Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations of Dapaong and Its Surroundings in Togo on Sodium/Salt and Potassium Intakes

Background: Food plays an important role in human health. A healthy diet contributes to the improvement of the health of populations. A diet high in sodium/salt and low in potassium has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the inhabitants of Dapaong and its surroundings on dietary intakes of sodium/salt and potassium. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1 November to 15 December 2022 involving 400 adults aged 25 to 44 years. Sampling was done using the probability method and the multistage random sampling technique with proportional allocation. These two methods were applied to select villages, households, and primary targets in each locality according to whether the area of residence was urban or rural. The electronic kobocollect questionnaire was administered to people in households and the interview guide was to resource persons, administrators and community leaders to collect the data. Results: Overall, 80.25% of the respondents had low knowledge of sodium/salt intakes;88.50% had poor attitudes towards the use of foods that provide more sodium/salt and 92.75% had behaviours that were not conducive to reducing excessive salt consumption. With regard to potassium, the same trend was observed in the order of 91%, 72% and 73.75%. Conclusion: The KAP levels of the people studied were not good. The populations are prone to cardiovascular disease. A multisectoral nutritional intervention would be essential to improve the knowledge of the populations on sodium/salt and potassium intakes and therefore favourable to the fight against CVD/NCD.

Water leaching kinetics and recovery of potassium salt from sintering dust

Surface morphology and inner structure of the dust were observed by ICP-AES, SEM-EDS and XRD to examine the strengthening measures of leaching potassium salt from the sintering dust by water. The results showed that the main component of the sintering dust was iron-oxygen compound, with KCl adsorbed on its surface. Leaching experiments showed that the KCl in the ESP dust could be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. The yield of K-Na vaporized crystalline salt was 18.56%, in which the mass fractions of KCl, NaCl, CaSO4 and K2SO4 were about 61.21%, 13.40%, 14.62%and 10.86%, respectively. The leaching kinetics of potassium salt from the sintering dust fits the external diffusion model well. The leaching speed and the leaching rate of the potassium salt can be increased by increasing the leaching temperature, strengthening the stirring speed and increasing the liquid-solid ratio.

Preparation of potassium salt with joint production of spherical calcium carbonate from sintering dust

Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust （ESP dust） collected from Baogang Steel Corporation. The result shows that the major constituents of the ESP dust are KCl, NaCl, Fe2O_3 and Fe3O_4. Water leaching experiment on the sintering dust shows that KCl in the ESP dust can be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. Component analysis of leaching solution indicates that the massive calcium sulfate in the leaching solution should be removed first in order to obtain the pure potassium salt. In order to provide theoretical guidance to inhibit the dissolution of calcium ions from the sintering dust, the water leaching experiment of ESP dust and the dissolution behavior of CaSO_4 in the potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate and their mixed salt solution were studied. It is found that, a lower liquid-solid ratio should be chosen in the leaching process to inhibit the dissolution of calcium sulfate dehydrate. Using sodium carbonate solution as a precipitating agent, the influences of the concentration of sodium carbonate solution, reaction temperature, stirring speed and equilibrium time on the preparation of the spherical calcium carbonate were studied. Spherical calcium carbonate with good dispersing performance and grain size distribution in nanometer range of less than 10 μm was obtained. Furthermore, a potassium recovery process with joint production of spherical calcium carbonate was designed. This process is technically viable and considerable in economic benefit.

20 Years Advances in Preparation of Potassium Salts from Potassic Rocks:A Review

Long-term research on key techniques of clean utilization of potassic rocks from over twenty localities has been performed to settle the shortage of soluble potassium resources in China. The results show that K-feldspar as the principal mineral enriched in potassium could be decomposed in the media of Ca（OH）_2, NaOH, KOH-H_2O solution via hydrothermal treatment, into tobermorite, hydroxylcancrinite, and kalsilite respectively. By further processing, these compounds are feasible for being as slow-release carrier of potassium nitrate, extracting alumina, and preparing farm-oriented fertilizers of potassium sulphate and nitrate. Correspondingly, the filtrate is KOH,（Na, K）_2SiO_3, and K_2SiO_3 solution, from which potassium carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate could be easily fabricated. As NaO H and KOH are recycled in the processing chains by causticizing sodium and/or potassium metasilicate solutions, the hydrothermal alkaline techniques as developed in this research have several advantages as lower consumption of disposable mineral resources and energy, maximized utilization of potassic mineral resources, as well as clean productions etc. Based on the approaches presented in this paper, the technical system of efficiently utilizing insoluble potassium resources has been established. The hydrothermal alkaline methods are feasible to be industrialized on a large scale, thus resulting in decreasing imports of potash fertilizers, improving the pattern of potassium fertilizer consumption, and enhancing the supplying guarantee of potassium resource in China.

