A Study on the Effects of Different Interaction Combinations and Language Levels on Continuous Writing in Online Environments

This study was conducted with non-English sophomore students,aiming to explore the effects of different interaction combinations and language levels on continuous writing in an online environment,and compare the differences in lexical alignments and composition quality of learners with different interaction combinations and language levels in the same continuous writing task through experiments.The results show that the mean values of the word-phrase alignment of the paired group were higher than those of the individual group in different interaction combinations,and the two groups showed significant differences;in terms of composition quality,the individual group was better than the paired group,but there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of task continuation.Secondly,the word-phrase alignment and composition scores of the different language-level groups were higher than those of the same language-level groups,and there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of word-phrase alignments,but not in terms of composition scores.The results of this study can be useful and informative for second language teachers in future continuous teaching in online environments.

An Active Language Learning Environment Created by Email Communication

The rapid development of information and communication technology in recent years is associated with a corresponding growth in interest in computer-mediated communication(CMC)-synchronous CMC and asynchronous CMC.Among asynchronous CMC,email communication has attracted more attention of researchers in the field of foreign language learning.This paper will review studies which investigate one aspect of the advantages of email communication-an active environment for foreign language learning.

Language Environment Setting Through Our Foreign Currency Activities to Improve Chinese-Majoring Learners’ Competency

Language education centers primarily on fostering linguistic skills and language communication skills for students. In the process of teaching Chinese language, it is in the classroom that is the place tofoster student’s linguistic competence and language communication capacity. Therefore, classroom teaching becomes the main place tofoster the language ability and language communication capacity for students while the extracurricular activities are the place for students to apply the knowledge they have learned in the classroom in to the real world. Conducting a survey to investigate extracurricular activities for Chinese language majors at Thai Nguyen University, School of Foreign Languages, the paper proposes solutions to improve the effectiveness of extracurricular activities for students and create excitement for students in learning.

Research on the Influences of the Invisible Environment of Language Laboratories on the Practical Teaching Based on the Network

There is a close relationship between the environmental factors and the human learning.The language laboratory is an important place for the foreign language learning.Building a good learning and practice environment of language laboratories plays an important role in the foreign language teaching.Learning can never take place in a vacuum.It always takes place in a variety of environments.Some of these environments may be more conducive to the development of the cognitive,emotional and social skills than others.

Intercultural Education in a Technology-Enhanced Foreign Language Learning Environment Implementing the TPACK Approach:Challenges and Possibilities

In the plurilingual and multicultural contemporary international setting,the educational systems opt for successfully meeting as well as adapting to the rapid social,economic,and technological changes.Based on the premise that intercultural communicative competence holds a significant potential for foreign language instruction,focus should throw into combining teachers’intercultural knowledge with pedagogy and technology.The prospect of introducing intercultural material within the context of teaching scenarios in the curricula of a technology-enhanced foreign language learning environment where the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge(TPACK)approach is implemented,can positively contribute to the teaching process.Under this perspective,cultural and digitally competent teachers can create a framework which will enable learners to fully develop their interactive and linguistic skills and to effectively communicate in a foreign language promoting its social and multicultural dimension whatever the intercultural context.

Influence of Language Environment on Second Language Acquisition

As the development of the economy and technology as well as the education,more and more people begin to learn English.There are many factors that can affect the learning effect,such as emotion,motivation,environment and etc,but the most important one should be the environment factor.The learners only be put into the target language,they can experience the real language,and make progress in a relatively short period of time.

MOTIVATION IN ENGLISH STUDY:Creating a Good Language Learning Environment

基于学生英语学习的动力、经济条件、家庭状况和中国经济快速的腾飞急切需要越来越多能娴熟掌握外语, 特别是英语的现状考虑,营造一个良好的语言学习环境对于学生掌握、学会英语至关重要。当前, 倘若学生尽可能早的掌握外语, 这样会他们在与外国人交流和就业中更加自信。与次同时, 诸多大学和高校较以前而言更加注重英语教学和学习, 竭尽全力开展各式各样的教学改革, 旨在全面提高英语教学和学习, 并呼吁教师和学生家长协助学生解决英语学习中遇到的困难和问题, 给学生学习英语创造一个良好的学习氛围, 达到激发学生学好英语的热情这样一个目的。总的来讲, 在学生的英语学习中, 形成一个良好的语言学习氛围会对学生产生较大的影响。任何一个教师和学生都应意识到, 创建一个良好的语言学习环境在激发学生学习外语中扮演着举足轻重的角色。

The Construction of an International Language Environment in the Core Urban Areas from the Perspective of Urban Planning

Urban planning is a process of government as planner to purposefully manage and intervene in the urban development. In this paper,five major tasks for the construction of an international language environment in the core urban areas are proposed from the perspective of urban planning:to explore an effective working mechanism for the construction of the international language environment;to improve the ability of citizens in foreign language communication;to standardize public bilingual notices and signs marking system;to innovate the internationalized operational models of the key industries;to create a multi-functional foreign language consulting service system. Thereby,the objective to improve the international language environment and competitiveness of the urban areas can be accomplished.

