Posterior Cramer-Rao lower bounds for multitarget bearings-only tracking

Usually, only the Cramer-Rao lower bound （CRLB） of single target is taken into consideration in the state estimate of passive tracking systems. As for the case of multitarget, there are few works done due to its complexity. The recursion formula of the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound （PCRLB） in multitarget bearings-only tracking with the three kinds of data association is presented. Meanwhile, computer simulation is carried out for data association. The final result shows that the accuracy probability of data association has an important impact on the PCRLB.

POSTERIOR CRAMR-RAO BOUNDS ANALYSIS FOR PASSIVE TARGET TRACKING

For the problem of deterministic parameter estimate, the theoretical lower bound of esti- mate error is the Cramér-Rao bound; while for random parameter, the lower bound of estimate error is generally termed by Posterior Cramér-Rao Bound (PCRB). Under the background of passive tracking where the target's state can be seen as a time-varying random parameter, PCRB of the state estimate error is analyzed in this paper, and the relation between PCRB and varied condition is also fully in- vestigated using different simulation examples. The presented analytical method provides a theoretical base for performance assessment of all kinds of suboptimal estimate algorithms used in practice.

CRAMER-RAO BOUNDS OF THE FREQUENCY ESTIMATION IN THE TIME SELECTIVE RADIO CHANNELS WITH DOPPLER SPREAD

The mobile channel is slow fading and time selective, thus the multiplicative and additive noise of the channel will smear the spectral line, or arouse Doppler spread. This spread will make the parameters estimation accuracy degrade. The goal of this paper is to analytically assess this degradation when Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) and Doppler shift exist jointly. Then the finite-sample Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is derived and close-form asymptotical expression is given for large-sample CRLB. These expressions give insights into the performance room for frequency estimation. Also the variance of Doppler shift estimator is simulated to illustrate the theoretical results.

ON MULTIPATH SIGNAL RESOLUTION AND ITS PERFORMANCE BOUNDS

The muitipath signal resolution is reviewed in this paper.The problemsexisted and to be studied are pointed out.Theoretical analysis of the performance ofthe resolution for deterministic signal in the cases where the signal known or unknownis made.Their corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bounds(CRLB)are obtained.

State estimation with quantized innovations in wireless sensor networks: Gaussian mixture estimator and posterior Cramér–Rao lower bound

Since the features of low energy consumption and limited power supply are very impor- tant for wireless sensor networks （WSNs）, the problems of distributed state estimation with quan- tized innovations are investigated in this paper. In the first place, the assumptions of prior and posterior probability density function （PDF） with quantized innovations in the previous papers are analyzed. After that, an innovative Gaussian mixture estimator is proposed. On this basis, this paper presents a Gaussian mixture state estimation algorithm based on quantized innovations for WSNs. In order to evaluate and compare the performance of this kind of state estimation algo- rithms for WSNs, the posterior Cram6r-Rao lower bound （CRLB） with quantized innovations is put forward. Performance analysis and simulations show that the proposed Gaussian mixture state estimation algorithm is efficient than the others under the same number of quantization levels and the performance of these algorithms can be benchmarked by the theoretical lower bound.

Optimal maneuvering strategy of spacecraft evasion based on angles-only measurement and observability analysis

Spacecraft orbit evasion is an effective method to ensure space safety. In the spacecraft’s orbital plane, the space non-cooperate target with autonomous approaching to the spacecraft may have a dangerous rendezvous. To deal with this problem, an optimal maneuvering strategy based on the relative navigation observability degree is proposed with angles-only measurements. A maneuver evasion relative navigation model in the spacecraft’s orbital plane is constructed and the observability measurement criteria with process noise and measurement noise are defined based on the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound. Further, the optimal maneuver evasion strategy in spacecraft’s orbital plane based on the observability is proposed. The strategy provides a new idea for spacecraft to evade safety threats autonomously. Compared with the spacecraft evasion problem based on the absolute navigation, more accurate evasion results can be obtained. The simulation indicates that this optimal strategy can weaken the system’s observability and reduce the state estimation accuracy of the non-cooperative target, making it impossible for the non-cooperative target to accurately approach the spacecraft.

Asymptotic Performance Limits of Vehicular Location and Velocity Detection Towards 6G mmWave Integrated Communication and Sensing

In this paper,joint location and velocity estimation(JLVE)of vehicular terminals for 6G integrated communication and sensing(ICAS)is studied.We aim to provide a unified performance analysis framework for ICAS-based JLVE,which is challenging due to random fading,multipath interference,and complexly coupled system models,and thus the impact of channel fading and multipath interference on JLVE performance is not fully understood.To address this challenge,we exploit structured information models of the JLVE problem to render tractable performance quantification.Firstly,an individual closedform Cramer-Rao lower bound for vehicular localization,velocity detection and channel estimation,respectively,is established for gaining insights into performance limits of ICAS-based JLVE.Secondly,the impact of system resource factors and fading environments,e.g.,system bandwidth,the number of subcarriers,carrier frequency,antenna array size,transmission distance,spatial channel correlation,channel covariance,the number of interference paths and noise power,on the JLVE performance is theoretically analyzed.The associated closed-form JLVE performance analysis can not only provide theoretical foundations for ICAS receiver design but also provide a perfor mance benchmark for various JLVE methods。

