Development of Multi-PCR for Differentiation of Vaccine Strain and Field Isolate of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus

Three pairs of primer were designed for amplification of porcine pseudorabies virus （PRV） gB, gE, and TK gene by multiplex PCR （multi-PCR） in order to differentiate vaccine strains from field isolates. Three specific bands were obtained respectively at the expected size, 427 bp （gB gene）, 298 bp （gEgene）, and 208 bp （TKgene）, Then four different gene-deleted vaccines of PRV were detected by multi-PCR. One ex- pected specific band was observed in one of samples, while two bands in the others. As shown by the detection results, the multi-PCR has high sensitivity and specificity and should be applied in pathogen diagnosis and epidemiological investigation in the future.

Development of PPA-ELISA for Detecting Antibodies against Porcine Pseudorabies Virus Using Truncated Recombinant Glycoprotein gD Expressed in E.coli

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for detecting antibodies against porcine pseudorabies virus （PRV）. According to the published genomic sequence of PRV SA strain, an approximately 1 070-bp gD gene fragment was amplified by PCR. The PCR products were cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a and the positive recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21. Through induction with IPTG, the recombinant gD protein was expressed as inclusion bodies. As analyzed by western blot assay, the purified recombinant gD protein had good antigenicity and high specificity. Using the purified gD protein as coating antigen and horseradish peroxidase labeled staphylococcal protein A （PPA） as secondary antibody, we developed a PPA-ELISA for detecting antibodies against porcine PPV. No cross-reaction with the positive sera against seven common pathogens in pigs including classical swine fever virus, porcine parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Japanese encephalitis virus, porcine circovirus type 2, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus was observed. The repeatability test showed that the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were lower than 5% and 10%, respectively. Compared with the ELISA gD antibody test kit produced by IDEXX, the coincidence, sensitivity and specificity of the developed PPA-ELISA were 92.0%, 95.1% and 88.1%, respectively. The developed PPA-ELISA had good repeatability, sensitivity and specificity and was a rapid and simple serological method for surveillance of PRV antibodies in pig herds as well as for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of PRV infection.

Isolation and Identification of a Porcine Pseudorabies Virus Strain in Taizhou City

In this study, the liver, kidney and spleen tissues were collected from pigs with suspected PR in a pig farm in Jiangyan District, Taizhou City for virus isolation and identification. The isolated virus was inoculated onto PK15 monolayer cells. The virus culture was collected to extract genomic DNA for PCR assay and indirect immunoinfluscent assay. The results showed that the isolated virus was porcine pseudorabies virus, which was named TAIZ130417. The growth titer of the isolated virus reached 10 8.12 TCID 50 /ml on PK15 cells. Rabbits inoculated with the isolated virus soon exhibited pseudorabies symptoms such as itching and eventually died. The results provided reference for in-depth research and scientific prevention and control of pseudorabies.

Expression of Pseudorabies Virus gE Core Epitopes in Escherichia coli Strain BL21 and Utilization of Indirect PRV gE-ELISA

Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E （PRV gE） has been recognized as a suitable diagnostic antigen for pseudorabies. In order to produce gE antigen in large quantities and at low cost, a gene fragment encoding PRV gE core epitopes was expressed in E. coli BL21 expression system. SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting revealed that the expression product in culture supematant of E. coli BL21 was a recombinant protein, approximately 51.8 Kd. At 5 h post-induction, protein concentration assay showed that the expression product amounted to 1.65 mg/ml, accounting for 24. 17% of total proteins in the culture supematant. An indirect PRV gE-ELISA was established by using the recombinant expression product as a coating antigen. Cross-reactivity assay showed that this antigen was PRV specific. In addition, the assay was consistently reproducible. Comparison of detection results of 240 serum samples between PRV gE-ELISA and a commercially available PRV diagnostic kit showed that there was no significant difference between these two methods （P 〉 0.05 ）.

