Cascade Kalman filter for gravity anomaly distortion correction based on second order potential model

Using a gravity anomaly covariance function based on the second-order Ganssian Markov gravity anomaly potential model, the state equation of a gravity anomaly signal is obtained in marine gravimetry. Combined with the system state equation and the measurement equation, a new method of the cascade Kalman filter is proposed and applied to the correction of gravity anomaly distortion. In the signal processing procedure, an inverse Kalman filter is used to restore the gravity anomaly signal and high frequency noises first. Then an adaptive Kalman filter, which uses the gravity anomaly state equation as the system equation, is set to estimate the actual gravity anomaly data. Emulations and experiments indicate that both the cascade Kalman filter method and the single inverse Kalman filter method are effective in alleviating the distortion of the gravity anomaly signal, but the performance of the cascade Kalman filter method is better than that of the single inverse Kalman filter method.

Spherical External Gravity Correction

In mountainous area, gravity survey external corrections, including terrain and Bouguer corrections, are the prerequisites for gravity data processing and interpretation. This paper presents a suite of techniques for spherical terrain and slab corrections for a finite spherical shell based on the analysis of conventional external corrections and deduces an equation for spherical terrain correction. The processing of gravity data acquired in the ZJJ area, South China shows that this technique significantly improves the accuracy of terrain corrections, and the quality of the data reaches or approaches the data acquired on plains.

Methodology for local correction of the heights of global geoid models to improve the accuracy of GNSS leveling

At present,one of the methods used to determine the height of points on the Earth’s surface is Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)leveling.It is possible to determine the orthometric or normal height by this method only if there is a geoid or quasi-geoid height model available.This paper proposes the methodology for local correction of the heights of high-order global geoid models such as EGM08,EIGEN-6C4,GECO,and XGM2019e_2159.This methodology was tested in different areas of the research field,covering various relief forms.The dependence of the change in corrected height accuracy on the input data was analyzed,and the correction was also conducted for model heights in three tidal systems:"tide free","mean tide",and"zero tide".The results show that the heights of EIGEN-6C4 model can be corrected with an accuracy of up to 1 cm for flat and foothill terrains with the dimensionality of 1°×1°,2°×2°,and 3°×3°.The EGM08 model presents an almost identical result.The EIGEN-6C4 model is best suited for mountainous relief and provides an accuracy of 1.5 cm on the 1°×1°area.The height correction accuracy of GECO and XGM2019e_2159 models is slightly poor,which has fuzziness in terms of numerical fluctuation.

High-precision gravity correction methods for loess plateau areas, a case study

The loess plateau is featured by a sharply undulated and remarkably incised surface. The sharp surface undulation means great variation of loess thickness. Since the loess layer exhibits significant density contrast with the underlying formation, a high frequency gravity anomaly with a certain magnitude will appear. The high frequency gravity anomaly can result in some difficulties for processing and interpreting the gravity data, thereby reducing the usefulness of gravity surveys in loess plateau areas. We carried out a high precision gravity survey in the SHJZ structural zone. During data processing, we applied terrain and loess corrections to effectively remove or suppress the gravity effect resulting from surface undulation and variation of loess thickness. We obtained high precision gravity data which matches well with other geophysical data. The comprehensive interpretation based on the final gravity data help to study local structure integrated with other published geophysical data.

Using WGM2012 to Compute Gravity Anomaly Corrections of Leveling Observations in China

Gravity Anomaly Correction(GAC)is a very important term in leveling data processing.In most cases,it is troublesome for field surveyors to measure gravity when leveling.In this paper,based on the complete Bouguer Gravity Anomaly(BGA)map of WGM2012,the feasibility of replacing in-situ gravity surveying in China is investigated.For leveling application,that is to evaluate the accuracy of WGM2012 in China.Because WGM2012 is organized with a standard rectangle grid,two interpolation methods,bilinear interpolating and Inverse Distance Weighted(IDW)interpolating,are proposed.Four sample areas in China,i.e.,Hanzhong,Chengdu,Linzhi and Shantou,are selected to evaluate the systems bias and precision of WGM2012.Numerical results show the average system bias of WGM2012 BGA in west China is about-100.1 mGal(1 mGal=10^(-5) m/s^(2))and the standard deviation is about 30.7 mGal.Tests in Shantou indicate the system bias in plain areas is about-130.4 mGal and standard deviation is about 6.8 mGal.All these experiments means the accuracy of WGM2012 is limited in high mountain areas of western China,but in plain areas,such as Shantou,WGM2012 BGA map is quite good for most leveling applications after calibrating the system bias.