Separation Technologies of Potassium from Salt Lakes

1 Introduction Salt Lake,as a kind of chemical resources,has been attracted to many researchers,especially the resources of lithium.As reported,many kinds of brines exist in the world depending on the compositions of the brine.Based on the chemical composition the brines can be classified as the types of chloride,carbonate,sulfate.For different

Response of Alfalfa under Salt Stress to the Application of Potassium Sulfate Nanoparticles

A greenhouse study was conducted to explore the effect of various rates of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) nanoparticles on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and physiological response under salt stress. One salt-tolerant genotype (Mesa-Sirsa) and one salt-sensitive genotype (Bulldog 505) were selected based on germination under salt and were planted in pots containing 2 kg of sand. The two genotypes were subjected to 0 and 6 dS·m-1 salt levels using CaCl2·2H2O: NaCl (2:1) mixed with Hoagland solution. Three K2SO4 nanoparticle treatments consisting of, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10 of the potassium (K) level in full strength Hoagland solution (235 mg·L-1) were applied. Adding K2SO4 nanoparticles at the 1/8 level resulted in the highest shoot dry weight, relative yield, root length and root dry weight in both genotypes. The different rates of K2SO4 nanoparticles affected significantly Na/K ratio and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) in plant tissue. The application of K2SO4 nanoparticles at the 1/8 rate enhanced the plant’s physiological response to salt stress by reducing electrolyte leakage, increasing catalase and proline content, and increasing antioxidant enzymes, activity. These results suggest that the application of K nanoparticles may have better efficiency than conventional K fertilizers in providing adequate plant nutrition and overcoming the negative effects of salt stress in alfalfa.

Study of Calculation of Reserves and Scale for Low–grade Solid Potassium Deposits of Chaerhan Salt Lake

Analyzes on solid potassium mineral reserves calculation methods and existing problems of chaerhan salt lake,t with many parameters comparison solid potassium mineral reserves calculation results are reliable,the

中国钾盐资源开发利用现状及建议

钾是保证农作物生长的必须营养元素,钾盐资源主要用于钾肥生产。作为钾肥消费大国,中国钾资源匮乏,钾盐已经被列入战略性矿产目录,钾盐资源供应安全对国家安全保障具有重要意义。列举了全球和国内钾盐资源的基本情况,分析了全球和国内钾肥的生产和消费情况,介绍了中国钾盐资源制备钾肥的主要生产技术,并结合中国钾盐生产现状,对未来中国钾盐行业提出了一些建议,包括持续加快接续资源选区评价、持续关注盐湖卤水品位变化、加强工艺技术研究等。

战略性非金属矿产资源现状及加工技术研究进展

战略性非金属矿产是指对经济高质量发展和国家安全至关重要的非金属矿产,对促进战略性新兴产业发展、支撑制造强国的实现具有重要作用。对列入我国的4种战略性非金属矿在全球的储量及产能情况进行了统计,对资源形势和供给风险进行了研判,即:磷矿和石墨是我国的优势矿产;萤石由优势矿产转变为紧缺矿产;钾盐是我国的短缺矿产,对外依存度较高。从新工艺、新技术和新设备等方面对4种战略性非金属矿产的加工技术研究进展进行了总结,旨在为我国战略性非金属矿产的合理高效开发和资源安全保障提供参考。

Measurement of the Effects of Nutritional Education for Reducing Sodium Intakes and Increasing Potassium Intakes

Background: The Togolese population, like those around the world, frequently consumes foods high in salt/sodium and low in potassium, thus exposing them to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nutritional intervention can help reverse this consumption pattern and reduce related CVD morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention on the consumption frequencies of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental before- and-after study, conducted from 08 January to 16 April 2023. It involved 200 adults aged 25 - 64 years, randomly selected from two areas: an intervention area and a non-intervention area. Data were collected in two phases at 3-month intervals in both groups. The intervention consisted of nutrition education (awareness raising and cooking demonstrations) on reducing salt/sodium intake and increasing potassium-rich food intake. The kobocollect electronic questionnaire was administered to the respondents to collect data on the frequency of consumption of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Results: The median age of the respondents was 33 years old (30;38) and 56% of the participants were women, 44% and 69% respectively in the control and intervention groups. Most participants lived in rural areas (51%), 52.4% and 49.5% in the control and intervention groups respectively. Overall, 4% (p individuals reduced their frequency of adding salt at mealtime from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 5.6% in the intervention group and 1.7% in the control group. The proportion of individuals who consumed meals with green leafy vegetable sauces was reduced from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 7.5% (p < 0.022), or 1% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group. Education level (0.23 [0.10 - 0.50];p - 6.35];p < 0.0006) were associated with reduced salt addition at meals. The same trend was observed for increased consumption of green leafy vegetable sauces (0.95 [0.03 - 0.99];p male (2 [1.08 - 1.84];p Conclusion: This study was able to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention for adequate sodium and potassium intakes on changing favourable dietary behaviour through a quasi-experimental study. The results show that the continuation of the intervention will contribute to the adoption of favourable behaviours for the reduction of dietary sodium intakes and the optimisation of potassium intakes.

