The electronic excitation temperature in a direct current positive streamer discharge based on ultra-thin sheet electrodes was measured by optical emission spectrometry in order to deposit materials for potential futu...The electronic excitation temperature in a direct current positive streamer discharge based on ultra-thin sheet electrodes was measured by optical emission spectrometry in order to deposit materials for potential future applications. It was remarkable that the electronic excitation temperature （Text） did not vary monotonically with the discharge current, but demonstrated a peak at a certain position. In a mixture of oxygen and argon （80% oxygen）, the maximum Texc reached about 6300 K at an average current of 600 pA. Both the positive ions accumulation in the discharge region and the increase of the local temperature around the streamer channel caused by Joule heating are considered to be the main reasons for the variations of Texc.展开更多
A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long process...A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long processing times in traditional offline position reconstruction methods,this paper proposes a field programmable gate array based online position reconstruction method utilizing the micro-time projection chamber principle.This method encapsulates key technical aspects:a self-adaptive serial link technique built upon the dynamical adjustment of the delay chain length,fast sorting,a coordinate-matching technique based on the mapping between signal timestamps and random access memory(RAM)addresses,and a precise start point-merging technique utilizing a circular combined RAM.The performance test of the selfadaptive serial link shows that the bit error rate of the link is better than 10-12 at a confidence level of 99%,ensuring reliable data transmission.The experiment utilizing the readout electronics and Micromegas detector shows a spatial resolution of approximately 1.4 mm,surpassing the current method’s resolution level of 5 mm.The beam experiment confirms that the readout electronics system can obtain the flux spatial distribution of neutron beams online,thus validating the feasibility of the position reconstruction method.The online position reconstruction method avoids traditional methods,such as bubble sorting and traversal searching,simplifies the design of the logic firmware,and reduces the time complexity from O(n2)to O(n).This study contributes to the advancement in measuring neutron beam flux for BNCT.展开更多
The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, ref...The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.展开更多
In this paper we have developed a model to study the role of both electron and ion nonthermalities on dust acoustic wave propagation in a complex plasma in presence of positively charged dust grains. Secondary electro...In this paper we have developed a model to study the role of both electron and ion nonthermalities on dust acoustic wave propagation in a complex plasma in presence of positively charged dust grains. Secondary electron emission from dust grains has been considered as the source of positive dust charging. As secondary emission current depends on the flux of primary electrons, nonthermality of primary electrons changes the expression of secondary emission current from that of earlier work where primary electrons were thermal. Expression of nonthermal electron current flowing to the positively charged dust grains and consequently the expression of secondary electron current flowing out of the dust grains have been first time calculated in this paper, whereas the expression for nonthermal ion current flowing to the positively charged dust grains is present in existing literature. Dispersion relation of dust acoustic wave has been derived. From this dispersion relation real frequency and growth rate of the wave have been calculated. Results have been plotted for different strength of nonthermalities of electrons and ions.展开更多
A new method is proposed to extract the energy distribution of negative charges, which results from electron trapping by traps in the gate stack of n MOSFET during positive bias temperature instability（PBTI） stress ...A new method is proposed to extract the energy distribution of negative charges, which results from electron trapping by traps in the gate stack of n MOSFET during positive bias temperature instability（PBTI） stress based on the recovery measurement. In our case, the extracted energy distribution of negative charges shows an obvious dependence on energy,and the energy level of the largest energy density of negative charges is 0.01 eV above the conduction band of silicon. The charge energy distribution below that energy level shows strong dependence on the stress voltage.展开更多
Side chains play a critical role in tuning intermolecular interaction and charge transport in organic semiconductors. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of branching positions of the alkyl side chain...Side chains play a critical role in tuning intermolecular interaction and charge transport in organic semiconductors. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of branching positions of the alkyl side chains on the molecular packing and electron transport properties of a series of bay-linked dimeric perylenediimide(PDI) derivatives by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in combination with charge transfer rate theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that despite of different branching positions of the alkyl chains,π–π stacking is effectively inhibited for all the dimeric PDI derivatives. As the branching position moves away from the PDI backbone, the appearance of the alkyl atoms around the PDI backbone will first decrease and then increase. Correspondingly, the short contacts between the PDI moieties are first enhanced and then reduced. In particular, when the branching position is at the third carbon atom, the intermolecular connectivity becomes the most effective and the electron mobility is significantly increased by 2 times.展开更多
