Refractory chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux: Definition, mechanism and management

Refractory chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux is a trouble some condition unresponsive to thestandard medical anti-reflux therapy. Its underlying mechanisms may include incomplete acid suppression, non-acid reflux, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and esophageal hypersensitivity. The diagnosis of this disorder depends on both the findings of multi-channel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and the subsequent intensified anti-reflux therapy. The strategies of pharmacological treatment for refractory chronic cough due to reflux include the optimization of proton pump inhibitors and add-on therapies with histamine H2 receptor antagonists, baclofen and gabapentin. However, the further study is needed to satisfy its management.

Investigation of the active components and mechanism of Sanao Decoction in treating chronic cough by network pharmacology and molecular docking

Objective To investigate the active components and mechanism of Sanao Decoction(三拗汤,SAD)in treating chronic cough based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.Methods Active components and their targets were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems and Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP),Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mech ANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine(BATMAN-TCM)database,and the literature.The component-target regulatory network and protein-protein interaction(PPI)network were constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2,and a bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the significant pathways and their relevant targets.Molecular docking of the core active components and relevant targets was performed.Results A total of 98 active components of SAD and the corresponding 113 drug targets were identified.The component-target regulatory network and PPI network were successfully established.Results of the bioinformatics analysis indicated that 2281 Gene Ontology(GO)terms were enriched in chronic cough,including 2062 terms were in biological processes,77 in cellular components,and 142 in molecular functions,and top 20 significant pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis.Molecular docking study demonstrated that quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,and naringenin were in good agreement with the corresponding targets.Conclusion The active compounds of SAD,such as quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,and naringenin,may act on AKT1,MAPK1,RELA,EGFR,and Bcl-2 and regulate the PI3 K-Akt signaling pathway,AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,and fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathway to exert the effects of anti-inflammatory,anti-airway remodeling,anti-oxidant stress effects,and repair airway damage,thus treating chronic cough.

A systemaic review and meta-analysis of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic cough

Objective: To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of chronic cough. Methods: Databases CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library from inception to February 2021 were electronically searched by two researchers, to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic cough, UACS/PNDS, CVA, EB, AC, GERD and other types of cough. Revman 5.3 software was used to analyze and summarize the collected literature, and the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated by the bias risk assessment scale of Cochrance Collaboration Network. Results: A total of 26 articles involving 2 820 patients, with 1 420 in the experimental group and 1 400 in the control group were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared to the control group which was treated with western medicine alone, TCM significantly improved the clinical effective rate [RR=1.20, 95% CI(1.16,1.25), P<0.000 01], alleviated cough syndrome score [SMD=-0.83, 95% CI(-1.21,-0.44)], and enhenced the score of quality of life [MD=-2.18, 95%CI(1.63,2.74), P<0.000 01];at the same time, the experimental group was better than the control group in improving lung function and reducing the time of cough relief. In terms of safety, a total of 24 patients in 5 literatures had adverse reactions, but the symptoms were mild and could be relieved quickly. In addition, there was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the control group and the experimental group, showing good safety. Conclusion: TCM treatment can significantly improve the cure rate of cough, reduce cough score, improve systemic symptoms, relieve psychological anxiety, improve lung function, and improve cough symptoms rapidly, with good safety.

Pulmonary Hypoplasia: A Rare Cause of Chronic Cough in TB Endemic Area

Pulmonary hypoplasia is a rare disease characterized by a defect of lung development more often unilateral. The diagnosis requires several exams to eliminate other causes of pulmonary retraction. We report two cases at the department of pneumophtisiology of the University Teaching Hospital of Point G. The first case is a young adult who was complaining of a chronic cough. Etiological investigation required several exams including spirometry and Computed tomographic scan (CT scan). After elimination of all suspected causes of pulmonary opacity, the diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia was retained. The second case is a 2-year-old girl who was born with congenital cardiopathy whose respiratory complications were increasing during her childhood and respiratory explorations discovered pulmonary agenesis. Pulmonary hypoplasia is rare in our medical practice, but attention must be drawn to a retractile pulmonary opacity in young age after elimination of all infectious causes in TB endemic area.