Matter Loops Corrected Modified Gravity in Palatini Formulation

Recently,corrections to the standard Einstein Hilbert action were proposed to explain the current cosmicacceleration in stead of introducing dark energy.In the Palatini formulation of those modified gravity models,thereis an important observation due to Arkani Hamed:matter loops will give rise to a correction to the modified gravityaction proportional to the Ricci scalar of the metric.In the presence of such a term,we show that the current formsof modified gravity models in Palatini formulation,specifically,the 1/R gravity and in R gravity,will have phantoms.Then we study the possible instabilities due to the presence of phantom fields.We show that the strong instability inthe metric formulation of 1/R gravity indicated by Dolgov and Kawasaki will not appear and the decay timescales forthe phantom fields may be long enough for the theories to make sense as effective field theory.On the other hand,if wechange the sign of the modification terms to eliminate the phantoms,some other inconsistencies will arise for the variousversions of the modified gravity models.Finally,we comment on the universal property of the Palatini formulation ofthe matter loops corrected modified gravity models and its implications.

Quantum Corrections on Tunneling Radiation by the Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Based on the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), the researchers find that the quantum gravity affects the Klein-Gordon equation exactly. Hence, the Klein-Gordon equation which is corrected by GUP will be more suitable on the expression of the tunneling behavior. Then, the corrected Hawking temperature of the GHS black hole is obtained. After analyzing this result, we find out that the Hawking temperature is not only related to the mass of black hole, but also related to the mass and energy of outgoing fermions. Finally, we infer that the Hawking radiation will be stopped, and the remnants of black holes exist naturally.

Evaluation and extraction of weak gravity and magnetic anomalies

In this paper, I introduce what are called weak gravity and magnetic anomalies and propose standards for estimating their reliability. I also introduce new techniques for processing this kind of weak anomaly. These techniques consist of interference elimination and weak signal extraction. Practical applications have proved their effectiveness, Weak gravity and magnetic anomalies will get more attention with the development of targeted exploration.

Spin-Spin Interactions in Gauge Theory of Gravity, Violation of Weak Equivalence Principle and New Classical Test of General Relativity

For a long time, it has been generally believed that spin-spin interactions can only exist in a theory where Lorentz symmetry is gauged, and a theory with spin-spin interactions is not perturbatively renormalizable. But this is not true. By studying the motion of a spinning particle in gravitational field, it is found that there exist spin-spin interactions in gauge theory of gravity. Its mechanism is that a spinning particle will generate gravitomagnetic field in space-time, and this gravitomagnetic field will interact with the spin of another particle, which will cause spin-spin interactions. So, spin-spin interactions are transmitted by gravitational field. The form of spin-spin interactions in post Newtonian approximations is deduced. This result can also be deduced from the Papapetrou equation. This kind of interaction will not affect the renormalizability of the theory. The spin-spin interactions will violate the weak equivalence principle, and the violation effects are detectable. An experiment is proposed to detect the effects of the violation of the weak equivalence principle.

Scalar Particles’ Tunneling and Effect of Quantum Gravity

According to the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), the Klein-Gordon equation is corrected by the quantum gravity exactly. Hence, the corrected Klein-Gordon equation will be more precise on the expression of the tunneling behavior. Then, the corrected Hawking temperature of the Gibbons-Maeda-Dilaton black hole is obtained near the horizon by quantum gravity. Analyzing the results carefully, it is obvious for us that the tunneling result is not only related to the mass of black hole, but also related to the mass and energy of outgoing fermions. Finally, we also infer that the tunneling radiation would be stopped at some particular temperature.

