基于Rockfall数值模拟的边坡落石防护网修复加固方案研究

某水电站尾水支洞边坡多次发生落石灾害,原被动防护网已发生局部破损,严重威胁着尾水支洞施工期和运行期的安全,需对原防护网进行修复加固。由于山体陡峭、地貌复杂,人工调查无法确定落石源,采用高精度无人机航摄初步排查出四处可疑危险源区域,利用Rockfall软件进行落石轨迹模拟计算,通过对比分析计算成果与观测到的落石落点位置与威胁区域分布情况,反分析确定了两处落石源。在此基础上,根据落石源的落石运动特征,复核分析了原防护能力不足的原因,发现原防护网的能级和高度不足是导致落石灾害发生的主要原因。通过提高防护网的能级和高度,提出了原位修复和增高加固两种方案。研究结果表明:两种方案均能有效减小落石威胁区域面积、降低落石率、改善运动特征参数。其中增高加固方案的防护效果更加显著,落石被全部拦截,落石弹跳高度和动能的最大值分别降低了69.64%、66.02%。对被动防护网破损部位的修复加固,综合考虑现场实际情况与落石模拟计算成果进行修复方案设计更为科学合理。研究成果可为该工程的落石防护方案提供科学依据,为类似工程设计与落石分析提供参考。

基于CRockfall数值模拟落石崩塌运动特征

【目的】山区公路工程边坡落石崩塌灾害具有突发性和强致灾性特点,是工程建设及运营过程中较为常见的地质安全隐患,有必要对落石崩塌运动特征进行研究。【方法】以西南地区某处公路边坡落石为例,在介绍落石运动分析计算算法的基础上,采用CRockfall落石软件模拟了典型落石运动轨迹,获取了主要运动特征。【结果】从统计最大值曲线峰值来看:落石运动动能能量、弹跳高度和速度分别约为2000 kJ、75 m和53 m/s;统计95%保证率和均值曲线规律基本一致,从曲线峰值来看:落石运动动能能量、弹跳高度和速度分别约为500 kJ、25 m和25 m/s。【结论】在典型位置利用软件数据采集器功能获取落石运动特征参数,为后期拦挡结构设计提供依据。

基于Rockfall的沟谷区高位危岩体危险性评估

为了降低高位危岩体对沟谷区建设用地威胁,以沟谷区内某商住小区为例,探讨高位危岩体危险性评估结果。通过资料收集和现场调查,采用Rockfall模型软件计算沟谷区高位危岩体对小区现状地质灾害危险性,评估了防治措施情景下的地质灾害危险性。用Rockfall模拟软件计算出沟谷区内危岩体现状和设计情景条件下的运动路径和最远威胁距离,确定建设用地红线范围内的地质灾害危险性结果。结果表明,现状条件下沟谷区建设用地红线范围内危险性中等区域面积112.15 m2,设计情景下建设用地红线范围均为危险性小的区域。

Integrated hazard assessment of rockfall incidents in the Cap Aokas Cliff Region

Rock fall accidents in mountainous cliff areas have significant consequences for human life and transportation.This study aimed to evaluate the rockfall hazard in the Cap Aokas cliff region located along the northeast coast of Algeria by identifying the key factors contributing to rockfall occurrence.We employed a combination of kinematic analysis,Matterocking method,and 3D trajectory simulations to determine zones that are susceptible to rockfall mobilization.By using a probabilistic and structural approach in conjunction with photogrammetry,we identified the controlling factors.The kinematic analysis revealed the presence of five discontinuity families,which indicated both plane and wedge failure modes.The 3D trajectory simulations demonstrated that the falling blocks followed the stream direction.We then validated the susceptibility maps generated from the analysis using aerial photos and historical rockfall events.The findings of this study enhance our understanding of rockfall phenomena and provide valuable insights for the development of effective strategies to mitigate rockfall hazards.