胜利探区油气共/伴生资源综合利用前景

胜利探区发现了多种油气共/伴生资源,部分为关系国防、农业、高科技等行业安全的战略资源,极具开发利用价值。针对目前研究较深入、已经工业化生产的氦气、卤水(钾盐)、铀矿等,分析了其在中国的勘探开发现状、在胜利探区的赋存特征、成矿条件及综合利用前景。研究结果表明:①氦气高异常主要分布在济阳坳陷、柴达木盆地的10余个地区,元古界—新生界的多个层位,具有与常规天然气、非烃气、页岩气等伴生的多种赋存类型。②济阳坳陷、柴达木盆地在古近纪—第四纪均具有发育卤水(钾盐)的古气候、古环境,其中东营凹陷油田水含有丰富的溴、锂、钾等,柴达木盆地的油田水中钾、锂较高,部分地区含量值达工业品位。③铀矿的主要类型为砂岩型,车排子凸起的多口井在白垩系、新近系呈现高异常自然伽马值,为最有利的伴生铀矿远景区;吐哈盆地、柴达木盆地及济阳坳陷的部分胜利探区也具有发育铀矿的铀源、构造、岩相、水文地质等成矿条件,部分井的自然伽马测井数据表现出高异常值。整体上胜利探区油气共/伴生资源具有类型多、分布层位多、异常区域广的特点。若充分利用胜利油田在勘探基础资料、地质基本认识、工程设施等方面的天然优势,尽快系统开展油气共/伴生资源成藏(矿)规律研究、资源潜力评价、提取工艺技术攻关等工作,有望将其发展成为新的业务增长极。

可溶性钾盐主要成分分析前处理技术与分析方法研究

钾盐是中国最紧缺的矿产资源之一,为农业三大肥料中钾肥的主要原料,当前具有开发利用价值的主要是可溶性钾盐资源。而目前可溶性钾盐尚无国家标准物质和标准分析方法,本文对称样量、固液比、溶解温度、溶解时间、搅拌条件、超声时间和功率等条件进行实验研究,利用电热板和超声振荡两种溶解方式,建立了可溶性钾盐中主要成分钾、钠、钙、镁、氯和硫酸根离子的分析方法。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定样品中的Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、K^(+)和Na^(+)的含量,离子色谱仪测定样品中Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)的含量,两种溶解方法分析可溶性钾盐样品中上述离子的实验结果基本吻合。电热板溶解方法精密度为0.52%~3.19%(RSD,n=11),超声振荡溶解方法精密度为0.55%~3.07%(RSD,n=11),两种方法检出限为0.01~0.05μg/g。利用主要成分百分含量加和、加标回收率、阴阳离子平衡验证方法准确性,两种溶解方法的主要成分加和在99.0%~101.0%之间,加标回收率在95.3%~103.8%,阴阳离子平衡在-3%~3%之间,均满足DZ/T 0130.3—2006质量管理规范中的分析要求。两种可溶性钾盐的溶解方法均可在日常检测中应用,对于较大批的钾盐样品分析,电热板溶解法整体工作效率较高,更适用于实验室内批量样品分析;超声振荡器溶解方法与电热板溶解方法相比,更为简单快速,对于少量样品的分析,效率更高,且超声波振荡器方便野外携带,使用在钾盐的野外现场勘探工作中,可较大地提高工作效率,实时指导找矿行动顺利开展。

