Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic R...Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.展开更多
In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB ...In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.展开更多
This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overc...This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overcome in their development.The period under review is 1949–1955.The information about this period was obtained from Soviet archives and special literature.The first part of the article describes the state of affairs in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in the early years of its formation,focusing on education,science,industry(including military),communications,and rail transport.The second part turns to the Soviet specialists working in the PRC during these years,focusing on their profession,number,cities of residence and living conditions.Issues regarding Chinese specialists’internship in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)are also touched upon.The article selects several lesserknown areas in which professional competencies were established in this very weak post-war country to discover the origins of the most important science and technology in the contemporary PRC,thereby contributing to readers’understanding of the initial conditions for the development of science and technology in China.展开更多
The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian trans...The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.展开更多
Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the So...Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.展开更多
基金The authors wish to thank:Igor Kharitonov,Director,Department for Foreign Statistics and International Projects,Federal State Statistics Service,Rosstat.State Statistics Service,Main Department of Statistics in Donetsk Oblast.The Ukrainian Statistical agency UkrStat.gov.ua.
文摘Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.
文摘In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.
文摘This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overcome in their development.The period under review is 1949–1955.The information about this period was obtained from Soviet archives and special literature.The first part of the article describes the state of affairs in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in the early years of its formation,focusing on education,science,industry(including military),communications,and rail transport.The second part turns to the Soviet specialists working in the PRC during these years,focusing on their profession,number,cities of residence and living conditions.Issues regarding Chinese specialists’internship in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)are also touched upon.The article selects several lesserknown areas in which professional competencies were established in this very weak post-war country to discover the origins of the most important science and technology in the contemporary PRC,thereby contributing to readers’understanding of the initial conditions for the development of science and technology in China.
文摘The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.
文摘Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.