RockFall软件在铁路边坡危岩失稳运动路径分析中的应用

山区铁路岩质边坡坡体失稳和危岩崩塌等灾害,对线路运营安全有潜在风险。危岩体发生破坏时的运动方式受下部斜坡的物质组成、边坡坡角、危岩体几何形状、岩体性质等的影响,运动距离、运动方式及冲击能量各不相同。采用RockFall软件模拟了丰沙铁路北侧山体危岩体破坏后的运动规律,得出危岩体破坏后沿坡面的运动路径、运动速度、冲击能量等信息,可为崩塌落石防治措施选择提供合理依据。

Resilience assessment and optimization method of city road network in the post-earthquake emergency period

The post-earthquake emergency period,which is a sensitive time segment just after an event,mainly focuses on saving life and restoring social order.To improve the seismic resilience of city road networks,a resilience evaluation method used in the post-earthquake emergency period is proposed.The road seismic damage index of a city road network can consider the influence of roads,bridges and buildings along the roads,etc.on road capacity after an earthquake.A function index for a city road network is developed,which reflects the connectivity,redundancy,traffic demand and traffic function of the network.An optimization model for improving the road repair order in the post-earthquake emergency period is also developed according to the resilience evaluation,to enable decision support for city emergency management and achieve the best seismic resilience of the city road network.The optimization model is applied to a city road network and the results illustrate the feasibility of the resilience evaluation and optimization method for a city road network in the post-earthquake emergency period.

花岗岩孤石稳定性评价及基于Rockfall的滚落模拟

广东丘陵山区广泛分布花岗岩,而花岗岩往往发育成许多球状风化体(孤石),易发生失稳滚落,对山下建构筑物以及人员安全造成威胁。本文针对广东省河源市龙川县上坪镇石湖村村委会所在地东北侧一带坡面孤石开展调查,通过分析其发育分布特征,对坡面孤石进行稳定性评价,利用Rockfall软件对孤石运动轨迹和能量曲线进行模拟,以更有效地设置拦石墙、被动防护网等拦截上部的孤石。

基于无人机和Rockfall Analyst的崩塌落石特征分析与运动学模拟--以察雅县崩塌落石为例

崩塌落石是高陡边坡的一种浅表部破坏方式,突发性强且随机性大,是严重的地质灾害之一。分析崩塌落石特征,并对落石进行运动学模拟对于灾害防治具有重大意义。以往的研究对于崩塌落石的运动学模拟大多基于二维模拟软件,人为控制了运动方向,具有一定的干扰性,部分独立的三维模拟软件计算时考虑的参数较多,增加了模拟难度。在调查方式上,无人机技术凭借机动灵活、工作效益高成为一种趋势。因此,文章以昌都市察雅县北西侧斜坡为研究区,结合现场调查和无人机三维倾斜摄影技术,调查分析了斜坡崩塌落石特征,通过三维模型获取了岩体结构面信息,分析了岩体稳定性;基于GIS环境下三维落石模拟软件Rockfall Analyst,根据历史崩塌轨迹采用参数反演的方法获得研究区斜坡下垫面参数,对物源区块石进行了运动轨迹、速度和弹跳高度的数值模拟。结果表明:(1)斜坡上主要存在三处物源区,岩体整体受三组主控结构面控制,不同结构面之间的组合破坏和冻融侵蚀影响下的岩体差异性分化是造成岩体失稳的主要因素;(2)通过模拟的运动轨迹确定了落石的威胁范围,弹跳高度和速度轨迹可为崩塌落石灾害防治的位置和防治措施的选择上提供地质依据。

危岩崩塌运动轨迹特征的Rockfall数值模拟研究

运用Rockfall数值模拟软件,对危岩体的稳定性进行了分析,通过设定危岩体的法向恢复系数、切向恢复系数和动摩擦系数等参数,绘制出危岩体的运动轨迹、能量分布和弹跳高度数值模拟图,为指导防护体系的结构设计、确保防治效果提供了依据。

Reviews on Post-earthquake Reconstruction of Qiang Culture: Three-dimensional Pattern