Pedagogical Implications for Second Language Acquisition

Second language acquisition is influenced by various factors,among which age and environment are two major factors.Language acquisition and language learning are two different concepts,but they are correlated and they interact with each other.Therefore,in second language teaching teachers and researchers should follow the rules of second language acquisition and second language learning and analyze the factors such as learners' possible errors,motivation,learning strategies and personalities.

Automatic extraction and structuration of soil–environment relationship information from soil survey reports

In addition to soil samples, conventional soil maps, and experienced soil surveyors, text about soils(e.g., soil survey reports) is an important potential data source for extracting soil–environment relationships. Considering that the words describing soil–environment relationships are often mixed with unrelated words, the first step is to extract the needed words and organize them in a structured way. This paper applies natural language processing(NLP) techniques to automatically extract and structure information from soil survey reports regarding soil–environment relationships. The method includes two steps:(1) construction of a knowledge frame and(2) information extraction using either a rule-based method or a statistic-based method for different types of information. For uniformly written text information, the rule-based approach was used to extract information. These types of variables include slope, elevation, accumulated temperature, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and frost-free period. For information contained in text written in diverse styles, the statistic-based method was adopted. These types of variables include landform and parent material. The soil species of China soil survey reports were selected as the experimental dataset. Precision(P), recall(R), and F1-measure(F1) were used to evaluate the performances of the method. For the rule-based method, the P values were 1, the R values were above 92%, and the F1 values were above 96% for all the involved variables. For the method based on the conditional random fields(CRFs), the P, R and F1 values for the parent material were, respectively, 84.15, 83.13, and 83.64%; the values for landform were 88.33, 76.81, and 82.17%, respectively. To explore the impact of text types on the performance of the CRFs-based method, CRFs models were trained and validated separately by the descriptive texts of soil types and typical profiles. For parent material, the maximum F1 value for the descriptive text of soil types was 90.7%, while the maximum F1 value for the descriptive text of soil profiles was only 75%. For landform, the maximum F1 value for the descriptive text of soil types was 85.33%, which was similar to that of the descriptive text of soil profiles(i.e., 85.71%). These results suggest that NLP techniques are effective for the extraction and structuration of soil–environment relationship information from a text data source.

Research on theory and method in parallel designing environment based on coupling

Understanding the relation between multiple agents is very important in developing a multi agent system. Two concepts, multi agent system architecture and multi agent system architecture prototype are brought forward, and the method of descrbing the relation between agents using the concepts is explored. The structure and components are designed. Based on the fact that cooperation between distributed agents is erratic, a controlled natural language communication function is designed and realized. Applying the offered interfaces, the user′s workload consumed in agent communication and management is reduced, and at the same time, robustness of the multi agent system is improved.

Statistical Language Model for Chinese Text Proofreading

Statistical language modeling techniques are investigated so as to construct a language model for Chinese text proofreading. After the defects of n-gram model are analyzed, a novel statistical language model for Chinese text proofreading is proposed. This model takes full account of the information located before and after the target word wi, and the relationship between un-neighboring words w_i and w_j in linguistic environment(LE). First, the word association degree between w_i and w_j is defined by using the distance-weighted factor, w_j is l words apart from w_i in the LE, then Bayes formula is used to calculate the LE related degree of word w_i, and lastly, the LE related degree is taken as criterion to predict the reasonability of word w_i that appears in context. Comparing the proposed model with the traditional n-gram in a Chinese text automatic error detection system, the experiments results show that the error detection recall rate and precision rate of the system have been improved.

RGxE: An R Program for Genotype x Environment Interaction Analysis

Genotype x environmental interaction (GxE) can lead to differences in performance of genotypes over environments. GxE analysis can be used to analyze the stability of genotypes and the value of test locations. We developed an Rlanguage program (RGxE) that computes univariate stability statistics, descriptive statistics, pooled ANOVA, genotype F ratio across location and environment, cluster analysis for location, and location correlation with average location performance. Univariate stability statistics calculated are regression slope (bi), deviation from regression (S2d), Shukla’s variance (σi2), S square Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi), and Kang’s yield stability (YSi). RGxE is free and intended for use by scientists studying performance of polygenic or quantitative traits over multiple environments. In the present paper we provide the RGxE program and its components along with an example input data and outputs. Additionally, the RGxE program along with associated files is also available on GitHub at https://github.com/mahendra1/RGxE, http://cucurbitbreeding.com/todd-wehner/publications/software-sas-r-project/? and http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wehner/software.html.