Should We Measure the FEV1 or the Specific Resistance of the Airways? An Evaluation in Patients with Either COPD, Chronic Dyspnea or Chronic Cough

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative contribution of measuring the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or the specific resistance of the airways (sRaw) in adults referred for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic dyspnea or chronic cough. Methods: This was a prospective study of 321 subjects referred for lung function testing, in a setting of routine clinical management, for suspicion of COPD (or follow-up of known COPD), chronic dyspnea or chronic cough. The proportions of FEV1 values below the normal range and of sRaw values above the normal range were compared using a Chi-square exact test of Fisher. Results: In the COPD and chronic dyspnea groups, sRaw was as frequently abnormal as FEV1. In the chronic cough group, sRaw was increased in 56.5% of subjects, while FEV1 was decreased in solely 34.8% (p = 0.059). Conclusions: This study suggests that sRaw may be a better tool than FEV1 to detect bronchial obstruction in patients presenting with chronic cough.

Analysis of Zhang Hongxing's Clinical Experience in Treating Chronic Cough

Director Zhang Hongxing is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)doctor in Shandong province and a teacher in the Famous TCM Expert Studio in Dezhou city.He has rich clinical experience and considerable experience in the treatment of common clinical chronic coughs.Director Zhang Hongxing believes that chronic cough belongs to the category of"wind cough"and"long-term cough"according to TCM.TCM diagnosis should start from the four aspects of "wind evil residing in lung","liver"?"spleen and stomach",and"yang deficiency".Starting from viewing the human body as an organic whole,distinguish between deficiency or excess in cold and heat,and clinical treatment for cough should focus on dispelling"wind",regulating the functions of liver,spleen,and stomach,and supplementing the body's yang.Formulate treatment based on different categorization,and modify prescription according to the symptoms,and the treatment effects are remarkable.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Cough due toGastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is one of most common causes of chronic cough. Medical history offers few clues as to the cause of cough induced by this disease. 24-h esophageal ph monitoring is considered as the most sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis. When it is unavailable or unsuitable, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and barium esophagography can be used as an alternative examination. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing is promising because of its ability to detect non-acid reflux as well as acid reflux. Empiric therapy trial is a simple and cheap way to identify suspected patients. Drug therapy is effective in most of the patients, in which proton pump inhibitors is the most powerful. Antireflux surgery is the last choice,used only when intensive drug therapy fails. The definitive diagnosis of cough due to gastroesophageal reflux disease can be established only after cough improves or cc.npletely disappears with antireflux therapy.

Traditional Chinese medicine nursing protocols for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a complex respiratory disorder,characterized by chronic airflow limitation and an elevated inflammatory response of the airways.The people with COPD are more likely to develop comorbidities,with significant impacts on patients'quality of life,exacerbation frequency,and survival.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)exhibits good therapeutic effects on improving the clinical symptoms,lung function and quality of life in patients with COPD.Herein,this article primarily summarized the key points of common syndromes,TCM nursing methods and healthy guidance of COPD,aiming at maintaining and developing the strengths of TCM,improving its efficacy and standardizing its behavior.

Reoperation in an adult female with "right-sided" Hirschsprung's disease complicated by refractory hypertension and cough