Parameter estimation of LFM signals based on time reversal

In this paper,parameter estimation of linear frequency modulation(LFM)signals containing additive white Gaussian noise is studied.Because the center frequency estimation of an LFM signal is affected by the error propagation effect,resulting in a higher signal to noise ratio(SNR)threshold,a parameter estimation method for LFM signals based on time reversal is proposed.The proposed method avoids SNR loss in the process of estimating the frequency,thus reducing the SNR threshold.The simulation results show that the threshold is reduced by 5 dB compared with the discrete polynomial transform(DPT)method,and the root-mean-square error(RMSE)of the proposed estimator is close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).

RCS特性辅助的CMIMO雷达功率资源分配方法

针对集中式多输入多输出(collocated multiple-input multiple-output, CMIMO)雷达在实际探测过程中,未有效结合目标雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)高动态变化特性导致雷达跟踪精度不高甚至失跟的问题,提出一种基于目标RCS高动态特性的CMIMO雷达功率资源自适应分配方法。考虑到目标RCS特征的角度敏感性,利用目标运动状态的可预测性动态获取实际观测角度,从而完成跟踪帧的极化方式优选;在此基础上构建包含功率与RCS的多目标跟踪误差后验克拉美罗下界,将其作为目标函数进行优化,利用内点惩罚法求解该凸优化问题即可实现RCS高动态情况下的功率优化分配。实验结果表明:该方法可结合目标不同方向RCS动态分集特性实现功率的有效分配,相比于传统RCS模型分配方案,有效解决了分配方案与实际跟踪场景之间的失配问题,从而提升了CMIMO雷达的多目标跟踪性能。

Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional UWB Real-Time Locating Auto-Positioning System for Fire Rescue

Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.

容积卡尔曼滤波在空间目标轨道确定中的应用

针对空间监视雷达的近地目标轨道确定问题,提出了基于容积卡尔曼滤波的精密轨道确定方法,与被广泛应用的扩展卡尔曼滤波方法相比,所提方法具有更高的定轨精度.同时,由于容积卡尔曼滤波在理论上具有严格的数学证明,其在处理空间目标复杂运动问题的过程中具有更好的数值稳定性.通过引入递推形式的后验克拉美罗界,分析了不同观测模型对定轨性能的影响.利用仿真数据进一步验证了所提出方法的有效性和分析的正确性.

传感网中UWB和IMU融合定位的性能评估

位置信息是物体的基本属性之一.随着无线传感器网络(wireless sensor network,WSN)的蓬勃发展,传感器网络中节点位置信息的获取变得尤为重要.超宽带(ultra-wideband,UWB)和惯性测量单元(inertial measurement units,IMU)以其高定位精度,在WSN中得到了广泛应用.UWB精度高,但容易受多径效应和节点间的相对几何位置关系影响.IMU惯性测量单元能够提供连续的惯性信息,但累积误差问题难以解决.基于IMU和UWB结合的融合定位方法,能够在提高定位精度的同时补偿UWB的多径效应影响和IMU的误差累积问题.因此,提出一种新的基于UWB和IMU的融合定位方法,实现传感网中目标节点的高精度位置追踪,并通过计算克拉美罗下限(Cramer-Rao lower bound,CRLB)表征融合定位方法的空间定位性能验证其在解决多径和几何拓扑问题上的有效性,通过计算后验克拉美罗下限(posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound,PCRLB)表征融合定位方法的时间定位性能验证其在累积误差纠正上的有效性,为基于UWB和IMU融合定位算法的设计和仿真提供理论支持.实验结果表明:融合定位方法具有更好的时空定位性能,更能接近实际应用的理论精度下限.

带一步随机延迟量测非线性序列贝叶斯估计的条件后验克拉美罗下界

为了解决带一步随机延迟量测非线性状态估计器可获得最优性能的评价问题,提出了一种适用于带一步随机延迟量测非线性系统的条件后验克拉美罗下界(Conditional posterior Cram′er-Rao lower bound,CPCRLB),且现有的CPCRLB仅是所提出的CPCRLB在延迟概率为零时的一种特例.为了递归地计算提出的CPCRLB,本文提出了一种带一步随机延迟量测的粒子滤波器(Particle filter,PF),继而推导了提出的CPCRLB一般近似解和在高斯噪声情况下的特殊近似解.单变量非平稳增长模型、纯方位跟踪和频率调制信号模型的数值仿真证明了本文提出方法与现有方法相比的有效性和优越性.