对于学生在ESL(English as a Second Language英语作为第二语言)课堂上消极行为的研究

从课堂互动模式、学习环境、语言熟练程度和语言的社会文化性四个层面,对阿德莱德高中的两个ESL班的学生就语言课堂上的消极行为进行了研究。通过课堂观察、对课堂对话录音的文本分析、对教师和学生的采访及问卷调查和对听课实时记录的分析,总结了四个类别六个项目的会引发学生语言课堂上消极反应的原因。并对如何应对引起这些消极行为的导因提出了相应的建议。

Relevance Theory and Its Implications to Second Language Teaching

Relevance Theory Regards human communication as an intentional activity,and as an ostensive-inferential cognitive process.Based on the three key concepts of RT,the present paper shows the implications of this theory in second language teaching.Key words:context environment;mutual manifestness;optimal relevance;SLA;second language

Effective Ways to Promote Language Learners'Motivation

Motivationis a term both teachers and learners talk about most when they refer to language learning success or failure ( D?rnyei,2001) since there is a strong co-relationship between motivation and language learning ( Horwitz,2013) . Although re-search and theories on the importance and types of motivation are productive, educators still feel having little guidance on how to mo-tivate their students in schooling ( Shernoff,2013) . Here, I would like to introduce some motivational teaching practices, such as providing authentic learning opportunities, fostering student autonomy and creating an emotionally supportive environment, to our language teachers who wish to create engaging learning experiences for ESOL or EFL learners.

On the Role of Cognitive Environment of Translation for English- Chinese Translation

This paper put forward the concept of cognitive environment of translation based on the concept of cognitive context and proposed world knowledge,language knowledge and translation knowledge as its three constituents.World knowledge can also be referred to as encyclopedic knowledge,including all the knowledge acquired about diverse aspects of internal and external life through direct and indirect experience.Language knowledge refers to all the knowledge about the phonetics,phonology,lexicology,syntax,pragmatics,stylistics,etc.of the two languages involved and the comparative and contrastive features between the two languages.Translation knowledge concerns all the knowledge about the strategies and techniques for translation in general and specific solutions applicable for the translation between the two languages in question.The three types of knowledge get involved at different stages of translation:world knowledge and language knowledge about the source text facilitate accurate understanding of the source text,knowledge about the target language and knowledge about the comparative and contrastive features between the source and the target language,in combination with translation knowledge help with the translation process.All the knowledge can be activated more than once in case any uncertainty occurred at understanding or translation stages.As regards English-Chinese translation,translators are expected to use Chinese words,syntactic and textual structures most acceptable to the Chinese readers to replace the original English text,rendering them as close as possible in content,style and receptor effect.Efforts must be made to cater to the Chinese conventions of language use.Three major suggestions,among others,can be summarized in the paper.The first one is to use suitable words or expressions to match the Chinese ways of expression in various cases.The second one is to break the chains off the long and sophisticated English sentences,using shorter Chinese ones with a subject or theme,converting the nouns in English back to the verb or adjective they are derived from,etc.The third is to re-organize the textual structure of the target text according to the temporal,spatial and logical ways of expression in Chinese.

Spatial data modeling for coalfield geological environment

Presented a study on the design and implementation of spatial data modelingand application in the spatial data organization and management of a coalfield geologicalenvironment database.Based on analysis of a number of existing data models and takinginto account the unique data structure and characteristic, methodology and key techniquesin the object-oriented spatial data modeling were proposed for the coalfield geological environment.The model building process was developed using object-oriented technologyand the Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the platform of ESRI geodatabase datamodels.A case study of spatial data modeling in UML was presented with successful implementationin the spatial database of the coalfield geological environment.The modelbuilding and implementation provided an effective way of representing the complexity andspecificity of coalfield geological environment spatial data and an integrated managementof spatial and property data.

幼儿家庭消极语言环境的表征、危害、成因及防范——基于家庭成员言语互动的考察

消极语言环境会诱发幼儿产生自我认知失衡及行为偏差,导致成人心理需求失衡和家庭暴力升级,抑制家庭成员间情感支持和幸福感的获得,滋生人际交往中的不和谐感。幼儿家庭消极语言环境的成因包括家庭成员之间的客观差异、个体语言和行为在私人空间的“无遮拦”表达、家庭人际互动风格的代际传递以及受积淀至今的传统文化的影响。研究者对此提出了构建积极家庭语言环境的具体策略:在认知层面,帮助家长明确语言环境的重要性;在行为层面,对家长开展积极语言互动训练,改变家庭语言环境,提升家庭教育水平,提高家庭生活质量。