There are two different types of dobbies used for weavingmachines,i.e.the negative and the positive ones.In or-der to compare them,a dynamic modeling analysis ishere dealt with.Since the dynamic behavior of the posi-t...There are two different types of dobbies used for weavingmachines,i.e.the negative and the positive ones.In or-der to compare them,a dynamic modeling analysis ishere dealt with.Since the dynamic behavior of the posi-tive dobby is better,an electronic positive dobby conve-rted from the negative one(Staubli 2500 series)is prop-osed at the end of the paper.展开更多
Alkyl dinitrites have at-tracted attention as an im-portant type of nitrosating agent and a pollution source in atmosphere.The reac-tivity and chemistry of alkyl dinitrites induced by the two ONO functional groups are...Alkyl dinitrites have at-tracted attention as an im-portant type of nitrosating agent and a pollution source in atmosphere.The reac-tivity and chemistry of alkyl dinitrites induced by the two ONO functional groups are relatively unknown.In this work,decompositions of 1,3-cyclohexane dinitrite and 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite are studied by electron impact ionization mass spectroscopy(EI-MS).Apart from NO^(+)(m=z=30),fragment ions m=z=43 and 71 are the most abundant for the 1,3-isomer.On the other hand,fragments m=z=29,57,85,and 97 stand out in the EI-MS spectrum of 1,4-isomer.Possible dissociation mechanisms of the two dinitrites are proposed by theoretical calculations.The results reveal that the ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexane dinitrite mainly starts from the intermediate ion(M-NO)^(+)by cleavage of twoαC-βC bonds.For 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite,in addition to the decomposition via intermediate(M-NO)^(+),cleavage ofβC-βC bonds can occur directly from the parent cation(M)^(+).The results will help to understand the structural related chemistry of alkyl dinitrites in atmosphere and in NO transfer process.展开更多
The quantum field theory (QFT) is one of branches of the Standard Model. According to QFT, quantum fields are the primary entities and particles are the excitations of these fields, coming in discrete lumps with no in...The quantum field theory (QFT) is one of branches of the Standard Model. According to QFT, quantum fields are the primary entities and particles are the excitations of these fields, coming in discrete lumps with no inner structures and with properties assigned by declaration. Such view is in conflict with the observed vacuum energy density, 140 orders of magnitudes less than required by the QFT. In addition, such view is challenged by Aphysical Quantum Mechanics (AQM), a deeper quantum theory. According to AQM, the fundamental understanding of quantum reality is expanded by the addition of two fundamental categories, aphysical and elementary consciousness of elementary particles. Based on AQM and as an example, the total ontology of the intrinsic (fundamental) electron is presented with its inner structure of perfect geometry consisting of the physical charged c-ring and aphysical cylinder, and with its properties such as self-mass, spin, magneto-electrostatic field configuration and magnetic moment. The position parameter in the inner structure demonstrates that there are no two identical intrinsic electrons in the Universe thus placing a question mark over the QFT principle of indistinguishability.展开更多
文摘The electronic excitation temperature in a direct current positive streamer discharge based on ultra-thin sheet electrodes was measured by optical emission spectrometry in order to deposit materials for potential future applications. It was remarkable that the electronic excitation temperature （Text） did not vary monotonically with the discharge current, but demonstrated a peak at a certain position. In a mixture of oxygen and argon （80% oxygen）, the maximum Texc reached about 6300 K at an average current of 600 pA. Both the positive ions accumulation in the discharge region and the increase of the local temperature around the streamer channel caused by Joule heating are considered to be the main reasons for the variations of Texc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075237)。
文摘A new measurement method for the spatial distribution of neutron beam flux in boron neutron capture therapy(BNCT)is being developed based on the two-dimensional Micromegas detector.To address the issue of long processing times in traditional offline position reconstruction methods,this paper proposes a field programmable gate array based online position reconstruction method utilizing the micro-time projection chamber principle.This method encapsulates key technical aspects:a self-adaptive serial link technique built upon the dynamical adjustment of the delay chain length,fast sorting,a coordinate-matching technique based on the mapping between signal timestamps and random access memory(RAM)addresses,and a precise start point-merging technique utilizing a circular combined RAM.The performance test of the selfadaptive serial link shows that the bit error rate of the link is better than 10-12 at a confidence level of 99%,ensuring reliable data transmission.The experiment utilizing the readout electronics and Micromegas detector shows a spatial resolution of approximately 1.4 mm,surpassing the current method’s resolution level of 5 mm.The beam experiment confirms that the readout electronics system can obtain the flux spatial distribution of neutron beams online,thus validating the feasibility of the position reconstruction method.The online position reconstruction method avoids traditional methods,such as bubble sorting and traversal searching,simplifies the design of the logic firmware,and reduces the time complexity from O(n2)to O(n).This study contributes to the advancement in measuring neutron beam flux for BNCT.
文摘The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.