钾混盐粒度组成对其转化浮选的影响机制研究

硫酸钾对中国粮食生产至关重要,为加快硫酸钾的高效制备,保障中国农业的稳定发展,对合成硫酸钾的关键中间产物软钾镁矾的制备进行研究。首先针对罗布泊盐湖钾混盐粒度易随季节变化而差异显著导致软钾镁矾制取效率低的问题,通过磨矿-转化-浮选工艺探究钾混盐粒度组成对其转化浮选的影响机制,结果表明,钾混盐粒度越细,转化程度越高且转化产物粒度也越细。钾混盐磨矿3 min后对应的<0.074 mm转化产物占比达42.69%,且钾离子主要分布于该粒级物料中。同时,钾混盐粒度对软钾镁矾的浮选行为具有显著影响,其浮选效率随钾混盐粒度的减小呈先上升后下降趋势,当钾混盐<0.250 mm粒级占比为79.78%时,软钾镁矾制取效率最高。此外,还进行了转化产物粒度对软钾镁矾和氯化钠浮选分离的影响研究,结果表明,转化产物粒度越细,软钾镁矾和氯化钠浮选速率常数差值越小,在<0.074 mm时仅为0.0945 min-1,此时二者难以有效分离。研究结果对软钾镁矾生产工艺调控和优化具有重要的指导意义。

Chronic salt-loading downregulates large-conductance Ca^(2+)-activated potassium channel in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells from SD rats

Objective Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium(BKCa)channel modulates vascular smooth muscle tone.In the present study,we tested the hypothesis that salt,one of the factors which significantly influence blood pressure(BP),can regulate BKCa activity and then elevate blood pressure.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomized into high salt diet group(HS)and control group,fed with high salt diet(containing 5% NaCl)and standard rat chow(containing 0.4% NaCl)respectively for 16 weeks.Tail systolic blood pressure(SBP),body weight(BW)and 24-hour urinary output were tested every 4 weeks.Content of urinary Na+ was detected using flame spectrophotometrical method.At the end of 16 weeks,all the rats were killed,the mesenteric arteries were obtained,and single mesenteric smooth muscle cells were isolated at once.The resting membrane potential(Em),the total potassium currents and the currents after perfusion with TEA solution of the cells were all recorded by whole cell patch clamp.The transcriptions of BKCa channel α and β1 subunits in mesenteric arterial vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC)of each group were calculated by real-time RT-PCR.Results There was no difference in SBP and BW at each stage between control group and HS group;the urinary Na+ level in HS animals was elevated significantly after 4 weeks.The negative values of Em in HS group VSMCs were reduced compared with those in the control group.Transcriptions of β1 subunit of BKCa channels were decreased in HS group,but α subunit transcriptions did not differ between the two groups.Whole cell potassium currents did not differ between HS and control groups,but BKCa currents of HS group VSMCs were lower than those of control group ones.Conclusion Even without elevating SBP,salt-loading can still modulate the expression and activity of BKCa channel in the mesenteric arterial VSMC and elevate vascular tone.

水平定向钻进技术在青海钾盐矿开采中的应用研究

为了提高青海某钾盐矿的开采效率和产量,提出了贯通井的开采方案,首次利用水平定向钻进技术和对接井技术施工了多组贯通井,从水平井注水后从竖井抽取卤水,极大地提高了钾盐的开采量。工程施工初期出现了卡钻事故,通过优化泥浆配方、钻头合理选择、防卡钻钻具的设计使用,避免了卡钻事故的再次发生。该工程完成40条水平井和竖井的对接后,该区域内的钾盐年产量提高3.5万t,证明利用水平定向钻进技术提高钾盐矿开采效率和产量的方案是可行的。相关研究成果可为后续利用水平定向钻进技术进行可溶性矿产开采提供理论依据和实践指导。

Paleogeographic Peculiarities of Potassium and Potassium-Magnesium Salt Generation in the Southeast of the Russian Plate

Permian salt-bearing formation covers a substantial area of the Russian Plate.In some places,it is up to several kilometers thick.The salt-bearing formation contains unique accumulations of potassium and magnesium salts,