理论自由空间重力异常处理在承德高原地区应用效果分析

布格重力校正方法中存在正常场校正的高程起算面误差、高程校正误差与地形和中间层校正误差,为避免传统布格重力校正方法中存在的误差影响,提高资料解释的准确性,本文采用了理论自由空间重力异常处理技术,对在承德御道口波状高原区的实测重力资料重新进行了处理。通过与布格重力异常的对比分析,对该方法进行了评价。研究结果表明,在波状高原地区,理论自由空间重力异常相较于布格重力异常能够较好地反映区域重力场的空间分布形态,对局部信息的展现也更加清晰、丰富,对构造形态表现更加合理、准确,根据不同的地质目的,合理选择布格校正和理论自由空间重力异常处理,可提升资料解释的可靠性。

基于BP神经网络的重力仪高机动状态快速调平修正技术

针对平台式重力仪大机动状态后测量能力恢复慢的问题,提出一种基于BP神经网络的重力仪稳定平台快速调平修正技术。首先,针对动态重力测量在测量平台大机动状态后调平能力不足的问题,研究了基于BP神经网络的平台姿态高效、准确解算方法;其次,利用惯性元件和卫星导航系统(GNSS)的信息优化BP神经网络,形成不同条件的平台姿态提取优化模型;最后,利用模拟仿真实验和实际机载动态重力测量数据验证所提方法的有效性和准确性。实验结果表明在大机动的动态条件下采用所提方法可以扶正重力仪稳定平台,将机动后重力仪稳定平台稳定时间缩短83.3%以上,提升动态重力测量效率。

航空重力梯度地形改正

地形改正是航空重力梯度数据处理的重要环节,其改正精度不仅取决于地形精度和分辨率,还与改正模型有关。本文基于棱柱积分公式研究了地形精度和分辨率、观测点高程误差对地形改正的影响,导出了一种量化评估模型。为了在不降低改正精度的前提下提高计算效率,设计了一种基于CUDA的棱柱积分并行算法,在GPU端实现了地形改正分量的快速计算。分别在地形起伏平缓和剧烈区域进行模型验证,结果表明,当测量高度大于40 m时,精度优于0.5 m的10 m分辨率地形数据可使地形改正精度优于1 E,验证了本文量化评估模型的有效性。棱柱积分并行算法在普通GPU显卡上实现了15倍以上的效率提升,在NVIDIA TiTan V专业计算显卡上效率提升了150倍以上,完全能够满足大范围高精度地形改正应用需求。本文的量化评估模型和并行算法可为航空重力梯度测量任务设计和数据处理提供参考。

福州都市圈生态系统服务价值时空演变及生态-经济协调发展

量化分析区域生态系统服务价值(ESV)演变以及空间分异因素,研究生态-经济协调一致性发展特征,有助于推动城市群与都市圈生态功能提升。以福州都市圈为例,基于2001年、2010年、2020年遥感影像数据,采用优化生态系统服务价值评估模型、重心模型、变异系数、协调性指数和一致性指数,结合GIS空间可视化分析,测度福州都市圈生态系统服务价值演变并分析其与经济发展的时空协调演变特征,最后对福州都市圈的生态-经济协调发展战略提出建议。结果表明:①2001~2020年,福州都市圈整体生态系统服务价值先减后增;其中,福州、莆田先减后增,宁德四县(市、区)和南平三区(市)则持续增加;②第一产业占比、年平均气温和植被覆盖率对生态系统服务价值的空间分异解释力较高,在原有自然条件的限制下,福州都市圈生态系统服务价值的空间分异更易受人为因子的干扰而扩大;③福州、莆田、宁德四县(市、区)的生态系统服务重心具有不断远离经济重心的趋势,二者逐渐割裂;④福州都市圈生态经济协调发展冲突尚不明显,但生态系统服务价值增长速度落后于GDP增长速度的区域数量较多,经济发展正在承受越来越大的生态压力,2001~2020年间福州都市圈形成福州、莆田、宁德城区经济集聚与中部六县生态集聚并存的格局。

行星借力地木转移轨道优化与星历模型下中途修正设计

木星系探测具有重要的科学意义与战略价值,而地木转移是实现木星系探测的关键基础。基于行星借力飞行技术对地球木星转移轨道进行了优化设计,并在高精度星历模型中针对实际飞行可能存在的轨道误差设计了中途修正策略。基于Tisserand图分析行星借力飞行序列;以进入环木轨道探测器质量最大化为目标,构建考虑行星星历的借力飞行转移轨道优化非线性规划模型;针对实际飞行误差设计多次借力飞行轨道的中途修正策略;以中国木星系探测任务论证为背景,以2034—2036年为发射窗口,在长征5号运载火箭发射能力下,得到了多种借力转移序列的最优与次优转移方案。结果表明:金星-地球-地球借力转移的最优解可以使进入目标环木轨道的探测器质量达到4 340.8 kg,相比霍曼转移提高约1 300 kg,而后在星历模型下用蒙特卡罗仿真验证中途修正策略,结果显示,在各种误差情况下终端B平面脱靶量小于50 km,且修正脉冲消耗较小,证明所设计的行星借力转移轨道和中途修正策略能够在高精度力学环境中实现地木转移任务,可为中国木星系探测任务设计提供参考。