Hirschsprung's disease(HD) is an intestinal malformation caused by the innate absence of ganglion cells in the neural plexus of the colorectal wall, and is most common in male infants. It is rare in adult, and is usually left-sided. Herein we reported based on the CARE guidelines a case of a 47-year-old adult female suffering from "right-sided" HD complicated by refractory hypertension and cough. The patient with a history of cesarean section and with digestive unfitness(abdominal pain, distention, and constipation) only since 20 years old had recurrence of HD after initial surgery due to the incomplete removal of the HD-affected bowel based on a diagnosis of "chronic ileus", leading to the relapse of the digestive symptoms and the emergence of some intractable circulatory and respiratory complications which could be hardly controlled by conservative treatment. During the long interval before coming to our department for help, she had been re-hospitalized for several times with various misdiagnoses and supplied merely with symptomatic treatment which could only achieve temporary symptomatic relief. At her admission to our department, the imaging examinations strongly indicated recurrent HD which was further supportedb y p a t h o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s, a n d r i g h t h e m i-colectomy was performed to remove the remnant aganglionic intestinal segment. Intraoperative and postoperative pathology supported the completeness of the definitive resection. Post-operation, the patient's bowel motility significantly improved, and interestingly, the complications disappeared. For adult patients with long-term constipation combined with cough and hypertension, rare diseases like HD which requires definite surgery and which could be "right-sided" should not be overlooked. It is vital to diagnose and cure HD patients in childhood. Through the comparison of the two surgeries, it is noteworthy that for diagnosed HD, sufficient removal of the non-functional intestine confirmed by intraoperative pathology is essential.

Case Report on Epilepsy with Cough Aura

The case study is aimed at providing a more thorough analysis of a case of Epilepsy presented with an unusual aura of cough. The study hopes to generate an interest for further studies into the topic and focuses on abnormal unusual presentations of auras. Cough as an aura is not a common presentation. Any stereotyped repeated clinical phenomenon should consider being epileptic in its origin.

Imetit Dihydrobromide and Thioperamide Medication in Cough Hypersensitivity Model—The Role of H3 Receptors

Chronic cough is a troublesome problem and it is frequently associated with diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux, asthma and upper airway diseases—so called diagnostic triade. The magnitude and severity of cough is strongly associated with the ongoing nasal inflammation in subjects with rhinosinusitis and treatment of nasal inflammation leads to the down regulation of pathologically up-regulated cough. Histamine plays a key role in the inflammation of the upper airways of different aetiologies;therefore histamine receptors seem to be promising targets. The aim of our study was to ascertain the effect of H3R agonist imetit and H3R antagonist thioperamide on cough and symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) in an animal model of upper airway cough syndrome in ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. OVA sensitized guinea pigs (n = 10) were repeatedly challenged with i.n. allergen-OVA to induce allergic rhinitis and to enhance cough reflex according to the validated model of experimental allergic rhinitis. Animals were pre-treated by i.p. administration of imetit (1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg of body weight) and thioperamide 30 min. prior i.n. OVA administration. Rhinitis evaluation was based on the occurrence of typical symptoms. The effect on cough was assessed from the response to inhalation of citric acid (0.4 M, 10 min), final cough count and cough latency were analysed from the airflow traces, cough motor pattern and the cough sound. AR up-regulated the cough response from 9 ± 2 to 16 ± 1 cough per provocation, med ± IQR, p < 0.05 and shortened cough latency. Imetit (1 mg/kg) suppressed nasal symptoms and decreased number of cough from 16 ± 1 to 12 ± 1;however the data did not reach significance. Imetit (2 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the nasal symptoms, and number of coughs from 16 ± 1 to 6 ± 2, med ± IQR, p < 0.05. Thioperamide (5 mg/kg of body weight) did not have expected effects on tested parameters. H3R agonist imetit, unlike H3R antagonist thioperamide has antitussive potential and ability to suppress nasal symptoms in animal model of allergic rhinitis.