柴达木盆地东陵湖水化学特征与钾盐分布研究

东陵湖位于柴达木盆地大型钾盐富集基地察尔汗盐湖北部,其浅部石盐层中伴生有光卤石沉积,地勘工作揭示东陵湖浅部边缘地带有寻找低品位固体钾矿的潜力。本文以东陵湖湖表卤水、钻孔晶间卤水、承压卤水、浅层钻孔(0~8 m)盐类沉积物为研究对象,分析研究了东陵湖卤水水化学特征、钻孔沉积物特征及钾盐分布规律,在对比分析察尔汗盐湖钾矿分布特征的基础上,对研究区钾盐成矿作用进行了探讨,主要得出以下结论:①东陵湖周边凹地钻孔的晶间卤水K^(+)平均含量最高(3.19 g/L),其次为凹地钻孔承压卤水(1.46 g/L),湖表卤水(0.74 g/L)和湖区钻孔晶间卤水(0.79 g/L)K^(+)含量较低;东陵湖卤水样品矿化度(TDS)变化范围较大,介于80.63~547.11 g/L之间,不同卤水样品的TDS与K^(+)含量无明显正相关性。②东陵湖钻孔揭露含盐地层厚4.2~6.4 m,岩性以石盐为主,局部含有光卤石沉积,偶见钾石盐;光卤石呈层状和浸染状分布,与石盐呈韵律结构。③东陵湖液体钾矿主要分布于湖区西南侧,卤水K^(+)含量为4.33~6.29 g/L,KCl品位介于0.21%~0.47%之间;固体钾矿主要分布于湖区南侧,沉积物钾含量为2.05%~4.86%,KCl含量介于3.92%~9.29%之间。④东陵湖光卤石沉积区与察尔汗盐湖层状光卤石均沿北缘深大断裂带分布,且后者主要分布于北缘氯化物型水和南缘硫酸镁亚型水混合区域,即达布逊和别勒滩两个洼地北缘,结合Na^(+)、K^(+)、Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)//Cl-H_(2)O体系相图和K^(+)-Ca^(2+)相关性分析,认为沿东陵湖南侧深大断裂带补给的Ca-Cl水促进了东陵湖光卤石的沉积。

溶析结晶用于盐湖卤水提钾和镁锂分离研究

采用溶析结晶法快速分离盐湖卤水中氯化钾并降低卤水中的镁锂比,解决青海盐湖盐田摊晒存在的生产周期长、需要修建大面积盐田等难题。以有机溶剂为溶析剂,考察了不同种类溶析剂加入量、溶析温度、溶析时间等对盐湖氯化钾收率及镁锂比的影响。实验结果表明,以无水乙醇为溶析剂与盐湖卤水体积比为2∶1,溶析温度为-15℃,时间为90 min时,氯化钾和氯化钠的收率分别达到93.15%和99.84%。溶析结晶后的母液经过过滤,在70~80℃,以0.5℃/min的降温速率进行动态降温,析出氯化镁晶体,镁锂质量比由原卤中的388.44降低至266.63,最终达到快速分离氯化钾的目的及为后续对镁锂进一步分离提供更有利的条件。

察尔汗盐湖含钾盐储层介质渗流-溶解过程中物性参数变化特征研究

察尔汗盐湖低品位固体钾盐资源丰富,是我国钾盐工业可持续发展的重要后备资源。充分了解储卤层中钾盐矿物的溶解机理有助于提高资源开采的效率。本研究以察尔汗盐湖浅部储卤层中含有不同钾盐矿物的3种典型钻孔岩芯为研究对象,通过室内渗流溶解实验,开展储卤层中固体矿物的溶解效率、孔隙度以及渗透性变化特征模拟研究。室内渗流-溶解实验结果表明,3种储卤层中的钾盐矿物溶出率皆近100%,其中主要含光卤石的岩芯样品溶解速度最快,含钾石盐岩芯次之,含杂卤石岩芯最慢。实验过程中,溶解反应后的储卤层固相骨架皆未塌陷,表明饱和NaCl卤水起到了很好的保护作用。由于石盐析出和不溶矿物的运移堵塞,3种岩芯的孔隙度皆降低,其中含光卤石岩芯孔隙度降低了26%,含钾石盐岩芯孔隙度降低了20%,含杂卤石岩芯孔隙度降低了32%。受控于盐类矿物溶解、石盐的析出和不溶矿物的运移堵塞,各储卤层岩芯渗透性降低幅度为40%~70%,降幅显著。

298.15 K下KBr-CaBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O四元体系相平衡研究

青海柴达木盆地深部地下卤水中富含大量钾、钙、锶、溴等元素,是极具综合利用价值的液态矿产资源,可作为钾盐潜在开发资源。本文根据该地下卤水的组成特点,采用等温溶解平衡法对四元体系KBr-CaBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O在298.15 K时溶解度和相平衡规律进行详细的研究。测定该体系各盐在溶液中的溶解度和平衡固相组成,根据实验结果绘制相应的稳定平衡相图和水含量图。该四元体系在298.15 K下没有复盐和固溶体生成,其平衡相图中有一个共饱点,三条单变量曲线,和三个固相结晶区(KBr、CaBr_(2)-6H_(2)O、SrBr_(2)-6H_(2)O)。基于Pitzer模型,对该四元体系在298.15 K下的溶解度进行模拟计算,绘制出计算相图,计算相图与实验相图基本吻合。