Synergetic Bioproduction of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Waste Activated Sludge Intensified by the Combined Use of Potassium Ferrate and Biosurfactants

The synergetic effect and underlying mechanism of potassium ferrate(PF)with tea saponin(TS,a biosurfactant)in producing short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge(WAS)were explored in this work.Experimental results showed that 0.2 g PF(g TSS)^(-1)(total suspended solid)combined with 0.02 g TS(g TSS)^(-1) could further improve SCFAs’production,and the maximum SCFAs content reached 2008.7 mg COD L^(-1),which is 1.2 and 4.5 times higher than those with PF and TS individually added,respectively,and 5.3 times higher than that of blank WAS on Day 12.In the model substrates experiments,the degradation rates of bovine serum albumin and dextran with combination of PF and TS were 41.3%±0.1% and 48.5%±0.06%,respectively,on Day 3,which are lower than those in blank WAS(with degradation rates of 72.3%±0.5%and 90.3%±0.3%).It was revealed that the oxidative effect of PF and the solubilization of TS caused more organic matters to be dissolved out from WAS,providing a large number of biodegradable substances for subsequent SCFAs production.While WAS pretreated with the combination of PF and TS,the relative abundances of Firmicutes increased from 6.4%(blank)to 38.6%,and that of Proteobacteria decreased from 41.8%(blank)to 21.8%.The combination of PF and TS promoted the hydrolysis process of WAS by enriching Firmicutes,and then increased acetic acid production by inhibiting Proteobacteria that consumed SCFAs.Meanwhile,at the genus level,acidogenesis bacteria(e.g.,Proteiniclasticum and Petrimonas)were enriched whereas SCFAs consuming bacteria(e.g.,Dokdonella)were inhibited.

Effects of Potassium Ferrate and Low-Temperature Thermal Hydrolysis Co-Pretreatment on the Hydrolysis and Anaerobic Digestion Process of Waste Activated Sludge

This study evaluated the effect of potassium ferrate(PF)and low-temperature thermal hydrolysis co-pretreatment on the promotion of sludge hydrolysis process and the impact on acid production in the subsequent anaerobic digestion process.The analytical investigations showed that co-pretreatment significantly facilitated the hydrolysis process of the sludge and contributed to the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).The pretreatment conditions under the optimal leaching of organic matter from sludge were hydrothermal temperature of 75℃,hydrothermal treatment time of 12 h,and PF dosage of 0.25 g g^(−1)TSS(total suspended solids),according to the results of orthogonal experiments.By pretreatment under proper conditions,the removal rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD)achieved 71.8%at the end of fermentation and the removal rate of total phosphorus(TP)was 69.1%.The maximum yield of SCFAs was 750.3 mg L^(−1),7.45 times greater than that of the blank group.Based on the analysis of the anaerobic digestion mechanism,it was indicated that the co-pretreatment could destroy the floc structure on the sludge surface and improve organic matter dissolving,resulting in more soluble organic substances for the acidification process.Furthermore,microbial community research revealed that the main cause of enhanced SCFAs generation was an increase in acidogenic bacteria and a reduction of methanogenic bacteria.

Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Sulfur Compound by Potassium Ferrate in the Presence of Phosphomolybdic Acid Catalyst

In this work, the removal of thiophene from simulated oil has been studied by using the adsorption, extraction and oxidation/adsorption methods, respectively. In the adsorptive desulfurization process, different commercial adsorbents were used to eliminate thiophene at ambient pressure and mild temperature, and the results showed that carbon powder had the best adsorption ability. In the extractive desulfurization process, the best desulfurization result was obtained when DMF is used. In the oxidative/adsorptive desulfurization procedure using synthesized potassium ferrate as the oxidant and phosphomolybdic acid solution as the catalyst, thiophene was oxidized and removed from hydrocarbons in combination with active carbon adsorption, and the residual sulfur content of simulated oil could be reduced to 15.3mg/L from the original level of 200mg/L, with the desulfurization rate reaching 92.3%.

Treatment of Phenol-Contaminated Soil by Potassium Ferrate Based on pH Control

This study aims to optimize the treatment of phenol-contaminated soil by potassium ferrate. Variations in pH value can accurately reflect the state and reaction status of the entire treatment process. Therefore, the pH value could be an important variable for optimizing the reaction conditions and achieving the automatic control of the process. About 99.89% of phenol was removed after 10 min of the pH-contxolled reaction at a rotational speed of 40-70 r/min, with the initial phenol concentration equating to 10.0 g/kg and the total water consumption reaching 2.72 L （at a soil/water ratio of 1：0.68）. The test results could provide a basis for practical application of automatic reaction control by pH value.

Preparation of Potassium Ferrate (VI) via β-Fe_2O_3

β-Fe2O3·H2O is prepared by reacting FeCl3, K2CO3, an oxidizing agent HIO4 and a metal chelating agent K3PO4 at 65~ 70℃. The prepared β-Fe2O3' H2O is introduced into the mixture of KOH, KOCl and a ferrate stabilizer KI, and reacted at room temperature for 5 h to produce a ferrate-containing cake. The cake is dried to give a water-free dried potassium ferrate (VI).

