Extended wet sieving method for determination of complete particle size distribution of general soils

The traditional standard wet sieving method uses steel sieves with aperture?0.063 mm and can only determine the particle size distribution(PSD)of gravel and sand in general soil.This paper extends the traditional method and presents an extended wet sieving method.The extended method uses both the steel sieves and the nylon filter cloth sieves.The apertures of the cloth sieves are smaller than 0.063 mm and equal 0.048 mm,0.038 mm,0.014 mm,0.012 mm,0.0063 mm,0.004 mm,0.003 mm,0.002 mm,and 0.001 mm,respectively.The extended method uses five steps to separate the general soil into many material sub-groups of gravel,sand,silt and clay with known particle size ranges.The complete PSD of the general soil is then calculated from the dry masses of the individual material sub-groups.The extended method is demonstrated with a general soil of completely decomposed granite(CDG)in Hong Kong,China.The silt and clay materials with different particle size ranges are further examined,checked and verified using stereomicroscopic observation,physical and chemical property tests.The results further confirm the correctness of the extended wet sieving method.

基于ZigBee网络和自适应PSD算法的路灯分布式节能控制方法

当前照明系统缺乏分布式路灯动态化控制,浪费大量能源,为此,提出了基于ZigBee网络和自适应PSD算法的路灯分布式节能控制方法。通过ZigBee网络通信连接系统传感器、控制中心和照明终端,协调设备通信功能,实现信息快速传输储存。利用神经网络处理信号数据,提高系统信号检测和处理效率。在此基础上,利用自适应PSD算法识别路灯信号动态特征,进行自适应信号检测,调节信号数据偏差,精确检测数据结果,增强系统节能控制稳定程度,实现路灯分布式节能控制。由实验结果可知,研究方法将分布式路灯检测精准度提高到99%,熔池宽度稳定在3.5W/mm,具有良好的检测精准度和控制稳定性,可以对路灯进行节能控制。

Nanoscale pore morphology and distribution of lacustrine shale reservoirs:Examples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

Pore structure plays an important role in the gas storage and flow capacity of shale gas reservoirs. Fieldemission environmental scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） in combination with low-pressure carbon dioxide gas adsorption（CO2GA）,nitrogen gas adsorption（N2GA）,and high-pressure mercury intrusion（HPMI） were used to study the nanostructure pore morphology and pore-size distributions（PSDs） of lacustrine shale from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin. Results show that the pores in the shale reservoirs are generally nanoscale and can be classified into four types： organic,interparticle,intraparticle,and microfracture. The interparticle pores between clay particles and organic-matter pores develop most often,l with pore sizes that vary from several to more than 100 nm. Mercury porosimetry analysis shows total porosities ranging between 1.93 and 7.68%,with a mean value of 5.27%. The BET surface areas as determined by N2 adsorption in the nine samples range from 10 to 20 m2/g and the CO2 equivalent surface areas（2 nm）vary from 18 to 71 m2/g. Together,the HPMI,N2 GA,and CO2 GA curves indicate that the pore volumes are mainly due to pores 100 nm in size. In contrast,however,most of the specific surface areas are provided by the micropores. The total organic carbon（TOC） and clay minerals are the primary controls of the structures of nanoscale pores（especially micropores and mesopores）. Micropores are predominantly determined by the content of the TOC,and mesopores are possibly related to the content of clay minerals,particularly the illite-montmorillonite mixed-layer content.

Determination of full-scale pore size distribution of Gaomiaozi bentonite and its permeability prediction

Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite is a potential buffer/backfill material for a deep geological disposal of highlevel radioactive waste.It has a wide pore size distribution(PSD)with sizes ranging from several nanometers to more than one hundred microns.Thus,properly characterizing the pore structures of GMZ bentonite is a challenging issue.In this study,pressure-controlled porosimetry(PCP),ratecontrolled porosimetry(RCP),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to investigate the PSD of GMZ bentonite,The results indicate that each method has its limitation,and a combined use of PCP and RCP is suitable to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite.Moreover,we also compared the full-scale PSD with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)result.It is found that there is no significant difference in the range of PSD characterization between NMR and mercury intrusion method(PCP and RCP).However,in a ce rtain range,the detection accuracy of NMR is higher than that of mercury injection method.Finally,permeability prediction based on PCP and SEM data was conducted,and both of the two methods were found to be able to predict the permeability.The combined method is effective to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite,which is the key to estimation of the sealing ability of bentonite buffer.

