是白杨素抗PEDV的核心靶点;柚皮素潜在抗PEDV的靶点有18个,其中ALB、胱天蛋白酶3(Caspase-3,CASP3)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARG)可能是柚皮素抗PEDV的核心靶点。白杨素抗PEDV靶点涉及21种生物过程、5种细胞组分和6种分子功能,共获得11条信号通路;柚皮素抗PEDV靶点涉及31种生物过程、8种细胞组分和19种分子功能,共获得13条信号通路。核心靶点与两种天然化合物之间以氢键和疏水作用力为主,有较强的相互作用。白杨素和柚皮素能极显著降低Caspase-3表达量(P<0.01),可能通过影响Caspase-3的表达和活化来颉颃PEDV诱导的细胞凋亡;极显著升高TGF-β1蛋白表达量(P<0.01),可能通过影响TGF-β1的表达抗PEDV诱导的炎症反应而治疗PEDV的感染。【结论】本研究揭示了白杨素和柚皮素分别通过潜在核心靶点ALB、ESR1、TGF-β1和ALB、Caspase-3、PPARG,以及IL17、PI3K-Akt和AMPK信号通路发挥抗PEDV作用的机制,为新型抗PEDV药物的研发提供新的思路。

猪肉及制品中HEV、PEDV和PDCoV三重qPCR方法的建立与应用

人兽共患病引发的动物源性食品安全事件频发,为从食品原料源头上控制和保障其食用安全,控制猪肉及其制品消费成本,本研究构建了可同时检测猪肉及制品中戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)和猪δ冠状病毒(Porcine delta corona virus,PDCoV)三重实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time Quantitative PCR,qPCR)方法。结果表明,三重qPCR方法只能扩增出3种目的病毒的特异性基因片段,特异性好;对HEV、PEDV和PDCoV三种病毒的最低检测限分别为6.02、6.98、6.92 copies/μL;组内和组间变异系数(CV%)在0.10%~3.00%之间,重复性好。将所建立方法应用于248份出口猪肉及制品和282份生猪粪拭子的检测,同时以相应病毒标准检测方法进行平行检测,结果显示猪肉及制品中三种病毒的检出率均为0%,与标准方法检测结果一致。生猪粪拭子中,该方法对PEDV、PDCoV和HEV三种病毒的检出率分别为1.06%、3.19%、0.35%,标准方法检出率分别为1.06%、3.19%、0%。研究表明,建立的三重qPCR检测方法能准确快速地检测猪肉及制品或生猪样品中三种病毒,为保障生鲜猪肉及其制品市场流通和阻断病毒食源性传播提供技术支持。

猪源粪肠球菌分离鉴定及其对PEDV复制的影响

为研究粪肠球菌对PEDV复制的影响,试验从9日龄健康仔猪粪便中分离粪肠球菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验和16S rDNA测序完成分离株初步鉴定,并利用qRT-PCR试验方法探究分离菌株对PEDV复制的影响。结果表明:从仔猪粪便中分离得到一株革兰氏阳性链状排列的球菌,其生化鉴定结果均符合粪肠球菌特征,16S rDNA测序结果表明分离菌株与登录号为MT604811、MT544905的粪肠球菌同源性高达100%,确定此分离菌株为粪肠球菌,命名为E1。qRT-PCR结果显示,菌株E1的培养液、全菌体及过滤上清液对PEDV的复制均有抑制作用,且E1培养液与IPEC-J2细胞预孵育时对PEDV复制的抑制作用最为显著。研究成功分离一株猪源粪肠球菌,此分离株E1可在体外抑制PEDV的复制,其结果为病毒性肠道疾病的防治提供新的理论基础。