Through the introduction of disaster situation of Qiang Culture after Wenchuan Earthquake, the paper emphasized that carriers of Qiang Culture had been seriously damaged, the inheritance of Qiang Culture had been affected, and the environment for Qiang Culture was difficult to recover. It highlighted that three-dimensional reconstruction of Qiang Culture should stress the core task and timely and effectively rescue endangered cultural heritages of Qiang Nationality from the perspectives of material and spiritual life. It had explained focuses of three-dimensional pattern construction in detail. In terms of spatial reconstruction, it should reconstruct native culture and history while material culture was constructed, and reconstruct Qiang culture highland by depending on aborigines; in terms of cluster reconstruction, it should give support to large tourism enterprises and perfect tourism chain; in terms of ecological reconstruction, it should enhance construction and demonstration of "ecological protection pilot area of Qiang culture"; in terms of development reconstruction, it should realize coordinated unity between protection and development according to classification protection, characteristic protection and key protection, so as to form the virtuous circle of post-disaster recovery protection and sustainable development.

基于PFC^3D和Rockfall的中武山危岩体数值模拟研究

基于颗粒流PFC^3D理论及方法,结合无人机高精度航拍影像数据,对中武山危岩体失稳过程进行数值模拟方法研究。通过PFC^3D构建三维地质模型进行崩塌模拟,计算得出危岩体的运动路径。在模拟的运动路径中选取6个运动剖面,采用Rockfall软件进行二维运动过程计算,得出腾跃高度、冲击能量、岩块速度等计算结果。中武山危岩体模拟结果表明,PFC^3D三维运动模型结合Rockfall软件的数值模拟方法,可较好地模拟危岩体的失稳运动过程。研究方法相比以往研究具有更好的可视化特性,研究得到的相关参数可为后续灾害防治工作提供参考,进而可提出有针对性的治理措施。研究结果对防灾减灾工程具有重要的现实意义。

基于Rockfall的危岩体危险范围预测及风险评价——以九寨沟景区悬沟危岩体为例

2017年8月8日九寨沟Ms7.0级地震诱发了数以千计的崩滑地质灾害,造成景区内道路阻塞,设施损毁,严重威胁到了来往游客及景区内住民的生命财产安全。因此对景区进行地质灾害风险性评价尤为重要。本文以景区内悬沟崩塌危岩体为研究对象,通过分析危岩威胁范围、可能造成的危害程度,承灾体的抗灾能力以及流动承灾体受损情况,建立风险评价模型,将风险评价进行量化。评价结果表明,危岩带1、危岩体1为低风险。危岩带3为中等风险;危岩带2为高风险,严重威胁到了坡脚公路及来往游客的生命财产安全,要高度重视,尽快着手防护措施设计,避免造成更大的损失。

基于无人机与Rockfall的危岩体结构特征识别与运动规律模拟

赤水红层地区高陡边坡危岩体具有位置险峻、隐蔽性强等特点,致使危岩体的识别成为困扰工程建设的巨大难题。针对研究区危岩体调查难以开展的问题,利用无人机倾斜摄影技术,获取带有空间地理坐标的照片。运用Agisoft PhotoScan软件构建了唐家屋基边坡高清数字地表模型(DSM),利用三点不共线可确定一个平面的原理,在模型中提取结构面空间点云坐标,计算出结构面产状,并对危岩体的结构特征进行提取,确定了4处典型危岩体。基于三维模型对危岩体的体积进行了测量,通过定性分析得知,危岩体处于欠稳定状态。利用Rockfall软件对4个危岩体的崩落运动特征进行模拟,发现危岩体发生崩塌破坏后滚石会对坡脚房屋和公路造成破坏。研究结果对高陡边坡危岩体的勘察、稳定性评价及影响范围确定有重要参考价值。

Investigation of rockfall-prone road cut slope near Lengpui Airport,Mizoram,India

Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44 A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately,no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system(RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional(3 D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3 DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone(unstable blocks)for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2,25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone(unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.