Power law of particle size distributions in water treatment processes

In this paper,the power law of particle size distributions (PSDs) in conventional water treatment processes is developed. After measuring the particle size distributions of raw-water,settled water and filtered water,a mathematical model between particle diameter and the amount of particles was studied. The value of collision frequency factor β in the PSDs model can be used to represent the collision behavior of particles ,and can be used as foundation exponent to choose suitable coagulation to accelerate particles aggregation. At the same time,the relationship between the value of parameter K and the total particles volume V was deduced. K is defined as particle volume exponent,which can represent the total volume of particles. The degression degree of K shows the removal efficiency of potable water treatment units.

微粒尺寸分布(PSD)在污水处理研究中的应用

介绍了污水中微粒的分类、尺寸分布(PSD)和检测PSD的方法。PSD与污水化学成分相关,不同来源的污水PSD各不相同,且PSD会随着污水处理流程变化。PSD可对污水进行表征,对传统方法进行辅助和补充。在生物处理中,微粒尺寸与BOD降解速率呈反比例关系,PSD可提供COD组分迁移变化的必要信息,直接影响着生物处理的效果。无论是对传统活性污泥法还是对生物膜法中的PSD进行研究,均可评估生物处理中碳源是否足够,分析去除机理,优化处理效果。PSD对痕量物质的去除和迁移具有重要意义,在深度过滤中,污水中PSD呈幂函数关系,PSD可研究雌激素等痕量物质的去除机理。PSD作为一个新型的研究工具,可以进一步深入应用于污水处理领域,对该领域的研究和技术升级具有重要意义。

PSD安装倾斜误差对光斑定位影响的研究

针对入射光能量为高斯分布时,位置敏感探测器(PSD)安装倾斜影响光斑定位的问题,建立了光斑定位畸变误差数学模型,并进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,光斑定位畸变误差随着PSD倾斜角度、高斯光束的束腰半径和与光束束腰之间的距离的增加而增加,其中前两项的变化对PSD光斑定位精度的影响在小范围内可以忽略,最后一项影响较大。所建立的光斑定位畸变误差模型及仿真结果为PSD的实际工程应用提供了有效的理论依据。

基于单神经元自适应PSD算法的分布式智能灯光控制

针对已有灯光控制算法无法应对系统模型变化的问题,提出将单神经元自适应PSD(proportion sum differential)算法应用于分布式智能灯光控制。利用单神经元自适应PSD算法的自学习能力,控制器根据系统误差实时修改参数,并与无线传感器/执行器网络中的分簇机制相结合,形成了一套完整的自适应分布式智能灯光控制算法。以基于无线传感器/执行器网络的灯光控制实验平台为被控对象,设计控制器并进行了仿真研究。仿真实验表明,当系统模型发生改变,与已有的分布式PID灯光控制算法相比,该控制算法具有更好的控制效果、鲁棒性更强。

Correlation of fractal pore-size distribution of activated carbon fiber with its adsorption for low concentration benzene vapor

Fractal pore-size distribution K(x) is given based on J(x) function proposed by Jaronic. Activated carbon fibers (ACF) with different surface areas are characterized by using two functions mentioned above. The present work studies the fractal pore-size distribution of ACF and adsorption isotherms of nonpolar benzene vapor on ACF, and thereby reveals the correlation between them.

Effect of pore-size distribution on Ru/ZSM-5 catalyst for enhanced N2 activation to ammonia via dissociative mechanism

In the present study,a series of Ru/ZSM-5 catalysts with different pore-size distributions were prepared and investigated for NH3 synthesis.Our studies indicate that Ru/ZSM-5-Mic with micropore structure exhibits superior NH3 synthesis rate,which is much higher than those of Ru/ZSM-5-Mac(with macroporous structure)and Ru/ZSM-5-Mes(with mesoporous structure)catalysts.A series of TPD experiments demonstrate that pore-size distributions play an important role in N2 adsorption and activation over Ru/ZSM-5.Moreover,the addition of La significantly promotes the NH3 synthesis performance over Ru/ZSM-5-Mic.Additionally,in situ DRIFTS studies indicate that the main intermediate species over Ru/ZSM-5-Mic are-NH2,and most of the surface hydrogen species desorb following the H2O-formation pathway.