Subculturing cells have no effect on CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cleavage of UL30 gene in pseudorabies virus

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing can inhibit virus infection by targeting the conserved regions of the viral genomic DNA. Unexpectedly, we found previously that pseudorabies virus(PRV) could escape from CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inhibition.In order to elucidate whether the escape of PRV from Cas9-mediated inhibition was due to cell deficiencies, such as genetic instability of sgRNA or Cas9 protein, the positive cells were passaged ten times, and PRV infection in the sgRNA-expressing cells was evaluated in the present study. The results showed that subculturing cells has no effect on Cas9-mediated cleavage of PRV. Different passages of PX459-PRV cells can stably express sgRNA to facilitate Cas9/sgRNA cleavage on the UL30 gene of PRV, resulting in a pronounced inhibition of PRV infection. Studies to elucidate the mechanism of PRV escape are currently in progress.

Isolation and Identification of Sheep Pseudorabies Virus

In a sheep farm with mixed culture of pig and sheep in Shandong Province,sheep were attacked by a disease featured by foaming at the mouth,neurological symptoms and partial hair slip of legs,and the mortality of the disease was as high as 100%.In order to determine the pathogen,dead sheep were analyzed through pathogen isolation,PCR assay and direct immunofluorescence identification,and the pathogen was confirmed as pseudorabies virus（PRV）.Sequencing results showed that the g E gene of the isolated strain shared the homology of 97%-99% with the nucleotide sequence of known PRV genome in the NCBI databases,suggesting the isolate was PRV.The virus had obvious cytopathic effect through BHK cell line passage till the seventh generation,and the amount of half virus tissue cell infection（TCID50） was 1×107.5/m L following ReedMuench method.Two healthy sheep with the body weight of 20 kg were injected with the viral fluid of the isolate,and typical symptoms of pseu-dorabies（PR） were observed after 4 d.According to clinical symptoms and PCR diagnosis results,the epidemic situation of sheep farm was effec-tively controlled through comprehensive measures such as eliminating swinery in the farm,strengthening disinfection of pigsty,injecting sick sheep with pseudorabies serum,supplementing healthy sheep herb with antivirus traditional medicine Qiqing Baidu granule.

Tn7-mediated Introduction of DNA into Bacmid-cloned Pseudorabies Virus Genome for Rapid Construction of Recombinant Viruses

lacZα-mini-attTn7 was inserted into the intergenic region between the gG and gD genes in a PRV bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) by homologous recombination in E. coli. The resulting recombinant BAC (pBeckerZF1) was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was then transposed into pBeckerZF1 by transposon Tn7 to generate pBeckerZF2. Recombinant viruses vBeckerZF1 and vBeckerZF2 were generated by transfection with the corresponding BAC pBeckerZF1 or pBeckerZF2. The titers and cytopathic effect (CPE) observed for by vBeckerZF1 and vBeckerZF2 was comparable to that of the parental virus vBecker3. vBeckerZF2 was serial passaged for five rounds in cell culture, and the mini-Tn7 insertion was stably maintained in viral genome. These results show that recombinant viruses can be rapidly and reliably created by Tn7-mediated transposition. This technology should accelerate greatly the pace at which recombinant PRV can be generated and, thus, facilitate the use of recombinant viruses for detailed mutagenic studies.

Comparison on Detection Results of PRV Wild Virus Antibody Provided by Different Institutions

The detection results from different institutions were performed at the first stage of PRV wild virus antibody supervision in swine breeding. The serum samples were collected from 71 individuals and each individual was sampled twice at one week interval. The results showed that the positive coincidences for gE antibody between two institutions were 35.71% and 45.45 % ：espectively, with the total detection coincidences of 87.32% and 91.55% correspondingly. The positive coincidences for gE antibody between the two detections of each institution were 40.00% and 75.00% respectively, with the total detection coincidences of 87.32% and 97.18% correspondingly. It indicates that it is very necessary to screen the detection institution at the first supervision stage of PRV wild vires for swine population.

Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing the modified GP5m protein of porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus

Pseudorabies virus(PRV),an alpha-herpesvirus,has been developed as a live viral vector for animal vaccines.However,the PRV recombinant virus TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5^(+)expressing GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syn-drome virus(PRRSV),based on the PRV genetically depleted vaccine strain TK^(-)/gE^(-)/LacZ^(+),scarcely stimulated the vaccinated animals to produce neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV.To develop a booster-specific immune response of such PRV recombinants,the ORF5m gene(the modified ORF5 gene having better immune responses)was substituted for the ORF5 gene and introduced into PRV TK^(-)/gE^(-)/LacZ^(+),resulting in a PRV recombinant named TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5m^(+),which expressed the modified GP5m protein.The recombinant virus was confirmed using PCR,Southern blotting and Western blotting.TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5m^(+)and TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5^(+)expressing the authentic GP5 protein were inoculated into Balb/c mice to evaluate their immune responses.The results indicated that the protecting neutralization antibodies(the 3/6 vaccinated mice obtained 1:16)and cell immune responses induced by TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5m^(+)against PRRSV were higher than that induced by TK^(-)/gE^(-)/GP5^(+).Thus,the development of the new PRV recombinant expressing the modified GP5m protein as a candidate vaccine established the basis for the study of bivalent genetic engineering vaccines against PRRSV and PRV.

辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部位对PRV感染RAW264.7细胞氧化应激的干预作用及组蛋白乙酰化水平的影响

试验旨在探究辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部位(FNB)对猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)氧化应激反应的干预作用及组蛋白乙酰化水平的影响。采用CCK-8法检测FNB对细胞的毒性作用,采用不同浓度的FNB(25、50、100 mg/L)处理PRV感染的RAW264.7细胞4、8、12 h,测定氧化应激相关因子和组蛋白乙酰化水平。结果显示,与PRV感染组相比,25 mg/L FNB作用于PRV感染的RAW264.7细胞12 h后,细胞内诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性及一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)水平降低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、小鼠血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)和小鼠醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)活性升高,iNOS mRNA的表达水平极显著下调(P<0.01),HO-1 mRNA的表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、NQO1的表达水平极显著上调(P<0.01)。与PRV感染组相比,25 mg/L FNB组处理12 h时后,细胞内组蛋白乙酰化酶(HAT)的活性降低,组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)的活性升高,细胞内HAT mRNA的表达水平下调,HDAC mRNA的表达水平上调。研究表明,FNB对PRV感染RAW264.7细胞诱导的氧化应激具有一定的调节作用,可通过提高细胞内多种抗氧化酶的基因表达水平发挥抗氧化作用,调节细胞内的乙酰化水平,降低PRV感染导致的氧化应激损伤。

Pseudorabies virus VHS protein abrogates interferon responses by blocking NF-κB and IRF3 nuclear translocation

Herpesviruses antagonize host antiviral responses through a myriad of molecular strategies culminating in the death of the host cells.Pseudorabies virus(PRV)is a significant veterinary pathogen in pigs,causing neurological sequalae that ultimately lead to the animal's demise.PRV is known to trigger apoptotic cell death during the late stages of infection.The virion host shutdown protein(VHS)encoded by UL41 plays a crucial role in the PRV infection process.In this study,we demonstrate that UL41 inhibits PRV-induced activation of inflammatory cytokine and negatively regulates the cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral activity by targeting IRF3,thereby inhibiting the translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3.Notably,mutating the conserved amino acid sites(E192,D194,and D195)in the RNase domain of UL41 or knocking down UL41 inhibits the immune evasion of PRV,suggesting that UL41 may play a crucial role in PRV's evasion of the host immune response during infection.These results enhance our understanding of how PRV structural proteins assist the virus in evading the host immune response.

