“Zero‑Strain” NiNb_(2)O_(6) Fibers for All‑Climate Lithium Storage

Niobates are promising all-climate Li^(+)-storage anode material due to their fast charge transport,large specific capacities,and resistance to electrolyte reaction.However,their moderate unit-cellvolume expansion(generally 5%–10%)during Li^(+)storage causes unsatisfactory long-term cyclability.Here,“zero-strain”NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers are explored as a new anode material with comprehensively good electrochemical properties.During Li^(+)storage,the expansion of electrochemical inactive NiO_(6) octahedra almost fully offsets the shrinkage of active NbO_(6) octahedra through reversible O movement.Such superior volume-accommodation capability of the NiO_(6) layers guarantees the“zero-strain”behavior of NiNb_(2)O_(6) in a broad temperature range(0.53%//0.51%//0.74%at 25//−10//60℃),leading to the excellent cyclability of the NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers(92.8%//99.2%//91.1%capacity retention after 1000//2000//1000 cycles at 10C and 25//−10//60℃).This NiNb_(2)O_(6) material further exhibits a large reversible capacity(300//184//318 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 25//−10//60℃)and outstanding rate performance(10 to 0.5C capacity percentage of 64.3%//50.0%//65.4%at 25//−10//60℃).Therefore,the NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers are especially suitable for large-capacity,fast-charging,long-life,and all-climate lithium-ion batteries.

Achieving highly-efficient H2S gas sensor by flower-like SnO_(2)–SnO/porous GaN heterojunction

A flower-like SnO_(2)–SnO/porous Ga N(FSS/PGaN) heterojunction was fabricated for the first time via a facile spraying process, and the whole process also involved hydrothermal preparation of FSS and electrochemical wet etching of GaN,and SnO_(2)–SnO composites with p–n junctions were loaded onto PGaN surface directly applied to H_(2)S sensor. Meanwhile,the excellent transport capability of heterojunction between FSS and PGaN facilitates electron transfer, that is, a response time as short as 65 s and a release time up to 27 s can be achieved merely at 150℃ under 50 ppm H_(2)S concentration, which has laid a reasonable theoretical and experimental foundation for the subsequent PGaN-based heterojunction gas sensor.The lowering working temperature and high sensitivity(23.5 at 200 ppm H2S) are attributed to the structure of PGaN itself and the heterojunction between SnO_(2)–SnO and PGaN. In addition, the as-obtained sensor showed ultra-high test stability.The simple design strategy of FSS/PGaN-based H_(2)S sensor highlights its potential in various applications.

Fabrication and Enhanced Supercapacitive Performance of Fe_(2)N@Cotton-based Porous Carbon fibers as Electrode Material

With the emergence of supercapacitors(SCs),the creation of bio-based electrode materials has grown in significance for the advancement of energy storage.However,it is particularly difficult for cathode materials to meet the demands of practical uses due to their low energy density.Herein,MIL-88 was fabricated in situ on the surface of cotton fibers used in cosmetics,followed by creating Fe_(2)N@porous carbon fiber composite(Fe_(2)N@PCF)through heat treatment at various temperatures.Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 demonstrates excellent specific capacitance performance(552 F g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).Meanwhile,The AC//Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 device exhibits the largest energy density of 38 Wh kg^(-1) at 800 W kg^(-1) and a long cycling stability(83.3%capacity retention after 6000 cycles).Our elaborately designed Fe_(2)N@PCF demonstrate multiple advantages:i)the Fe_(2)N@PCF-800 shows abundant mesopores,providing abundant ion-diffusion pathways for mass transport and rich graphite microstructures,improving electrical conductivity for electron transferowning;ii)the rich nitrogen dopants and Fe_(2)N structure within all carbon components increase the capacitance through their pseudocapacitive contribution.These findings highlight the importance of biomass derived carbon materials for SCs applications.