文摘In this paper we have developed a model to study the role of both electron and ion nonthermalities on dust acoustic wave propagation in a complex plasma in presence of positively charged dust grains. Secondary electron emission from dust grains has been considered as the source of positive dust charging. As secondary emission current depends on the flux of primary electrons, nonthermality of primary electrons changes the expression of secondary emission current from that of earlier work where primary electrons were thermal. Expression of nonthermal electron current flowing to the positively charged dust grains and consequently the expression of secondary electron current flowing out of the dust grains have been first time calculated in this paper, whereas the expression for nonthermal ion current flowing to the positively charged dust grains is present in existing literature. Dispersion relation of dust acoustic wave has been derived. From this dispersion relation real frequency and growth rate of the wave have been calculated. Results have been plotted for different strength of nonthermalities of electrons and ions.
基金Project supported by the National Science&Technology Major Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2009ZX02035)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176091 and 61306129)
文摘A new method is proposed to extract the energy distribution of negative charges, which results from electron trapping by traps in the gate stack of n MOSFET during positive bias temperature instability（PBTI） stress based on the recovery measurement. In our case, the extracted energy distribution of negative charges shows an obvious dependence on energy,and the energy level of the largest energy density of negative charges is 0.01 eV above the conduction band of silicon. The charge energy distribution below that energy level shows strong dependence on the stress voltage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51773208,51803216)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant no.2014CB643506)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant no.XDB12020200)
文摘Side chains play a critical role in tuning intermolecular interaction and charge transport in organic semiconductors. Here, we have systematically investigated the impact of branching positions of the alkyl side chains on the molecular packing and electron transport properties of a series of bay-linked dimeric perylenediimide(PDI) derivatives by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in combination with charge transfer rate theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that despite of different branching positions of the alkyl chains,π–π stacking is effectively inhibited for all the dimeric PDI derivatives. As the branching position moves away from the PDI backbone, the appearance of the alkyl atoms around the PDI backbone will first decrease and then increase. Correspondingly, the short contacts between the PDI moieties are first enhanced and then reduced. In particular, when the branching position is at the third carbon atom, the intermolecular connectivity becomes the most effective and the electron mobility is significantly increased by 2 times.
文摘There are two different types of dobbies used for weavingmachines,i.e.the negative and the positive ones.In or-der to compare them,a dynamic modeling analysis ishere dealt with.Since the dynamic behavior of the posi-tive dobby is better,an electronic positive dobby conve-rted from the negative one(Staubli 2500 series)is prop-osed at the end of the paper.
基金This work was supported by the the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.21773011 and No.21373033).
文摘Alkyl dinitrites have at-tracted attention as an im-portant type of nitrosating agent and a pollution source in atmosphere.The reac-tivity and chemistry of alkyl dinitrites induced by the two ONO functional groups are relatively unknown.In this work,decompositions of 1,3-cyclohexane dinitrite and 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite are studied by electron impact ionization mass spectroscopy(EI-MS).Apart from NO^(+)(m=z=30),fragment ions m=z=43 and 71 are the most abundant for the 1,3-isomer.On the other hand,fragments m=z=29,57,85,and 97 stand out in the EI-MS spectrum of 1,4-isomer.Possible dissociation mechanisms of the two dinitrites are proposed by theoretical calculations.The results reveal that the ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexane dinitrite mainly starts from the intermediate ion(M-NO)^(+)by cleavage of twoαC-βC bonds.For 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite,in addition to the decomposition via intermediate(M-NO)^(+),cleavage ofβC-βC bonds can occur directly from the parent cation(M)^(+).The results will help to understand the structural related chemistry of alkyl dinitrites in atmosphere and in NO transfer process.
文摘The quantum field theory (QFT) is one of branches of the Standard Model. According to QFT, quantum fields are the primary entities and particles are the excitations of these fields, coming in discrete lumps with no inner structures and with properties assigned by declaration. Such view is in conflict with the observed vacuum energy density, 140 orders of magnitudes less than required by the QFT. In addition, such view is challenged by Aphysical Quantum Mechanics (AQM), a deeper quantum theory. According to AQM, the fundamental understanding of quantum reality is expanded by the addition of two fundamental categories, aphysical and elementary consciousness of elementary particles. Based on AQM and as an example, the total ontology of the intrinsic (fundamental) electron is presented with its inner structure of perfect geometry consisting of the physical charged c-ring and aphysical cylinder, and with its properties such as self-mass, spin, magneto-electrostatic field configuration and magnetic moment. The position parameter in the inner structure demonstrates that there are no two identical intrinsic electrons in the Universe thus placing a question mark over the QFT principle of indistinguishability.