云南地区部分猪场猪呼吸道疾病综合症(PRDC)患病猪群中PRRSV,PCV-2,CSFV,PRV混合感染调查

针对云南省不同地区不同季节猪呼吸道疾病综合征进行流行病学调查,根据其临床特征,在不同规模养殖场共采集1 164份血清样品,利用ELISA和RT-PCR方法检测其猪瘟抗原CSFV,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征抗原PRRSV,猪伪狂犬病PRV gE抗体及猪圆环病毒2型PCV-2特异抗体。结果表明:各季节和不同生长阶段猪群存在一种及两种以上的病毒混合感染,四重感染相对较少。从全年看单独感染占39.10%,PCV-2感染率最高,其次是PRV,PRRSV和CSFV;二重感染占26.13%,以PCV-2+PRV最常见,其次是PCV-2+PRRSV、PRV+PRRSV;三重感染占8.05%,PCV-2+PRRSV+PRV最常见;有四重感染出现,仅占1.57%。从季节来看,春季和夏季混合感染最高,分别为76.53%和60.74%,冬季和秋季的混合感染率分别为59.50%和53.55%。从年龄和性别看,育肥猪的混合感染率高于仔猪,分别为68.66%和61.11%,种公猪的感染率高于母猪,分别为70.00%和55.51%。说明4种病毒有单独感染或混合感染,推测其中PCV-2在混合感染中可能充当免疫抑制的角色,混合感染使PRDC症状更明显,死亡率增高。

PRRSV和PCV-2以及PRV多重SYBR Green-Ⅰ实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中登录的猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)N蛋白基因、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)rep蛋白基因和猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE基因的核苷酸序列分别设计了3对特异性引物,成功建立了同时检测PRRSV、PCV-2、PRV的多重SYBR Green-Ⅰ实时荧光PCR方法。敏感性试验结果显示,PRRSV、PCV-2的敏感性可达250拷贝/μL,PRV的敏感性可达500拷贝/μL。表明,该方法具有较好的特异性、重复性和敏感性,可以用于PRRSV、PCV-2和PRV的快速检测。

联合表达PPV VP2和PCV2 ORF2基因的重组PRV的构建

将包含有完整阅读框架的PPV VP2基因(1740 bp)和PCV2 ORF2基因(750 bp)插入真核表达载体pPI-2.EGFP中,构建了重组质粒pPI-2.EGFP.VP2.ORF2。采用脂质体介导法将重组质粒的DNA和PRV SA215株的DNA共转染Vero细胞,转染后20 h出现带荧光的空斑,挑斑纯化后繁殖,并收获病毒液。PCR和免疫荧光试验结果证实,成功构建了重组病毒,将其命名为PRV SA215(D1)株。细胞培养特性试验结果显示,重组病毒可以在Vero、MDBK、ST和IBRS-2等多种细胞上增殖,在Vero细胞上的增殖效价为1×106PFU。分别以1×105PFU/头、1×104PFU/头剂量接种28日龄仔猪,结果显示,免疫仔猪的PPV、PCV2抗体水平均逐渐升高,并分别从接种后第14 d和21 d开始,PPV、PCV2抗体转为阳性。此结果进一步佐证了重组PRV SA215(D1)株已构建成功。

PCV2、PPV、PRV、PRRSV和CSFV复合PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的已发表序列,分别设计并合成了5对特异性扩增引物,建立PCV2、PPV、PRV、PRRSV和CSFV单项PCR检测方法,分别扩增出预期的466bp、759bp、349bp、202bp和706bp片段。在优化单项PCR反应条件基础上,建立了PCV2-PPV-PRV-PRRSV-CSFV复合PCR检测方法,为预防和控制上述几种病毒性传染病提供了一种快速、敏感、特异的检测方法。

PCV2、PPV、PRV、PRRSV和CSFV复合PCR的应用研究

采用建立的PCV2-PPV-PRV-PRRSV-CSFV复合PCR检测方法,对山东省不同地区送检的32份临床疑似病料进行PCR检测。结果表明:32份样品中,PCV2、PPV、PRV、PRRSV和CSFV感染的阳性率分别为25.00%、0%、34.38%、71.88%和3.13%;共检出25份阳性病料,阳性率为78.13%,其中PRV-PRRSV双重感染的比例为31.25%,PCV2-PRV-PRRSV三种病原体混合感染的比例为25.00%;用单项PCR检测作对照,结果两者符合率为100%,表明该复合PCR检测方法具有较高的敏感性,可以作为临床上猪圆环病毒2型感染、猪细小病毒病、猪伪狂犬病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征和猪瘟的病原学快速诊断方法。