Study on degradation mechanism of aniline solution by potassium ferrate

研究了高铁酸钾投加量、初始pH及苯胺初始浓度对苯胺降解效果的影响。结果表明，苯胺废水的COD去除率照高铁酸钾投加量和苯胺初始浓度的增大而升高，而初始pH对COD去除率影响不明显。对高铁酸钾降解苯胺废水后的产物进行了气相色谱／质谱（GC／MS）分析，在此基础上详细探讨了高铁酸钾降解苯胺的机制。

Effects of operating conditions on iron(hydr)oxides evolution and ciprofloxacin degradation in potassium ferrate-ozone stepwise oxidation system

In this study,a stepwise oxidation system of potassium ferrate(K_(2)FeO_(4))combined with ozone(O+3)was used to degrade ciprofloxacin(CIP).The effects of pH and pre-oxidation time of K_(2)FeO_(4) on the evolution of K_(2)FeO_(4) reduction products(iron(hydr)oxides)and CIP degradation were investigated.It was found that in addition to its own oxidation capacity,K_(2)FeO_(4) can also influence the treatment effect of CIP by changing the catalyst content.The presence of iron(hydr)oxides effectively enhanced the mineralization rate of CIP by catalyzing ozonation.The pH value can influence the content and types of the components with catalytic ozonation effect in iron(hydr)oxides.The K_(2)FeO_(4) pre-oxidation stage can produce more iron(hydr)oxides with catalytic components for subsequent ozonation,but the evolution of iron(hydr)oxides components was influenced by O_(3) treatment.It can also avoid the waste of oxidation capacity owing to the oxidation of iron(hydr)oxides by O_(3) and free radicals.The intermediate degradation products were identified by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR-MS).Besides,the degradation pathways were proposed.Among the degradation products of CIP,the product with broken quinolone ring structure only appeared in the stepwise oxidation system.

Advances in phase stabilization techniques of AN using KDN and other chemical compounds for preparing green oxidizers

Research and development of green oxidizers and green fuels as a possible replacement for ammonium perchlorate(NH4ClO4,AP) and hydrazine(N2H4) respectively has been increased considerably in the recent years.AP and hydrazine are the oxidizer and fuel entities,and used in solid and liquid rocket motors respectively.AP is highly toxic and led to adverse health effects,while hydrazine is carcinogenic in nature.AP is in use from the last several decades for rocket and space shuttle propulsion,while hydrazine is used in upper stage liquid propelled rocket motors.It’s a tough task to replace AP with the currently available green oxidizers;since their ballistic properties are weaker when compared to AP and also they can’t be successfully deployed in a solid rocket motor at present Some important available solid green oxidizers are ammonium nitrate(AN),ammonium dinitramide(ADN),hydroxyl ammonium nitrate(HAN),and hydrazinium nitroformate(HNF).However,AN is one of the cheap and readily available oxidizer,and has great potential to use in solid/liquid rocket motors.Tremendous progress has been envisaged till now,and more progress will be there in the coming future over the development of AN based green energetic materials(GEM’s).A concise overview has been presented over the development of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate(PSAN) and AN/KDN based green oxidizers in the present review paper.

Vacancy healing for stable perovskite solar cells via bifunctional potassium tartrate

Perovskite solar cell has gained widespread attention as a promising technology for renewable energy.However, their commercial viability has been hampered by their long-term stability and potential Pb leakage. Herein, we demonstrate a bifunctional passivator of the potassium tartrate(PT) to address both challenges. PT minimizes the Pb leakage in perovskites and also heals cationic vacancy defects, resulting in improved device performance and stability. Benefiting from PT modification, the power conversion efficiency(PCE) is improved to 23.26% and the Pb leakage in unencapsulated films is significantly reduced to 9.79 ppm. Furthermore, the corresponding device exhibits no significant decay in PCE after tracking at the maximum power point(MPP) for 2000 h under illumination(LED source, 100 mW cm^(-2)).

Potassium ferrate pretreatment promotes short chain fatty acids yield and antibiotics reduction in acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge

During the acidogenic fermentation converting waste activated sludge (WAS) into shortchain fatty acids (SCFA), hydrolysis of complex organic polymers is a limiting step and the transformation of harmful substances (such as antibiotics) during acidogenic fermentation is unknown. In this study, potassium ferrate (KFeO) oxidation was used as a pretreatment strategy for WAS acidogenic fermentation to increase the hydrolysis of sludge and destruct the harmful antibiotics. Pretreatment with KFeOcan effectively increase the SCFA production during acidogenic fermentation and change the distribution of SCFA components.With the dosage of 0.2 g/g TS, the maximum SCFA yield was 4823 mg COD/L, which is 28.3times that of the control group;acetic acid accounts for more than 90% of the total SCFA. The higher dosage (0.5 g/g TS) can further increase the proportion of acetic acid, but inhibit the overall performance of SCFA production. Apart from the promotion of hydrolysis and acidogenesis, KFeOpretreatment can also simultaneously oxidizes and degrades part of the antibiotics in the sludge. When the dosage is 0.5 g/g TS, the degradation efficacy of antibiotics is the most significant, and the contents of ofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline in the sludge are reduced by 69%, 42%, and 50%, respectively. In addition, KFeOpretreatment can also promote the release of antibiotics from sludge flocs, which is conducive to the simultaneous degradation of antibiotics in the subsequent biological treatment process.