Comparing rockfall hazard and risk assessment procedures along roads for different planning purposes

Hazard and risk assessment procedures of different types of rockfall were analyzed to compare their outcomes when they are applied to the same case study.Although numerous methodologies are available in literature,rockfall hazard and risk analyses are often limited to standard estimations,affected by a margin of uncertainty,especially when relevant engineering projects are about to be realized.Based on the design purpose,different types of approaches can be chosen among the qualitative and quantitative ones available in literature,which allow different levels of analysis.One of the main criticisms related to rockfall events is the risk affecting linear structures,such as road or railways,due both to their strategic relevance for trade and communications and to the great entity of the exposed value(traffic units)traveling along them.In this perspective,a comparison between the qualitative method known as Evolving Rockfall Hazard Assessment(EHRA),the semi-quantitative modified Rockfall Hazard Rating System(RHRS)and the quantitative Rockfall Risk Management(RoMa)approach is herein commented according to a practical application to a case study.It is the case of the rockfall threat along slopes crossed by a strategic road connecting two of the most known spots of eastern Sicily(Italy),at the Taormina tourist complex.Data were retrieved from both recent literature and technical surveys on field.Achieved results highlight how the approaches are affected by a different level of detail and uncertainty,arising also by some necessary assumption that must be taken into account,especially when mitigation measures or territory planning have to be designed.Achieved results can be also taken into account for similar studies worldwide,in order to choose the most suitable procedure based on the design purpose.This is indeed crucial in the perspective of the optimization of time and economic resources in the territorial planning practice.

Integrated rockfall hazard and risk assessment along highways: An example for Jiuzhaigou area after the 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, China

This work addresses the integrated assessment of rockfall(including landslides) hazards and risk for S301, Z120, and Z128 highways, which are important transportation corridors to the world heritage site Jiuzhai Valley National Park in Sichuan, China. The highways are severely threatened by rockfalls or landslide events after the 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Field survey(September 14-18 th, 2017, May 15-20 th, 2018, and September 9-17 th, 2018), unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV), and satellite image identified high-relief rockfalls and road construction rockfalls or landslides along the highway. Rockfall hazard is qualitatively evaluated using block count, velocity, and flying height through a 3D rockfall simulation at local and regional scales. Rockfall risk is quantitatively assessed with rockfall event probability, propagation probability, spatial probability, and vulnerability for different block volume classes. Approximately 21.5%, 20.5%, and 5.3% of the road mileage was found to be subject to an unacceptable(UA) risk class for vehicles along S301, Z120, and Z128 highways, respectively. Approximately 20.1% and 3.3% of the road mileage belong to the UA risk class for tourists along Z120 and Z128 highways, respectively. Results highlighted that high-relief rockfall events were intensively located at K50 to K55(Guanmenzi to Ganheba) and K70 to K72(Jiudaoguai to Shangsizhai Village) road mileages along S301 highway and KZ18 to KZ22(Five Flower Lake to Arrow Bamboo Lake) road mileages, KZ30(Swan Lake to Virgin Forests), and KY10.5 kilometers in Jiuzhai Valley. Rockfalls in these locations were classified under the UA risk class and medium to very high hazard index. Road construction rockfalls were located at K67(Jiuzhai Paradise) and K75–K76 kilometers along S301 highway and KZ12 to KZ14(Rhino Lake to Nuorilang Waterfall), KZ16.5 to KZ17.5(Golden Bell Lake), KY5(Lower Seasonal Lake), and KY14(Upper Seasonal Lake) kilometers along Z120 and Z128 highway in Jiuzhai Valley. Rockfalls in these areas were within a reasonable practicable risk to UA risk class and very low to medium hazard index. Finally, defensive measures, including flexible nets, concrete walls, and artificial tunnels, could be selected appropriately on the basis of the rockfall hazard index and risk class. This study revealed the integration between qualitative rockfall hazard assessment and quantitative rockfall risk assessment, which is crucial in studying rockfall prevention and mitigation.