多孔SnO_(2)纤维的简易模板合成及近室温NO_(2)超高响应

以废弃的烟嘴为模板,通过简单的锡盐浸渍和600℃空气煅烧成功合成了由均匀的纳米粒子交联形成且具有沟槽结构的多孔SnO_(2)纤维(Sn CB-600)。这种独特的结构特征有利于暴露更多的活性位点,促进目标气体在敏感层的快速扩散和表面化学反应,进而有效提高其传感能力。在近室温(50℃)下,Sn CB-600传感器对10 ppm NO_(2)气体的响应值高达3410,明显好于迄今报道的绝大多数SnO_(2)基气体传感器,且具有快的恢复特性(68 s),低的实际检测限(300 ppb),好的稳定性、重现性和抗湿性。因此,Sn CB-600传感器具有低能耗下监测有害NO_(2)气体的应用潜力,这种简单和可控的合成方法也为废弃烟嘴的高值化利用提供了新思路。

高性能C-Sn/SnO_(2)纤维复合物的合成及其储锂性能

采用静电纺丝法成功制备了碳纤维和C-Sn/SnO_(2)纤维负极材料,并研究了其储锂性能。X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明碳纤维具有典型的无定形碳特征。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试结果表明,碳纤维和C-Sn/SnO_(2)复合物由均匀的纤维组成,直径在200~300 nm。循环伏安测试表明,碳纤维和C-Sn/SnO_(2)纤维负极材料均具备较好的可逆性和结构稳定性。充放电测试表明,在500 mA/g的电流密度下,470次循环后,碳纤维和C-Sn/SnO_(2)纤维负极材料的充放电容量分别为346/347和547/548 mAh/g,说明Sn/SnO_(2)的添加提高了碳纤维的可逆容量;电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明,Sn/SnO_(2)的添加降低了碳纤维的电荷转移电阻,提高了锂离子的传输动力学。

Research on Infrared Emissivity and Laser Reflectivity of Sn_(1−x)Er_(x)O_(2)Micro/Nanofibers Based on First-Principles

Sn_(1−x)Er_(x)O_(2)(x=0%,8%,16%,24%)micro/nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning combined with heat treatment using erbium nitrate,stannous chloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)as raw materials.The target products were characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer,X-ray diffrotometer,fourier transform infrared spectrometer,scanning electron microscope,spectrophotometer and infrared emissivity tester,and the effects of Er^(3+)doping on its infrared and laser emissivity were studied.At the same time,the Sn_(1−x)Er_(x)O_(2)(x=0%,16%)doping models were constructed based on the first principles of density functional theory,and the related optoelectronic properties such as their energy band structure,density of states,reflectivity and dielectric constant were analyzed,and further explained the mechanism of Er^(3+)doping on SnO_(2)infrared emissivity and laser absorption from the point of electronic structure.The results showed that after calcination at 600℃,single rutile type SnO_(2)was formed,and the crystal structure was not changed by doping Er^(3+).The calcined products showed good fiber morphology,and the average fiber diameter was 402 nm.The infrared emissivity and resistivity of the samples both decreased first and then increased with the increase of Er^(3+)doping amount.When x=16%,the infrared emis-sivity of the sample was at least 0.71;and Er^(3+)doping can effectively reduce the reflectivity of SnO_(2)at 1.06μm and 1.55μm,when x=16%,its reflectivity at 1.06μm and 1.55μm are 50.5%and 40%,respectively,when x=24%,the reflectivity at 1.06μm and 1.55μm wavelengths are 47.3%and 42.1%,respectively.At the same time,the change of carrier concentration and electron transition before and after Er^(3+)doping were described by first-principle calculation,and the regulation mechanism of infrared emissivity and laser reflectivity was explained.This study provides a certain experimental and theoretical basis for the development of a single-type,light-weight and easily prepared infrared and laser compatible-stealth material.

