Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded SSM7075 Aluminium Alloy

7XXX series aluminium alloys generally present low weldability by fusion welding methods because of the sensitivity to weld solidification cracking, vaporization of strengthening alloys and other defects in the fusion zone. Friction stir welding（FSW） can be deployed successfully with aluminium alloys. We presented the effect of post-weld heat treatment（PWHT） on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SSM7075 joints. Semi solid plates were butt-welded by FSW at a rotation speed of 1110 r/min, welding speeds of 70 and 110 mm/min. Solution treatment, artificial aging, and T6（solution treatment and artificial aging combined） were applied to the welded joints, each with three samples. It was found that the T6 joints at the speed of 70 mm/min yielded the highest tensile strength of 459.23 MPa. This condition best enhanced the mechanical properties of FSW SSM7075 aluminium alloy joints.

Microstructure characterization of electron beam welded joints of Ti_3Al after post-weld heat treatment

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure characterization of electron beam welded(EBW) joints of Ti3Al-Nb was investigated.The results show that the microstructure of the weld is predominantly metastable,the columnar crystal metastructure of B2 phase.The microstructure morphology of the weld is significantly influenced by the method of the heat treatment.The microstructure of the weld is laminar structure(Widmanstaten structure) consisted of interphase α2 and B2 after post-weld heat treatment of 1000 ℃/2 h.The mechanism of the post-weld heat treatment makes the hardness distribution of joints homogeneous,but makes the whole joint somehow softened.

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of 30CrMnSiNi2A Steel Welded Joints

The electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT) is a rather new method that provides the advantages of high precision, flexibility and efficiency, energy saving and higher productivity. This paper studies the effect of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of an electron beam welded joints in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel. EBLPWHT, in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were compared. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT treatment, the main microstructure of weld was changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath martensite, HAZ was changed from lath martensite, bainite into lower bainite, and base metal was changed from ferrite and pearlite into upper bainite and residual austenite. The microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT condition were tempered sorbite. The properties of welded joints can be improved by the EBLPWHT in some extent, and especially largely for the fracture toughness of welded joints. However the value of fracture toughness of base metal is comparatively low, so appropriate heat treatment parameters should be explored in the future.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN TITANIUM ALLOY DURING ELECTRON BEAM LOCAL POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT

The distributions of temperature and residual stresses in thin plates of BT20titanium alloy are numerically analyzed by three-dimensional finite element software duringelectron beam welding and electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT). Combined withnumerical calculating results, the effects of different EBLPWHT mode and parameters, including heattreating position, heating width and heating time, on the distribution of welding residual stressesare analyzed. The results show that, the residual tensile stresses in weld center can be largelydecreased when the weld is heat treated at back preface of the plate. The numerical results alsoindicated that the magnitude of the residual longitudinal stresses of the weld and the zone vicinityof the weld is decreased, and the range of the residual longitudinal stresses is increased alongwith the increase of heating width and heating time.

Influence of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and properties in heat-affected zone of KMN steel joint

The influence of temperature during post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of KMN steel joints was investigated. The results reveal that after heat treatment, the martensite transformed to tempered sorbite, causing the softening of the resultant joints. XRD test shows that the residual austenite content decreased obviously when the joint was heattreated at 550 ℃ and 580 ℃, which degraded the impact toughness of heat-affected zone （ HAZ）. When the heat treatment temperature increased further, the dispersion strengthening from the precipitation of alloying elements improved the impact toughness of HAZ. The aggregation and coarsening of carbide also contributed to the improvement of impact toughness of HAZ.