Rolling motion behavior of rockfall on gentle slope:an experimental approach

The effects of slope surface material, slope gradient, block shape, and block mass conditions on rockfall rolling velocity were estimated with orthogonal test approach. Visual analysis shows that the importance of the factors is slope surface material > slope gradient > block shape > block mass. All the factors except block mass have the F value greater than the critical value, suggesting that these three factors are the key factors affecting the rockfall rolling velocity. Factor interaction analysis shows that the effect of the slope gradient relies largely on the slope surface conditions, and the block shape has little influence if the slope gradient is larger than a critical value. An empirical model considering the three key factors is proposed to estimate the rolling velocity, of which the error is limited to 5% of the testing value. This model is validated by 73 field tests, and the prediction shows excellent correlation with the site test. Thus, this analysis can be used as a tool in the rockfall behavior analysis.

Analysis of Rockfall and Its Impact on the Cut-and-Cover Tunnel in Dynamics

This paper presents the effect of thickness of Buffer layer on the safety of cut-and-cover tunnel under the given magnitude and height of rockfall, and the limit load of the structure. To establish calculating models of rockfall in different conditions, the dynamics of the fall down to the surface of the slope is taken into account and the exterior characteristics of the rockfall is analyzed. We have derived the formula for calculating velocity of rocks before and after collision, calculated the impact load upon the structures below and the limit load, and compared the impact force and limit load to judge the safety of the structure. Finally, the validity of models is approved by the safety evaluation of cut-and-cover tunnel in the mouth of Heshang Mountain in Nandan County.

Rockfall seismic features analysis based on in situ tests:frequency, amplitude, and duration

In the seismic event classification,determining the seismic features of rockfall is significantly important for the automatic classification of seismic events because of the huge amount of raw data recorded by seismic stations in continuous monitoring. At the same time, the rockfall seismic features are still not completely understood.This study concentrates on the rockfall frequency content, amplitude(ground velocity), seismic waveform and duration analysis, of an artificial rockfall test at Torgiovannetto(a former quarry in Central Italy). A total of 90 blocks were released in the test, and their seismic signals and moving trajectories were recorded by four tri-axial seismic stations and four cameras, respectively. In the analysis processing,all the artificial rockfall signal traces were cut separately and the seismic features were extracted individually and automatically. In this study, the relationships between a) frequency content and impacted materials, b) frequency content and the distance between block releasing position and seismic station(source-receiver distance) were discussed. As a result, we found that the frequency content of rockfall focuses on 10-60 Hz and 80-90 Hz within a source-receiver distance of 200 m, and it is well correlated with impacted material and source-receiver distance. To evaluate the difference between earthquake and rockfall, 23 clear earthquake signals recorded in a seven month-long continuous seismic monitoring, carried out with the four seismic stations, were picked out, according to the Italian national earthquakes database(INGV). On these traces we performed the same analysis as in the artificial rockfall traces, and two parameters were defined to separate rockfall events from earthquake noise. The first one, the amplitude ratio, is related to the amplitude variation of rockfall between two stations and is greater than that of earthquakes, because of the higher attenuation occurring for rockfall events, which consists in high frequencies whereas for earthquakes it consists in low frequencies. The other parameter, the shape of waveform of signal trace, showed a significant difference between rockfall and earthquake and that could be a complementary feature to discriminate between both. This analysis of artificial rockfall is a first step helpful to understand the seismic characteristics of rockfall, and useful for rockfall seismic events classification in seismic monitoring of slope.

基于Rockfall数值模拟的危岩体运动规律分析

危岩体发育过程具有渐进性,失稳过程具有突变性和强致灾性,危岩崩塌灾害是山区公路工程建设及运营过程中普遍存在的突发性重大安全隐患,前期预测和分析危岩体落石运动特征可为危岩体治理提供参考。本文以兴义环高某特大桥桥台上方的危岩体为例,通过现场调查研究,分析危岩特征,采用Rockfall数值软件模拟危岩落石运动轨迹、落石终点水平位置,分析落石速度及其能量大小。结果表明:危岩体W5发生崩塌后,有大部分落石到达桥面,且在到达桥面时仍有较大动能和转动速度,会对桥面造成严重撞击和破坏,威胁和影响行车安全。建议对危岩体进行防护或加固,以保障公路建设运营安全。