从“阳化气,阴成形”探讨慢性咳嗽之因机证治

慢性咳嗽是以咳嗽为主症或唯一症状、病程持续8周以上的呼吸系统疾病。慢性咳嗽病因复杂,病程较长,病势缠绵,且极易复发。西医诊断该病过程繁琐,治疗手段有限,而中医药以整体观念和辨证论治思想为指导,在缓解临床症状、预防疾病复发方面具有独特优势。该文以“阳化气,阴成形”为抓手,分析阴阳在慢性咳嗽因机证治全周期的重要意义,认为慢性咳嗽之病机关键为“阳化气,阴成形”功能失衡,以肺之气血失和、阴阳虚损为本,阳化而气行不畅、周流有碍,阴变而凝结停滞、壅塞肺络为标。治疗上,需要补肺、脾、肾阴阳之不足,泄气滞、水湿、痰饮、瘀血、热毒之有余,以恢复“阳化气,阴成形”之平衡。具体用药方面,主张以偏纠偏,以药物气味之偏性纠正人体阴阳之偏颇。另附典型医案二例,加以验证说明,以期为中医药防治慢性咳嗽提供新的诊疗思路和方法。

标准化分级药学监护服务在慢性气道疾病住院患者中的多维价值分析

目的 为构建慢性气道疾病住院患者科学、合理的药学服务新模式提供参考。方法 选取2023年10月-2024年3月在河北省人民医院呼吸科住院并接受药学监护(PC)服务的慢性阻塞性肺疾病及哮喘急性加重的患者250例,采用随机数字表法将其分成对照组(125例)和观察组(125例)。对照组患者住院期间全程给予一般药学服务,观察组患者住院期间全程给予标准化分级PC服务。比较不同PC服务模式在患者临床价值指标、人文价值指标及质量管理指标间的差异。结果 在临床价值评价指标中,观察组患者的疾病治疗目标达成率、吸入装置正确使用得分、药品不良反应发生率、解决药物相关问题数量均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。在人文价值评价指标中,观察组的患者用药依从性得分、药师干预成功率、患者满意度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在质量管理评价指标中,观察组患者的药品费用占比、静脉用药占比、抗菌药物使用率、抗菌药物使用强度均显著优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组药事服务例数也多于对照组,但两组间各项药事服务例数占比的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 标准化分级PC服务可帮助药师识别更需要关注和管理的高危患者,提高药师工作效率,提升患者就医体验,是值得推广的新型药学服务模式。

基于脏腑气机升降角度论治小儿慢性咳嗽探颐

小儿慢性咳嗽作为儿科常见疾病,病因及治疗较为复杂。本病的病机为脏腑气机升降失调,以调理肺、脾胃、肝气机升降,治疗上以恢复脏腑的气机平衡为着重点。文章介绍了从气机升降角度治疗小儿慢性咳嗽,分析其辨证、立法、用药思路,以期为本病的治提供借鉴。

时毓民教授治疗小儿慢性咳嗽临证经验

时毓民教授认为,慢性咳嗽的病位在肺脾肾,其本质在于肺脾肾虚。文章从降中有宣以调气机、分别清解肺之余邪、活血化瘀贯穿始终、润肺止咳相佐为用、重视温阳滋肾纳气、益气滋阴固本善后六个方面总结时教授论治小儿慢性咳嗽的临证经验,并附验案一则。

推拿联合闪罐改善儿童肺炎支原体肺炎后慢性咳嗽临床观察

目的 观察小儿推拿联合闪罐改善儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)后慢性咳嗽的治疗效果。方法 选取72例MPP后慢性咳嗽患儿,随机分为试验组36例和对照组36例。试验组采用小儿推拿联合闪罐交替进行治疗,对照组予孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片口服。比较2组患儿治疗前后咳嗽视觉模拟(VAS)评分、简易咳嗽程度(CET)评分、临床疗效。结果 治疗后,2组患儿咳嗽VAS评分、CET评分均降低(P<0.05),试验组各评分改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05);试验组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 小儿推拿联合闪罐能够减轻MPP后患儿咳嗽严重程度,实现对患儿气道高反应性的良性调节,降低咳嗽对患儿日常生活及心理的影响,相对单纯口服孟鲁司特钠具备一定优势,值得在临床上进一步推广应用。