A new post-weld heat treatment to improve toughness of 9Cr-1Mo steel weld metals

9Cr-1Mo ferritic steels have been used in the conventional power generation plants due to their excellent creep resistance. However, one of the main obstacles in welding 9Cr-1Mo steels is the formation of undesirable coarse columnar grains in weld metal whieh ean severely compromise the toughness. A new post-weld heat treatment （PWHT） is developed in the present work. Unlike the conventional processes in which the post-weld heat treatment is carried out below Ac1 , the use of temperatures above the Ac1 of 9Cr-1Mo alloy is considered. The new PWHT at a temperature above Ac1 improves the toughness of 9Cr-1Mo weld metals effectively. The improvement in toughness is mainly due to refinement and homogenization of mierostruetures. Key words

Analysis on mechanical properties of nickel-iron steel after post-weld heat treatment

X-ray diffraction was utilized to measure the residual stress of 45 mm UNS N08810 plates after post-weld heat treatment at temperatures of 680℃ and 900℃, which showed reductions of 86.9% and 71.6% in the residual stress, respectively. This indicates that post-weld heat treatment can play a significant role in reducing residual stress, while no significant effects on tensile stress and micro-hardness of the welding joint were observed after treatment.

Microstructure,mechanical properties and post-weld heat treatments of dissimilar laser-welded Ti_(2)AlNb/Ti60 sheet

Dissimilar joining of Ti_(2)AlNb and Ti60 rolled sheet was performed by laser beam welding.The microstructures and mechanical properties of as-welded and post-weld heat-treated Ti_(2)AlNb/Ti60 joints were investigated by microstructure observation and mechanical properties testing.The fusion zone(FZ)of the as-welded joint consisted of B_(2)/βmatrix and small S2 balls.The heataffected zones HAZ-Ti_(2)AINb and HAZ-Ti60 for the aswelded joint were characterized asα_(2)+B_(2)/β+O andα'+α+β+S_(2),respectively.The tensile strength and elongation of as-welded sheet were 597.5 MPa and 6.2%at650℃,respectively.Most of the plastic deformation was taken place at the side of Ti60 alloy.With the increase in the heat treatment temperature,the anchoring strength between each other of B_(2)/βgrains was enhanced by the precipitated lamellarα'and O grains at the FZ.The depth of the fracture dimples increased with the heat treat temperature increasing.The heat-treated welding joint at970℃presented a good balance of the tensile strength and plasticity,where the tensile strength and the elongation were enhanced to 669.7 MPa and 7.1%at 650℃,respectively.

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state,each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases.After the post-weld heat treatment,both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure orθphases decreased.Correspondingly,both the Cu content inα-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint,and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved.Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening.After the post-weld heat treatment,the weld performance became similar to other regions,but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect.The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties,and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Deposited Metal of a High- Chromium Nickel-Based Alloy

The evolution of Cr23C6 carbides in the deposited metal （DM） of a high-chromium nickel-based alloy was investigated after the post-weld heat treatment （PWHT） at 650, 750, 850, and 950 ℃, respectively. With the increase in temperature, the morphology of the Cr23C6 carbides at the grain boundaries was transformed from the continuous lamellar- like to the semi-continuous rod-like and then to the discontinuous granular. Besides, the needle-like Cr23C6 carbides precipitated from 7 matrix after PWHT at 850 ℃. The coarsening kinetics of the needle-like Cr23C6 carbides obeyed the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner law with the growth speed of 4.93 μm3/h in length and 5.56 ×10^-3 μm3/h in width. Moreover, the ratio of the carbide length to width increased rapidly at first and then flattened as the holding time increased to 850 ℃. The results of electrochemical corrosion experiment indicated that the needled-like Cr23C6 carbides impaired the corrosion resistance of DM due to the formation of chromium depletion around the carbides.

Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy Welded Joints by GMAW

In this study, 3-mm-thick hot-extruded plates of A1-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy were used to fabricate the joints welded by gas metal arc welding. Effects of the post-weld heat treatment include solid solution treatment, water quenching, and artificial aging treatment on the microstructure, and mechanical properties of the weld joints have been investigated. Results showed that the welded joints after solid solution and artificial aging exhibited the increases in yield strength of 166 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 148 MPa, respectively. Based on the microstructural observations, the associated mechanisms were discussed.

Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a 16Cr-25Ni Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal During Post-weld Heat Treatment

A 16Cr-25Ni superaustenitic stainless steel weld metal for austenitic stainless steel/ferrite heat-resistance steel dissimilar metal weld was designed and prepared through tungsten inert-gas welding.The precipitate evolution and its correlation with mechanical properties were investigated during post-weld heat treatment(PWHT)at 690℃ for up to 12 h.The primary precipitates in the as-welded weld metal were identified as Mo-rich M6C carbides in the interdendritic region and semicontinuous fine-sized M23C6 carbides along grain boundary.After PWHT,three types of precipitates coexisted in the interdendritic region:primary M6C carbides,newly precipitated Mo-rich M2X carbonitrides and some of the secondary M23C6 carbides.Additionally,mass secondary M23C6 carbides formed and coarsened along grain boundary.No undesirable intermetallic phases formed during the whole period.The M2X and interdendritic M23C6 improved the strength of the weld metal after PWHT,but the elongation and impact toughness degraded,which were mainly owing to the intergranular M23C6 carbides that changed the fracture mode from ductile transgranular mode to mixed mode of transgranular and intergranular fracture.Meanwhile,the coarsening of M2X carbonitrides may lead to the elongation loss during 8 h to 12 h.Evolution of impact toughness was also related to the M2X carbonitrides,which made the crack easier to propagate compared with austenitic matrix and contributed to the decline of impact toughness.However,due to the sluggish precipitation of M2X carbonitrides with longer holding time,the decreasing trend became slow from 4 to 12 h.The results showed that PWHT should be controlled within 8 h to obtain better combination of strength and ductility.

焊接残余应力的分布和焊后热处理的应力松弛作用

通过钻盲孔法研究了里海型焊接试板焊接残余应力的分布和焊后热处理对焊接残余应力松弛的影响 ,讨论了适合生产实际的焊后热处理条件。结果发现 ,在焊缝区及其周围存在着高焊接残余拉应力 ,且纵向应力远大于横向应力。焊后热处理能够显著降低焊接残余应力 ,并且焊后热处理温度越高 ,应力松弛效果越好。对于一般的工程需要 ,焊后热处理温度下限定于5 5 0℃较适宜 ,可使应力松弛率达到 80 %以上。在强烈腐蚀环境中工作的压力容器 ,为防止诱发应力腐蚀开裂 ,应选择 6 2 0℃、30min或 1h保温的焊后热处理 ,此时应力松弛率可达到 90 %以上。在热处理温度低于规范温度时 。

内压与焊接残余应力共同作用下高温管道蠕变有限元分析

利用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus的多次顺次耦合功能，先对P91钢高温主蒸汽管道焊接接头焊态和焊后热处理状态进行残余应力分析，然后采用Norton蠕变本构关系，根据P91耐热钢在625℃下焊缝、热影响区和母材的不同蠕变参数，对内压以及内压与热处理后残余应力共同作用下的接头蠕变进行有限元分析，分别得到了焊接残余应力和焊后热处理残余应力的分布规律，同时预测了在高温环境下服役10^5h后蠕变应变分布。结果表明，由于高温管道的壁厚以及约束等影响，焊后产生了较大的焊接残余应力，通过焊后热处理可以有效地降低焊接残余应力。但由于热处理残余应力的存在，仍对高温管道焊接接头的蠕变有较大影响，并且在焊缝与热影响区的交界处存在着较大的蠕变应变。