山东省猪腹泻病例中PEDV、TGEV和PRV的感染调查与分析

为了解山东省规模化猪场由猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)引起猪病毒性腹泻的流行情况,自2014年1月至2016年12月,对来自山东省各地规模化猪场的猪腹泻病料(共3 035份)进行PCR检测。结果显示,PEDV、PRV和TGEV阳性率分别为67.49%、9.33%和3.29%;3年间,PEDV阳性率在2014年第四季度最低,为48.15%,2015年第四季度阳性率最高,为88.57%,2016年各季度阳性率相对2015年呈波动下降趋势;TGEV阳性率在2014年第四季度最高,为18.52%,2015年第三季度阳性率为15.38%,2016年第一季度阳性率为6.67%,其他季度未检测出阳性病料;PRV阳性率在2016年第二季度最高,为15.68%,除2014年第一季度未检出阳性病料外,2014年第二季度阳性率最低,为2.56%。通过对69份被动送检的病料进行PEDV、TGEV和PRV混合感染检测发现,这部分病料中PEDV、TGEV、PRV阳性率分别为86.96%、5.80%和37.68%;总单独感染率为69.57%,PEDV、TGEV和PRV单独感染率分别为57.97%、1.45%和10.14%;总混合感染率为30.43%,PEDV/PRV、PEDV/TGEV和TGEV/PRV混合感染率分别为26.09%、2.90%和1.45%;总单独感染率比总混合感染率高。结果表明,山东省存在PEDV、PRV和TGEV 3种病毒流行,存在PEDV/TGEV、TGEV/PRV和PEDV/PRV的混合感染,混合感染中主要为PEDV/PRV混合感染,不存在PEDV/PRV/TGEV的混合感染。目前PEDV是引起山东省猪病毒性腹泻的主要病因,本试验结果可为山东省猪病毒性腹泻的诊断和控制提供参考。

致病性猪伪狂犬病病毒PRV-JF株的分离与鉴定

从临床疑似猪伪狂犬病发病仔猪的脑组织病料中,经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)证实为猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)野毒感染,采用无PCV1污染的猪肾细胞系(PK-15)分离培养,经蚀斑克隆纯化,培育1株细胞培养适应毒,命名为PRV-JF株。该分离株经细胞培养传代,能够产生典型的细胞病变,病毒滴度随代次显著增加,第24代毒价达108.5 TCID50/mL。免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验(IPMA)检测病毒抗原分布在细胞核及细胞质内。病毒感染细胞可被已知PRV阳性血清中和。电镜负染观察到病毒粒子呈椭圆或圆形外观,无囊膜的病毒粒子直径约110 nm～150 nm,有囊膜的成熟病毒粒子直径约150 nm～180 nm。PCR鉴定该毒株含有gE基因,其序列与GenBank登录的7株PRV同源性为97.7%～100%。用不同剂量病毒培养物接种家兔于24 h～72 h内全部死亡。研究表明,PRV-JF分离株对易感动物具有高致病性,为进一步开展该病毒流行病学、致病机理、疫苗免疫与诊断研究奠定了基础。

PRV、PPV双重PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

为建立一种能够快速诊断猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)的方法,根据GenBank上发表的PRV、PPV核苷酸序列分别设计并合成了两对能特异性扩增PRV、PPV的引物,经过条件优化后,建立检测PRV、PPV的双重PCR方法,扩增两种病毒的片段分别为570bp、748bp。试验证明,该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,省时、省力、快速、敏感、高效的特点,为PRV与PPV的快速诊断试剂盒组装及流行病学的研究提供了技术支持。

检测PCV_2、PPV、PRV疫苗株与野毒株的多重PCR方法

本文建立了一种同时检测猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、细小病毒(PPV)、及伪狂犬病毒(PRV)疫苗株与野毒株 的多重PCR方法。根据GenBank上发表的PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE基因序列,针对各自保守区各设计一对特 异性引物,用这四对引物对同一样品中的PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE进行检测,结果可同时扩增出269bp(PCV2)、 581bp(PPV)、372bP(PRV gB)及147bp(PRV gE)四条特异性片段。对JEV、PRRSRV、大肠杆菌和双蒸水的PCR 扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性测定结果表明,该多重PCR能检出10pg PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE检测敏感度分别为 106.2、103.8、10-5.8 TCID50的模板。该方法的建立对临床上进行这三种疾病的鉴别诊断和混合感染的检测具有重要 意义。