防空雷达网对多隐身目标的协同检测与跟踪

针对防空雷达网对多隐身目标检测与跟踪时雷达分配问题,该文将二值粒子群优化(BPSO)用于雷达分配,结合粒子滤波,提出了一种隐身目标的协同检测与跟踪算法。该算法将雷达分配问题转化成组合优化问题,根据目标的隐身特性设计雷达分配方案(RAS),借助随机分布的检测粒子计算不同RAS对新生目标的检测概率,同时根据RAS对已跟踪目标位置的后验克拉美罗界衡量跟踪精度,采用BPSO算法在RAS中进行全局搜索,选择最优分配方案进行粒子滤波与融合跟踪。与现有算法相比,该算法不仅能够及时检测新生目标,而且能够利用组网优势持续且优化跟踪隐身目标,使网络的整体跟踪精度得到显著提高,实现多目标协同跟踪。

基于PCRLB的低轨星座对自由段多目标的多传感器调度算法

研究了低轨星座跟踪自由段目标背景下的多目标多传感器调度问题。论述了自由段目标运动模型和星载红外传感器测量模型。考虑到目标出现的时空不确定性,面向系统的跟踪性能,建立了基于突发事件和滚动周期的调度框架以及调度与跟踪的闭环结构。基于此,建立了调度的具体算法。特别地,以调度周期内系统的信息增量最大化为目标,详细设计了基于PCRLB的调度策略性能指标。仿真验证了算法的可行性、优越性以及在动态环境中的适应性。

基于动态时间规整的语音样例快速检索算法

为了提高基于DTW算法的语音检索系统的速度,提出了一种基于分段累积近似下界估计的动态时间规整算法,实现语音样例快速检索。该方法首先提取查询样例和测试集的音素后验概率作为特征参数,然后计算语音样例和测试集中所有候选分段实际动态规整得分的分段累积近似下界估计,最后采用K-最近邻算法与动态时间规整算法搜索与语音样例相似度最高的区域。实验结果表明,此算法的检索速度比直接运用DTW算法快6.32倍,而对其检索精度无任何影响。

天基红外低轨卫星引导反导作战能力需求分析

反导防御系统中,拦截弹在天基红外低轨卫星信息引导下拦截弹道导弹目标时,需要考虑卫星的跟踪能力与拦截弹的拦截能力的匹配问题。首先,采用后验克拉美罗限的方法计算低轨卫星跟踪弹道导弹目标的能力,接着采用椭圆轨道线性化方程的方法计算预测弹道的误差,在目标预测弹道及拦截弹飞行性能的基础上建立预测命中点及其误差的计算方法,然后采用均匀点火策略分析预测命中点精度对拦截弹中段飞行修正能力的影响,通过可信性理论计算得到拦截弹的末段修正能力,最后通过仿真得到满足拦截弹中末段修正能力需求的低轨卫星的技术指标要求。

基于分段动态时间规整的语音样例快速检索

提出了一种融合下界估计和分段动态时间规整的语音样例快速检索方法。该方法针对缺乏合适的训练数据等语音资源较为有限的语言进行快速检索所设计。此方法首先提取查询样例和测试集的音素后验概率;然后,根据限制条件在测试语句中选定候选分段,并计算查询样例和每个候选分段之间实际动态时间规整得分的下界估计,再运用K最近邻搜索算法搜索与查询样例相似度最高的分段;最后,使用虚拟相关反馈技术对检索结果进行修正。实验结果表明:尽管此方法的检索精度略低于直接运用动态时间规整进行检索的检索精度,但其检索速度优于后者,且检索结果经过虚拟相关反馈技术修正后,其检索精度也得到有效提升。

天基预警系统多体制传感器综合调度方法

为提高天基预警系统对多目标的跟踪能力,提出扫描传感器纬度区间扫描模式和凝视传感器目标群跟踪模式,并基于此种模式设计基于聚类的扫描传感器纬度区间扫描调度方法和凝视相机目标群跟踪调度方法。由于诸多传感器的工作模式、探测频率、测量误差、视场模型均不相同,推导不同探测频率、视线误差的多传感器联合观测跟踪的克拉美-罗下界计算公式。综合运用以上方法,建立多体制传感器综合调度优化方法。仿真试验表明,该方法比传统工作模式下的系统对多目标具有更高的跟踪精度。

基于性能边界和量化数据的WSN目标跟踪传感器选择算法

对能量和带宽受限的无线传感器网络下的目标跟踪问题,基于量化的观测数据和条件后验克拉美-罗下界提出一种传感器选择方法.为了节约网络能量和带宽,对传感器接收到的观测数据进行量化压缩,推导了传感器量化数据下目标状态估计的条件后验克拉美-罗下界,将其作为传感器选择和优化的准则,并且利用粒子滤波器给出一种条件后验克拉美-罗下界的近似计算方法.与基于无条件后验克拉美-罗下界和互信息的传感器选择方法进行了对比仿真,结果表明了条件后验克拉美-罗下界作为传感器选择准则的有效性以及对跟踪性能的改进.