Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relie...Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.展开更多
Labor quality evaluation,an important part for carrying out labor education,plays the role as“baton”for labor education.This paper will figure out the reasons for labor quality evaluation from its importance.The pap...Labor quality evaluation,an important part for carrying out labor education,plays the role as“baton”for labor education.This paper will figure out the reasons for labor quality evaluation from its importance.The paper will also classify key evaluation indicators for labor qualities as cognition,emotion,ability and qualities of labor,dividing dynamic indicators to figure out“what to evaluate”.Meanwhile,the author will solve the problem of“how to evaluate”and“who will evaluate”by promoting evaluation subjects diversities and innovating evaluation methods.When labor quality evaluation,the“baton”,guides the direction and strategy,attention should be paid to integrated education to cultivate labor quality in an all-round way.The“baton”will also guide characteristic education with collaborative innovation of labor education,professional education and vocational education.Moreover,labor quality evaluation guides the optimization of resources to create integrated labor qualities and lead innovation education to nurture innovative talents.展开更多
Evaluation of teaching materials is necessary and very important for teachers. It can help teachers choose an appropriate textbook, realize the advantage and disadvantage of a textbook and adjust their teaching proced...Evaluation of teaching materials is necessary and very important for teachers. It can help teachers choose an appropriate textbook, realize the advantage and disadvantage of a textbook and adjust their teaching procedures according to different situations and learners. It makes teaching and learning more effective and efficient. The importance of evaluating teaching materials is emphasized in this paper and then the textbook New Era Interactive English is chosen as an example to further illustrate the problem. This textbook is to be analyzed and evaluated from the following angles: overview, internal and external.展开更多
本文采用1979~2012年的中国沿海台站观测数据对ERA-Interim（简称＂ERA-I＂）的气温、气压和海温数据进行质量评估。结果表明：（1）从常年平均来看,ERA-I气温、气压和海温多年月平均变化与观测数据吻合较好,可以反映气候态的季节变化...本文采用1979~2012年的中国沿海台站观测数据对ERA-Interim（简称＂ERA-I＂）的气温、气压和海温数据进行质量评估。结果表明：（1）从常年平均来看,ERA-I气温、气压和海温多年月平均变化与观测数据吻合较好,可以反映气候态的季节变化特征。与台站观测数据相比,ERA-I气温平均偏高0.19℃,气压平均偏低0.17 h Pa,海温平均偏高0.70℃。（2）从年际变化情况来看,ERA-I和台站观测的气温、气压和海温变化趋势一致,气温和海温呈上升趋势,气压呈下降趋势。但在海南岛附近使用ERA-I气温做年际变化分析和在东海台湾海峡至北部湾沿岸使用ERA-I海温做年际变化趋势分析时要谨慎。（3）从月均变化分析来看,ERA-I月均气温、气压和海温数据与台站实测数据具有很好的一致性。从误差空间分布来看,ERA-I气温在黄海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I气压在渤海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I海温在南海沿岸平均误差最小。需要特别指出的是,ERA-I月均海温在渤海和台湾海峡附近沿岸平均误差较大（部分站均方根误差超过2.5℃）,在上述区域使用ERA-I海温数据时应考虑其产品偏差。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3206300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42477529,42371145,42261026)+2 种基金the China-Pakistan Joint Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(046GJHZ2023069MI)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center(E01Z790201).
文摘Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.
基金Phased findings from the 2020 Higher Education Research Project:“Research on Integrated Development Mechanism for Colleges and Universities’Labor Education and Professional Education from the Perspective of Business Start-ups and Innovation in the New Era”(KT2020137).
文摘Labor quality evaluation,an important part for carrying out labor education,plays the role as“baton”for labor education.This paper will figure out the reasons for labor quality evaluation from its importance.The paper will also classify key evaluation indicators for labor qualities as cognition,emotion,ability and qualities of labor,dividing dynamic indicators to figure out“what to evaluate”.Meanwhile,the author will solve the problem of“how to evaluate”and“who will evaluate”by promoting evaluation subjects diversities and innovating evaluation methods.When labor quality evaluation,the“baton”,guides the direction and strategy,attention should be paid to integrated education to cultivate labor quality in an all-round way.The“baton”will also guide characteristic education with collaborative innovation of labor education,professional education and vocational education.Moreover,labor quality evaluation guides the optimization of resources to create integrated labor qualities and lead innovation education to nurture innovative talents.
文摘Evaluation of teaching materials is necessary and very important for teachers. It can help teachers choose an appropriate textbook, realize the advantage and disadvantage of a textbook and adjust their teaching procedures according to different situations and learners. It makes teaching and learning more effective and efficient. The importance of evaluating teaching materials is emphasized in this paper and then the textbook New Era Interactive English is chosen as an example to further illustrate the problem. This textbook is to be analyzed and evaluated from the following angles: overview, internal and external.
文摘本文采用1979~2012年的中国沿海台站观测数据对ERA-Interim（简称＂ERA-I＂）的气温、气压和海温数据进行质量评估。结果表明：（1）从常年平均来看,ERA-I气温、气压和海温多年月平均变化与观测数据吻合较好,可以反映气候态的季节变化特征。与台站观测数据相比,ERA-I气温平均偏高0.19℃,气压平均偏低0.17 h Pa,海温平均偏高0.70℃。（2）从年际变化情况来看,ERA-I和台站观测的气温、气压和海温变化趋势一致,气温和海温呈上升趋势,气压呈下降趋势。但在海南岛附近使用ERA-I气温做年际变化分析和在东海台湾海峡至北部湾沿岸使用ERA-I海温做年际变化趋势分析时要谨慎。（3）从月均变化分析来看,ERA-I月均气温、气压和海温数据与台站实测数据具有很好的一致性。从误差空间分布来看,ERA-I气温在黄海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I气压在渤海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I海温在南海沿岸平均误差最小。需要特别指出的是,ERA-I月均海温在渤海和台湾海峡附近沿岸平均误差较大（部分站均方根误差超过2.5℃）,在上述区域使用ERA-I海温数据时应考虑其产品偏差。