Fiber Bundle Topology Optimization for Surface Flows

This paper presents a topology optimization approach for the surface flows on variable design domains.Via this approach,the matching between the pattern of a surface flow and the 2-manifold used to define the pattern can be optimized,where the 2-manifold is implicitly defined on another fixed 2-manifold named as the base manifold.The fiber bundle topology optimization approach is developed based on the description of the topological structure of the surface flow by using the differential geometry concept of the fiber bundle.The material distribution method is used to achieve the evolution of the pattern of the surface flow.The evolution of the implicit 2-manifold is realized via a homeomorphous map.The design variable of the pattern of the surface flow and that of the implicit 2-manifold are regularized by two sequentially implemented surface-PDE filters.The two surface-PDE filters are coupled,because they are defined on the implicit 2-manifold and base manifold,respectively.The surface Navier-Stokes equations,defined on the implicit 2-manifold,are used to describe the surface flow.The fiber bundle topology optimization problem is analyzed using the continuous adjoint method implemented on the first-order Sobolev space.Several numerical examples have been provided to demonstrate this approach,where the combination of the viscous dissipation and pressure drop is used as the design objective.

Synthesis of porous flower-like SnO_(2)/CdSnO_(3) microstructures with excellent sensing performances for volatile organic compounds

Porous flower-like SnO_(2)/CdSnO_(3) microstructures self-assembled by uniform nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal process followed by calcination,and the sensing performance was measured when a gas sensor,based on such microstructures,was exposed to various volatile organic compound(VOC)gases.The response value was found to reach as high as 100.1 when the SnO_(2)/CdSnO_(3) sensor was used to detect 100 ppm formaldehyde gas,much larger than those of other tested VOC gases,indicating the high gas sensitivity possessed by this sensor especially in the detection of formaldehyde gas.Meanwhile,the response/recovery process was fast with the response time and recovery time of only 13 and 21 s,respectively.The excellent gas sensing performance derive from the advantages of SnO_(2)/CdSnO_(3),such as abundant n-n heterojunctions built at the interface,high available specific surface area,abundant porosity,large pore size,and rich reactive oxygen species,as well as joint effects arising from SnO_(2) and CdSnO_(3),suggesting that such porous flower-like SnO_(2)/CdSnO_(3) microstructures composed of nanosheets have a high potential for developing gas sensors.

Improved triethylamine sensing properties of fish-scale-like porous SnO_(2) nanosheets by decorating with Ag nanoparticles

Three dimensional(3D)porous nanostructures assembled by low-dimensional nanomaterials are widely applied in gas sensor according to porous structure which can facilitate the transport of gas molecules.In this work,fish-scale-like porous SnO 2 nanomaterials assembled from ultrathin nanosheets with thick-ness of 16.8 nm were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route.Then Ag nanoparticles were decorated on the surface of SnO_(2) nanosheets via one-step method to improve their gas-sensing performances.The sensing properties of pristine SnO_(2) and Ag/SnO_(2) nanosheets were investigated intensively.After deco-rating with Ag nanoparticles,the characteristics of SnO_(2) based sensor for triethylamine detection were significantly improved.Especially,the Ag/SnO_(2) based sensor with Ag content of 2 at%exhibited the highest triethylamine sensing sensitivity at optimum work temperature of 170?C.The improved sensing properties of Ag/SnO_(2) sensors were attributed to the sensitizing actions of Ag nanoparticles as well as the unique hierarchical porous architecture.

Boosting the rate capability of multichannel porous TiCh nanofibers with well-dispersed Cu nanodots and Cu^2+-doping derived oxygen vacancies for sodium-ion batteries

The use of TiO2 as an anode in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries(NIBs)is hampered by intrinsic low electronic conductivity of TiO2 and in ferior electrode kinetics.Here,a high-performa nee T1O2 electrode for NIBs is prese nted by desig ning a multicha rinel porous T1O2 nano fibers with well-dispersed Cu nan odots and Cu^2+-doping derived oxyge n vaca ncies(Cu-MPTO).The in-situ grow n well-dispersed copper nano dots of about 3 nm on TiO2 surface could significantly enhance electronic conductivity of the TiO2 fibers.The one-dimensional multichannel porous structure could facilitate the electrolyte to soak in,leadi ng to short tran sport path of Na^+through carb on toward the TiO2 nano particle.The Cu^2+-doping induced oxygen vacancies could decrease the bandgap of T1O2,resulting in easy electron trapping.With this strategy,the Cu-MPTO electrodes render an outstanding rate performance for NIBs(120 mAh·g^-1 at 20 C)and a superior cycling stability for ultralong cycle life(120 mAh·g^-1 at 20 C and 96.5%retention over 2,000 cycles).Density functional theory(DFT)calculations also suggest that Cu^2+doping can enhance the conductivity and electron transfer of T1O2 and lower the sodiation energy barrier.This strategy is confirmed to be a general process and could be extended to improve the performance of other materials with low electronic conductivity applied in energy storage systems.