PEDV G2突变株动力学特征比较研究

[目的]本研究旨在通过对猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)经连续传代后的毒株(PEDV-BJ-150)进行全面研究,探究其生物学特性、遗传变异、致病能力和细胞适应性,以评估其作为潜在减毒疫苗株的潜力。[方法]通过对PEDV-BJ-150和原始PEDV-BJ-01毒株进行细胞培养、动物感染试验和基因组测序,评估其在不同细胞系中的增殖能力、病毒滴度、致病性以及基因组的核苷酸序列变异并利用动物模型评估其感染特性和病理变化。[结果]PEDV-BJ-150经连续传代后在Vero-M细胞中表现出更高的增殖能力和滴度,尤其在悬浮适应株Vero-M和贴壁适应株Vero-M中表现出显著的滴度差异。实验结果显示其在体内感染后的致病性降低,尤其在肺部未检测到病毒存在,鼻翼和小肠部位显示更高的病毒滴度。此外,基因组测序结果表明PEDV-BJ-150的S蛋白存在多个位置的氨基酸突变,可能影响其细胞嗜性和致病能力。[结论]本研究发现经连续传代的PEDV-BJ-150在体内表现出的毒力和致病能力明显降低,表明其有作为减毒疫苗株的潜力。特别是S蛋白中的连续性氨基酸缺失可能导致病毒致病性降低,这为疫苗研发提供了新的思路。此外,研究发现不同组织对PEDV的感染特性不同,这对于深入了解病毒传播机制具有重要意义。本研究的创新之处在于发现了PEDV经连续传代后的致病性变化和S蛋白突变对病毒特性的影响,为病毒进化和疫苗设计提供了新的见解。这项研究为了解PEDV的病毒学特性和毒力变化提供了重要线索,对于病毒疫苗研发和应对疫情具有潜在的应用前景。

一株PEDV广东流行株S1基因遗传进化分析及其在昆虫细胞中的表达纯化

为了解猪流行性腹泻病毒广东流行株的S1基因流行变异情况,制备相应的诊断试剂,试验采用RT-PCR从猪流行性腹泻疑似发病仔猪的肠道内容物中扩增获得S1基因,利用生物信息学软件构建S1基因的遗传进化树.将S1基因克隆至杆状病毒穿梭质粒pFastBac1,转化至DH10Bac感受态细胞中,经抗生素筛选重组杆粒,把重组杆粒转染到昆虫细胞Sf9,盲传3代后进行间接免疫荧光试验和Western blot鉴定.结果表明:该猪流行性腹泻病毒广东流行株分布于GII-b分支,与国内猪流行性腹泻病毒分离株(HN-HB1-2018、HBHA2015)的核苷酸相似性为98.0%~98.3%,而与猪流行性腹泻病毒经典毒株CV777、DR13的核苷酸相似性仅为89.9%~90.0%.且S1重组蛋白可在昆虫细胞Sf9中以细胞培养分泌上清的形式表达.本研究可为猪流行性腹泻病毒的流行现状研究提供参考,以及后续猪流行性腹泻病毒诊断制品的研发提供前期基础.

Evaluation of purified recombinant spike fragments forassessment of the presence of serum neutralizing antibodiesagainst a variant strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Since 2010, variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) have caused disasters in the pork industry. The spike(S) protein, as the major immunity-eliciting antigen, has previously been used for serological testing and has been found to correlate significantly with the results of the serum neutralization(SN) test. However, further evaluation of this method is needed as new epidemic strains of PEDV emerge. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess sow sera and determine the correlation between enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results(involving a newly isolated GDS01 virus-based ELISA and ELISAs based on seven recombinant fragments comprising overlapping S1 and partial S2 sequences) and SN titers. Furthermore, we determined the reliability of the ELISAs based on receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curve analyses. For the most promising ELISA, i.e., the SP4 ELISA, the correlation coefficient(r) and the area under curve(AUC) were determined to be 0.6113 and 0.8538, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the homology of the SP4 sequences obtained from different strains(including vaccine strains) and found that various strains showed a high degree of homology in this region. Thus, we conclude that SP4 is a promising serological testing protein for use in the field.