Investigation on microstructure evolution of clayey soils: A review focusing on wetting/drying process

Variability in moisture content is a common condition in natural soils.It influences soil properties significantly.A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of soil microstructure in wetting/drying process is of great significance for interpretation of soil macro hydro-mechanical behavior.In this review paper,methods that are commonly used to study soil microstructure are summarized.Among them are scanning electron microscope(SEM),environmental SEM(ESEM),mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and computed tomography(CT)technology.Moreover,progress in research on the soil microstructure evolution during drying,wetting and wetting/drying cycles is summarized based on reviews of a large body of research papers published in the past several decades.Soils compacted on the wet side of op-timum water content generally have a matrix-type structure with a monomodal pore size distribution(PSD),whereas soils compacted on the dry side of optimum water content display an aggregate structure that exhibits bimodal PSD.During drying,decrease in soil volume is mainly caused by the shrinkage of inter-aggregate pores.During wetting,both the intra-and inter-aggregate pores increase gradually in number and sizes.Changes in the characteristics of the soil pore structure significantly depend on stress state as the soil is subjected to wetting.During wetting/drying cycles,soil structural change is not completely reversible,and the generated cumulative swelling/shrinkage deformation mainly derives from macro-pores.Furthermore,based on this analysis and identified research needs,some important areas of research focus are proposed for future work.These areas include innovative methods of sample preparation,new observation techniques,fast quantitative analysis of soil structure,integration of microstructural parameters into macro-mechanical models,and soil microstructure evolution charac-teristics under multi-field coupled conditions.

Pore throat structure heterogeneity and its effect on gas-phase seepage capacity in tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study from the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

The microscopic heterogeneity of pore-throat structures in tight sandstone is a crucial parameter for understanding the transport mechanism of fluid flow.In this work,we firstly developed the new procedure to characterize the pore size distribution(PSD)and throat size distribution(TSD)by combining the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),cast thin section(CTS),and constant-rate mercury injection(CRMI)tests,and used the permeability estimated model to verify the full-scale PSD and TSD.Then,we respectively analyzed the fractal feature of the pore and throat,and characterized the heterogeneity of pores and throats.Finally,we elaborated the effect of the pore and throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity base on the analysis of the simple capillary tube model and gas-flooding experiment.The results showed that(1)The PSD and TSD of the tight sandstone sample ranged from 0.01 to 10 mm and from 0.1 to 57 mm,respectively,mainly contributed by the micropores and mesopores.Meanwhile,the permeability estimated by the PSD and TSD was consistent with the experimental permeability,and relative error was lower than 8%.(2)The PSD and TSD exhibited multifractal characteristics,and singularity strength range,Δα,could be used as the indicator for characterizing the heterogeneity of pore and throat.Furthermore,the throat of the sample showed stronger heterogeneity than that the pore.(3)The throats played an important role for the fluid transport in the tight sandstone,and the effect of the throat heterogeneity on the gas-phase seepage capacity was different under the lower and higher injection pressure.The macropores and micropores maybe respectively become the preferential migration pathways at the lower and higher injection pressure.In the end,the identification plate was established in our paper,and could be described the relationship among the throat heterogeneity,injection pressure,permeability and flow path of the gas phase in the tight sandstone.

Nano-scale pore distribution characterisation of coal using small angle X-ray scattering

In the process of coal seam fracturing with liquid nitrogen(LN_(2)),the change of coal pore structure has an important influence on the efficiency of coalbed methane(CBM)extraction.The nano-scale pore size distribution(PSD)in coal particles before and after freezing with LN_(2) are experimentally studied in this work.Coal samples are collected from four coal mines,where coal and gas outburst accidents have occurred.Small angle X-ray scattering technology(SAXS)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)are used to study the pore structure changes of coal samples quantitatively and qualitatively.It is found that the scattering intensity of coal samples increases after freezing.The PSD of all samples significantly changes in the range of 0.8–7 nm,showing new pore spaces in 0.8–4 nm and fewer pores in the 4–7 nm range.Both the pore fractal dimension and the radius of gyration of coal samples increase after freezing and are mainly affected by the changes in pores and the anisotropy of the coal matrix.Crack expansion and pore connections are observed in the surface structure of the coal sample using SEM.This study provides a better understanding of the nano-scale mechanism of coal seam fracturing with LN_(2) for the prevention of coal and gas outbursts.