焊接参数对T92/S30432异种钢焊接接头室温力学性能的影响

研究了焊接工艺参数对T92/S30432异种钢焊接接头室温力学性能的影响,并获得了最佳的焊接工艺。结果表明:层间温度、焊接层数、焊丝类型和焊接接头坡口角度对接头强度的影响不大;但低层间温度和多层多道焊可以提高T92钢侧热影响区的韧性;与ERNiCr-3焊丝相比,ERNiCrMo-3焊丝填充的接头T92钢侧热影响区具有较高含量的铁素体,从而使其冲击功下降;焊接接头冲击韧性随坡口角度增大而先增大后减小,并在35°时达到最高;焊后热处理温度为760℃时接头具有最高的强度和韧性;T92/S30432异种钢较佳的焊接工艺是采用ERNiCr-3焊丝和较低层间温度,并严格控制焊层厚度且采用温度为760℃的焊后热处理。

焊后热处理条件对不锈钢堆焊层氢致剥离的影响

采用自行设计的电解充氢试验方法研究了焊后热处理条件对不锈钢堆焊层熔合区合金元素分布的影响，比较了不同焊后热处理条件对不锈钢堆焊层氢致剥离的影响。试验结果显示：铁、镍、钼元素分布变化不大。熔合线堆焊层侧增碳层宽度增加，氢致剥离的倾向也增大。

改进型特厚正火低温容器钢板SA516 Gr.70的开发

在分析现有SA516 Gr.70技术要求的基础上,着重分析了标准要求与用户要求的差异性,并针对用户的低温和长时间的焊后热处理(PWHT)特殊要求,分析了成分和工艺对性能的影响因素,并抓住重点因素,通过改进宝钢已有的SA516 Gr.70的成分设计和轧制工艺,利用LF+RH精炼和钙处理,连铸过程中的动态压下和电磁搅拌,厚板轧制的控轧控冷技术,以及对不同厚度规格钢板采用不同的终轧温度控制并制定合理的正火工艺,开发出了厚度为50～80 mm,具有超出标准要求的-50℃低温冲击功的低温用容器钢板,并在经过620℃,10 h焊后模拟热处理后,同样具有良好机械性能,很好地满足了用户需求。

不锈钢堆焊过渡区显微组织对氢致剥离的影响

通过一系列电解充氢试验比较了不同焊后热处理条件对不锈钢堆焊层氢致剥离的影响。结果显示,提高焊后热处理参数,熔合线堆焊层侧增碳层宽度增加,氢致剥离的倾向也增大。利用金相显微镜和微区分析的手段,研究了不锈钢堆焊层过渡区显微组织及其对堆焊层氢致剥离的影响。研究表明,经过焊后热处理,堆焊过渡区中碳、铬元素均有迁移。在氯致剥离裂纹产生的区域,碳和合金元素分布发生突变。

多层焊焊接应力分布对管子局部热处理应力释放准则的影响

采用有限元方法构造了轴对称模型下多层焊应力分布 ,用粘弹塑性有限元方法对管子多层焊后不同局部热外理条件下应力分量的分布情况进行了研究 .结果表明 ,管子内、外侧残余应力和加热宽度表现出不同的规律 :管子外侧的残余应力随加热宽度的增加缓慢下降 ;管子内侧的残余应力在较小的加热宽度下可以得到有效消除 .残余应力与加热宽度关系表现为两种类型 :一种是理想衰减型 ;另一种为局部最小型 .多层焊形式下的残余应力与加热宽度的关系表现为后一种型式 .加热宽度 2 B=5 Rt较为合理 .过大的加热宽度对局部热处理应力释放的作用不大 .最后 ,进行了管子的多层焊和局部热处理试验 ,并采用 X-射线法对局部热处理后的应力进行了测量 .

基于粘弹塑性理论局部焊后热处理评定准则

采用考虑高温蠕变的粘弹塑性有限元等数值方法与实验相结合 ,对具有初始焊接残余应力的管子在不同热处理条件下进行了分析 ,特别是对局部焊后热处理加热宽度的确定进行了研究 .提出了 2个局部焊后热处理的评定准则 ,即基于残余应力消除效果的残余应力准则和基于改善焊接接头性能的均热区温差准则 .局部焊后热处理应同时满足这两个准则的条件 .