Coexistence of multiple genotypes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with novel mutant S genes in the Hubei Province of Chinain 2016

The emergence of highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) variants in China caused huge economic losses in 2010. Since then, large-scale sporadic outbreaks of PED caused by PEDV variants have occasionally occurred in China. However, the molecular diversity and epidemiology of PEDV in different provinces has not been completely understood. To determine the molecular diversity of PEDV in the Hubei Province of China, we collected 172 PED samples from 34 farms across the province in 2016 and performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR)by targeting the nucleocapsid(N) gene. Seventy-four samples were found to be PEDVpositive.We further characterized the complete spike(S) glycoprotein genes from the positive samples and found 21 different S genes with amino acid mutations. The PEDV isolates here presented most of the genotypes which were found previously in field isolates in East and SouthEast Asia, North America, and Europe. Besides the typical Genotypes Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the INDEX groups were also found. Importantly, 58 new amino acids mutant sites in the S genes, including 44 sites in S1 and 14 sites in S2, were first described. Our results revealed that the S genes of PEDV showed variation and that diverse genotypes of PEDV coexisted and were responsible for the PED outbreaks in Hubei in 2016. This work highlighted the complexity of the epidemiology of PEDV and emphasized the need for reassessing the efficacy of classic PEDV vaccines against emerging variant strains and developing new vaccines to facilitate the prevention and control of PEDV in fields.

Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain:One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED)caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets.Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge.From 2017 to 2021,we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV.The result showed that about 52.15%(158/303)of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95%(564/882)of the samples.The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis.A total of 71 PEDV strains(68.27%)sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup,while the newly-defined G2d strains(9.62%)were identified in three provinces of China.The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured,and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 h,indicating its strong pathogenicity.Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum.The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH-HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup,and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group.Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021.Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses,which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates.

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virulent or avirulent strain-infected porcine small intestinal epithelial cells

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)is the main cause of diarrhea,vomiting,and mortality in pigs,which results in devastating economic loss to the pig industry around the globe.In recent years,the advent of RNAsequencing technologies has led to delineate host responses at late stages of PEDV infection;however,the comparative analysis of host responses to early-stage infection of virulent and avirulent PEDV strains is currently unknown.Here,using the BGI DNBSEQ RNA-sequencing,we performed global gene expression profiles of pig intestinal epithelial cells infected with virulent(GDS01)or avirulent(HX)PEDV strains for 3,6,and 12 h.It was observed that over half of all significantly dysregulated genes in both infection groups exhibited a down-regulated expression pattern.Functional enrichment analyses indicated that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the GDS01 group were predominantly related to autophagy and apoptosis,whereas the genes showing the differential expression in the HX group were strongly enriched in immune responses/inflammation.Among the DEGs,the functional association of TLR3 and IFIT2 genes with the HX and GDS01 strains replication was experimentally validated by TLR3 inhibition and IFIT2 overexpression systems in cultured cells.TLR3 expression was found to inhibit HX strain,but not GDS01 strain,replication by enhancing the IFIT2 expression in infected cells.In conclusion,our study highlights similarities and differences in gene expression patterns and cellular processes/pathways altered at the early-stage infection of PEDV virulent and avirulent strains.These findings may provide a foundation for establishing novel therapies to control PEDV infection.

Significant Inhibition of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro by Remdesivir,Its Parent Nucleoside and β-D-N^(4)-hydroxycytidine

Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED)caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)is widespread in the world.In recent years,the increased virulence of the virus due to viral variations,has caused great economic losses to the pig industry in many countries.It is always worthy to find effective therapeutic methods for PED.As an important class of antivirals,nucleoside drugs which target viral polymerases have been applied in treating human viral infections for half a century.Herein,we evaluated the anti-PEDV potential of three broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside analogs,remdesivir(RDV),its parent nucleoside(RDV-N)andβ-D-N^(4)-hydroxycytidine(NHC).Among them,RDV-N was the most active agent in Vero E6 cells with EC_(50) of 0.31μmol/L,and more potent than RDV(EC_(50)=0.74μmol/L)and NHC(EC_(50)=1.17μmol/L).The activity of RDV-N was further confirmed using an indirect immuno-fluorescence assay.Moreover,RDV-N exhibited a good safety profile in cells and in mice.The high sequence similarity of the polymerase functional domains of PEDV with other five porcine coronaviruses indicated a broader antiviral spectrum for the three compounds.Generally,RDV-N is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside,and it would be worthy to make some structural modifications to increse its oral bioavailability.