基于咳喘药学服务门诊的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者吸入制剂使用效果分析

目的探讨基于咳喘药学服务门诊(CWPC)的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者使用吸入制剂的效果。方法收集医院CWPC2021年10月至2023年6月收治的130例COPD患者的基本信息,采用自身对照法,比较接受CWPC干预前(初诊)、干预后(持续干预1年)的临床结局[包括吸入装置正确操作率、用药依从性评分、改良版英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难问卷(mMRC)评分、COPD患者自我评估测试(CAT)评分、1年内急性加重次数、不良反应发生率]和人文结局[欧洲五维五水平健康(EQ-5D-5L)量表评分、患者满意度]。结果干预后,患者的吸入装置正确操作率由36.11%升至83.33%、用药依从性评分由4.50分升至6.50分,mMRC评分由2.00分降至1.00分,CAT评分由21.00分降至12.00分,不良反应发生率由29.23%降至16.92%,1年内急性加重次数由2.00次降至1.00次,EQ-5D-5L量表评分由62.00分升至70.00分,患者满意度得分由6.00分升至12.00分,干预前后各数据差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论临床药师通过CWPC可显著提高吸入制剂治疗COPD的效果。

参芪补肺汤联合孟鲁司特钠片治疗非小细胞肺癌术后慢性咳嗽的临床研究

目的观察参芪补肺汤联合孟鲁司特钠片治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术后慢性咳嗽的临床疗效。方法将100例NSCLC术后慢性咳嗽患者按照随机数字表法分为2组,对照组50例予孟鲁司特钠片治疗,治疗组50例在对照组治疗基础上联合参芪补肺汤治疗。2组均治疗4周。比较2组治疗前后咳嗽症状、莱彻斯特咳嗽生命质量问卷(LCQ-MC)评分、肺功能指标[用力肺活量(FVC)、第1 s用力呼气容积(FEV_(1))、FEV_(1)/FVC、呼气峰流量(PEF)]、炎症指标[白细胞介素8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)]、中医证候评分,并统计2组不良反应发生率、复发率和疗效。结果治疗组总有效率98.00%(49/50),对照组总有效率82.00%(41/50),治疗组临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后日间与夜间咳嗽症状评分均较本组治疗降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后均低于对照组(P<0.05),2组治疗后LCQ-MC评分均升高(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后FVC、FEV_(1)、FEV_(1)/FVC、PEF均较本组治疗前升高(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后均高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后IL-8、TNF-α、PCT、IL-6均较本组治疗降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后均低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后中医证候各项评分均较本组治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组治疗后均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组不良反应发生率4.00%(2/50),对照组不良反应发生率18.00%(9/50),治疗组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组复发率4.08%(2/49),对照组24.39%(10/41),治疗组复发率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论参芪补肺汤联合孟鲁司特钠片治疗NSCLC术后慢性咳嗽患者疗效显著,能够有效缓解咳嗽症状,改善患者肺功能,提升LCQ-MC评分,且不良反应发生率与复发率降低,具有临床应用价值。

经方治疗慢性咳嗽的研究进展

慢性咳嗽患者在呼吸科门诊中占比越来越高,西医治疗具有一定疗效,但同时会伴有不良反应发生。众多研究及临床经验均证实,中医治疗慢性咳嗽展现出其独特优势,尤其是传统经方的治疗效果已得到临床认可。本文旨在对经方治疗慢性咳嗽的研究进展进行综述,以期为慢性咳嗽的临床治疗提供参考和帮助。

金水六君煎治疗慢性支气管炎迁延期规律探析

金水六君煎出自《景岳全书》,主治肺肾虚寒、水泛为痰,或年迈阴虚、气血不足、外受风寒、咳嗽呕恶、多痰喘急等症。文章通过分析金水六君煎方药组成,结合景岳的“治形”思想以及对痰的认识,总结金水六君煎在慢性支气管炎迁延期运用的规律及要点。肺肾两虚、痰浊内生是其主要病机特点,补肺益肾、祛痰化浊是其主要治则。临证运用金水六君煎加减治疗慢性支气管炎迁延期肺肾两虚兼痰浊恋肺证,效果显著,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。