Nitrogen-doped porous carbons from polyacrylonitrile fiber as effective CO_(2) adsorbents

In this report, nitrogen-doped porous carbons were synthesized from polyacrylonitrile fiber by a facile two-step synthesis process i.e. carbonization followed by KOH activation. Activation temperature and KOH/carbon ratio are two parameters to tune the porosity and surface chemical properties of sorbents. The as-obtained sorbents were carefully characterized.Special attention was paid concerning the change of sorbents’ morphology with respect to synthesis conditions. Under the activation temperatures of this study, the sorbents can still retain their fibrous structure when the KOH/carbon mass ratio is 1. Further increasing the KOH amount will destroy the original morphology of polyacrylonitrile fiber. CO_(2)adsorption performance tests show that a sorbent retaining the fibrous shape possesses the highest CO_(2)uptake of 3.95 mmol/g at 25℃and 1 bar. Comprehensive investigation found that the mutual effect of narrow microporosity and doped N content govern the CO_(2)adsorption capacity of these adsorbents. Furthermore, these polyacrylonitrile fiber-derived carbons present multiple outstanding CO_(2)capture properties such as excellent recyclability, high CO_(2)/N_(2)selectivity, fast adsorption kinetics, suitable heat of adsorption, and good dynamic adsorption capacity. Hence, nitrogen-doped porous carbons with fibrous structure are promising in CO_(2)capture.

Nanoporous tin oxides for efficient electrochemical CO_(2) reduction to formate

CO_(2)electroreduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)has been considered as an effective technology to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle.Formate,a product of two-electron transfer in CO_(2)RR,is an economically valuable feedstock.In this work,nanoporous tin oxides were controllable synthesized by a facile and scalable electrochemical anodic oxidation method.XPS result indicated that the increased Sn 4þspecies after anodic oxidation were beneficial to reduce the overpotential of formate formation.Operando Raman spectra revealed that the enhanced formate selectivity could be attributed to the high local pH within the porous structure,which suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction(competing reaction against CO_(2)RR).Further flow cell test showed a formate partial current density of 285 mA cm^(-2)with the selectivity of 96.4%,indicating a promising industrial application prospect.

Sn_(1-x-y)Sm_(x)Sb_(y)O_(2)微纳米纤维的制备及其红外与激光兼容隐身性能

二氧化锡(SnO_(2))具有稳定的理化性质、较高的可见光透过率和电导率,在隐身材料领域具有良好的应用前景,然而单一元素掺杂改性SnO^(2)基材料的红外与激光的兼容隐身性能有待进一步提升。为此,本研究采用静电纺丝技术结合热处理工艺分别制备了Sn_(1-x-y)Sm_(x)Sb_(y)O_(2)(x=0,y=0;x=0.08,y=0.08;x=0.16,y=0;x=0,y=0.16)微纳米纤维,研究发现经600℃煅烧后,各产物均为单一金红石型结构,微观形貌均呈现相互交错的纤维状,纤维直径分布在300~400nm之间。当x=0.08,y=0.08时,产物在3~5μm和8~14μm的红外发射率均最低,为0.573和0.691,同时在1.06和1.54μm激光工作波长处具有最低反射率,为0.19和0.16。同时,本研究重点阐述了双元素掺杂及纤维形貌对其性能的作用机制,为研究一种单一型、轻质化的红外与激光兼容隐身材料提供一定的实验依据。