激光衍射法和吸管法分析黏性富铁土颗粒粒径分布的比较

激光衍射技术(Laser diffraction technique,简称LD法)近年来被认为是一种有效的分析土壤颗粒粒径分布(Particle size distribution,PSD)的手段。为检验LD法在黏粒含量高的富铁土上应用的可行性,用LD法和传统的吸管法实测了6个黏性富铁土剖面(黏粒含量>40%)不同层次土样的PSD数据,比较发现:LD法能够提供更多颗粒粒径级别,尤其是黏粒部分(<2μm)的PSD信息,且分析耗时短,效率高。但是LD法与吸管法测定的不同粒级土壤颗粒的含量存在一定的差异。两种方法相比,激光衍射法"低估"黏粒和"高估"粉粒,或者沉降法"高估"了黏粒和"低估"了粉粒。虽然在黏性富铁土的黏粒部分未发现两种方法的线性关系,但粉粒和砂粒分别存在显著的线性相关。供试土壤黏粒含量高且分布范围窄是导致上述差异的主要原因。经过模型转换后,LD法和吸管法PSD实测数据之间的误差明显降低,这说明LD法可以用于黏性土壤的PSD分析。但是LD法PSD测定结果尚不能直接用于目前基于沉降法的土壤质地三角图,需要一定的数据转换。应该尽快通过对各类代表性土壤进行系统化和规范化的对比研究,提高LD技术的可靠性和实用性,建立起基于LD技术的新的土壤质地三角图,以便进一步深化其在土壤科学上的应用。

陕西4种土壤粒径分布的分形特征研究

采用分形模型 ,研究了陕西 4种不同质地的土壤粒径的重量分布。结果表明 ,土壤结构具有明显的分形特征 ,其粒径分布分形维数为 0～ 3。分形维数与土壤中粘粒含量呈明显的线性相关 ,表现为粘粒含量越高的土壤 ,其分形维数也越高。分形维数不仅受粘粒含量的支配 ,还与土壤质地的均一程度有关 ,土壤质地均匀指数 Iu与分形维数也表现出一定的相关性 ,但相关性较弱。

螺旋炭纤维的微观结构与储能特性

采用扫描电镜、激光Raman光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)、热失重分析(TG)、低温氮吸附等研究手段,以平直炭纤维为参照,对比研究了碳氢化合物催化分解法制备的螺旋型炭纤维的微观结构特征。实验结果表明:整体上,螺旋炭纤维的微观结构要比平直炭纤维的结构更加无序;但螺旋炭纤维的外层结构较为有序。与中孔分布广、孔容低的平直炭纤维不同,螺旋炭纤维的中孔主要分布在3nm～4nm范围内,且有着较高的孔容,其比表面积几乎是平直炭纤维的10倍。这些结构特性使得螺旋炭纤维在抗氧化性、储氢、电化学电容等方面都体现出超越平直炭纤维的优势和应用潜力。

围垦后不同土地利用方式对长江口滩地土壤粒径分布的影响

土壤粒径分布影响土壤水分、肥力等传输与保持,是土壤的重要物理性质。崇明东滩滩地围垦后,表层0～20 cm及20～40 cm土层土壤粒径分布受土地利用方式和利用年限的显著影响。不同土地利用方式下,土壤平均粒径为高潮滩<稻田<菜地<林地。不同围垦年限下,土地利用15 a间土壤平均粒径逐渐增加,但土地利用年限延长至38 a时,平均粒径显著降低。不同土地利用方式下土壤水分、植被覆盖和受风蚀程度,以及不同土地利用年限下土壤有机质含量与受风蚀影响程度,改变了粘粒和细粉粒等土壤细颗粒的含量,引起土壤粒径分布的差异。

基于Hadoop架构的电力系统连锁故障分布式计算技术

以提升大规模组合故障快速仿真分析能力为目标,在Hadoop框架下研发了连锁故障分布式计算技术。基于PSD-BPA软件计算模块,利用Java开发连锁故障计算分析功能,实现驱动判定、故障集筛选、事故链搜索、严重度评估4类模块。通过部署Hadoop分布式文件系统(HDFS)存储调度功能,将事故链解耦为小粒度单一故障场景进行计算,可针对连锁故障仿真的不同复杂度提供跨系统的分布式计算服务,灵活应对计算开始前连锁故障中事故链组合的不可预测性。利用10机、16机系统和某省网实际数据进行技术测试,结果表明所研发系统实现了连锁故障分析应用与数据在计算服务网络中的分离,具备动态调配计算节点资源的能力,能自动适应事件规模为电网连锁故障的仿真分析提供强大计算能力,具有在线应用前景。

小型货车随机振动谱的测量

概述了包装 /产品在流通过程中经受的随机振动。并在小型货车上对随机振动谱进行了实际测试。测试结果的分析 ,对包装 /产品的设计有很好的意义。

曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器（MBR）膜污染的影响。2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60d,曝气强度分别为500及100L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性。实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量进行了测定。结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率。进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量〉10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性。过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1-10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加。