基于SSA-BP神经网络的重力式矿浆浓度检测算法

为了克服现有矿浆浓度检测技术的不足,提高矿浆浓度检测技术在复杂选矿环境中的精度和适应性,在对现有矿浆浓度检测技术进行分析的基础上,提出重力式矿浆浓度检测方法,利用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)改进BP神经网络算法优化关键参数,进行了系统设计、算法研究和应用测试,结果表明:算法具有检测精度高、适应性强、稳定性好等优点。

DQM2022系列超高阶地球重力场模型构建及其精度评估

本文基于椭球谐分析,提出了超高阶地球重力场模型构建的局部积分改进迭代法和全球积分改进迭代法,解决了传统的局部积分改进法存在的局限性,有效提高了改进模型在中国地区的适用精度。选择EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4地球重力场模型作为初始模型,利用中国及周边地区最新的5′×5′实测格网平均重力异常数据,构建了DQM2022系列超高阶地球重力场模型,其完全阶次均为2190。采用地面实测重力异常、GNSS/水准、天文大地垂线偏差等数据对改进模型进行精度评估。结果显示:①相对于初始模型,改进模型表示中国地区重力场的精度显著提高,重力异常精度提高了2.4~2.8 mGal,高程异常精度提高了1.0~2.4 cm,垂线偏差精度提高了0.07″~0.15″;②在表示中国地区重力场时,基于EIGEN-6C4初始模型构建的改进模型精度最高,高程异常精度约为10.6 cm,垂线偏差精度约为2.1″。

关于水准测量高差重力异常改正方法的探讨

为了实现在没有条件实测重力和检索布格重力异常数据库的地区进行水准测量高差的重力异常改正,满足水准测量闭合差的限差要求,本文利用多种重力场模型计算的空间重力异常和不同插值方法得到的布格重力异常,对某隧道水准测量高差进行重力异常改正。根据误差传播定律计算重力异常中误差,分析三种不同正常重力平均值的计算公式对水准测量闭合差的影响。实例计算结果表明,在所有外业限差满足要求,但水准测量闭合差仍然超限的情况下,通过利用重力场模型和布格重力异常计算的重力异常改正对高差测量值进行改正后,两种方法均能使闭合差满足限差要求,部分布格重力异常插值方法优于重力场模型。同时验证三种重力异常改正的近似公式对结果影响并不大,可基于实际情况采用不同的公式进行计算。以上结论可为地形起伏较大地区的水准测量重力异常改正计算提供参考。

似大地水准面与大地水准面转换分析

传统的似大地水准面与大地水准面近似转换在地形复杂的山区难以满足精度需求。本文基于似大地水准面与大地水准面严密转换方法,计算珠峰地区转换改正数值大小,分析似大地水准面与大地水准面转换的空间变化。结果表明,严密方法计算的转换值变化范围为-3.270~-0.119 m,其中地形位差改正极值达到1.272 m,重力梯度改正极值达到-0.138 m,这两项改正影响幅度较大,在山区需顾及;严密方法计算和近似计算结果都与地形高度具有一定的相关性,但前者结果相较于后者更为平滑,在布格重力异常与地形变化的共同影响下,严密方法局部特征与地形高度负相关。

高阶重力场模型的高程异常差值改正方法研究

通过水准仪测量获取区域高程控制网点正常高的方式,精度高但耗时费力。首先利用EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4、XGM2019e_2159和SGG-UGM-2四种高阶全球重力场模型获取高程异常,再利用少量GNSS水准控制点获取真实高程异常,最后采用平均差值改正短波值方法快速获取高程异常。结合滇中引水工程307个GNSS水准控制点成果,以验证东西方向10 km、20 km、40 km和80 km距离范围内的高程异常改正效果。结果表明,在东西方向40 km内采用4个和2个GNSS水准控制点改正4种模型的高程异常中误差在±5 cm以内,平均中误差改正率接近50%,其中XGM2019e_2159模型整体上更符合似大地水准面。该方法可提高小区域范围内高程异常获取的精度和效率。