Efficient iodination of aromatic compounds using potassium ferrate supported on montmorillonite

Potassium ferrate impregnated on montmorillonite is a mild,cheap,and non-toxic reagent for the iodination of phenols, including naphthol,aromatic amines,and heterocyclic substrates in fair to excellent yields by a simple isolation procedure.

Flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and galena using ferrate(Ⅵ) as a depressant

This paper investigated the effects of potassium ferrate(PF)on the flotation performances of chalcopyrite and galena.The flotation results showed that PF obviously depressed galena,but had little effects on the floatability of chalcopyrite within pH range of 4.0–12.0.Zeta potential tests showed that the addition of PF induced the formation of more amounts of hydrophilic species on the surface of galena under an alkaline environment.Industrial grade O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate(IPETC)chemically adsorbed on the surface of the PF-treated chalcopyrite and galena after its addition.Contact angle measurements showed that with the addition of PF,the contact angle of the galena surface significantly decreased compared with the chalcopyrite surface.Localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(LEIS)tests showed that the addition of PF increased the impedance of the galena surface.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analyses revealed that the formation of hydrophilic species,namely lead sulfite,lead hydroxide and ferric hydroxide,on the galena surface,decreased its floatability in the presence of PF,while the formation of hydrophobic species,namely copper disulfide and elemental sulfur,on the chalcopyrite surface,maintained its floatability.Finally,a descriptive model for the reaction of PF with chalcopyrite and galena was proposed.

高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠降解萘的效能及机理研究

为了绿色且高效地治理多环芳烃萘污染地下水,采用高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠体系降解萘,考察高铁酸钾和过硫酸钠的摩尔比、pH值和温度对萘降解效果的影响,并探究反应动力学和降解机理。研究显示,当温度为25℃,pH值为5.0,高铁酸钾和过硫酸钠的摩尔比为1∶2时,在50 min时萘最佳降解率为82.3%。采用一级反应动力学方程对萘的降解曲线进行拟合,发现其反应速率k为0.0302 min^(-1),远高于高铁酸钾体系的0.0074 min^(-1)和过硫酸钠体系的0.0034 min^(-1)的总和,表明高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠体系存在协同作用。通过对高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠体系中Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度变化测定,显示该体系可以活化过硫酸钠且Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度变化与萘的降解试验结果吻合。采用自由基猝灭试验和电子顺磁共振(Electron Paramagnetic Resonance,EPR)技术探究高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠体系中的活性氧化物种,发现羟基自由基(·OH)和硫酸根自由基(·SO_(4)^(-))都参与了萘的降解过程。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)分析确定了3种萘的中间产物,并提出了一种可能的降解途径。研究发现,萘在降解过程中可被转化为低毒或无毒物质,表明高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠体系对萘的降解是一个渐进降低毒性的过程,可以有效降低环境风险。总之,高铁酸钾-过硫酸钠联合体系作为一种高效的清洁技术,可为治理多环芳烃萘污染地下水提供一定的理论指导。

硅系无机防腐涂料的制备及性能

[目的]硅系无机涂料的耐水性较差,固化过程中易发生起皮、开裂,使用后出现干擦掉粉现象,以及使用寿命短的问题亟需解决。[方法]以硅酸钾、硅溶胶和丙烯酸乳液为主要成膜物,结合钛白粉和石墨烯作为颜填料,再辅以适当的助剂,制得硅系无机防腐涂料。讨论了高模数硅酸钾溶液的稳定性,助剂的选择,以及成膜物、颜填料的用量对涂料性能的影响。[结果]该涂料不含游离甲醛,不含汞、镉等重金属,VOC(挥发性有机物)含量低,且具有优异的贮存稳定性、防腐性、阻燃性、耐水性、耐碱性、耐冲击性等性能。[结论]该涂料克服了传统无机硅酸盐涂料存在的缺点,满足建筑内外墙涂料相关标准的要求。

高铁酸盐体系中高价铁氧中间体对双酚A的降解研究

以典型内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)为目标污染物,研究了高铁酸钾[Fe(Ⅵ)]对其的去除效果及机理。通过高效液相色谱仪、离子色谱仪等手段考察了pH、Fe(Ⅵ)投加量和共存离子等因素对BPA去除效果的影响。结果表明,在pH为8.0、Fe(Ⅵ)与BPA浓度比为30∶1时,反应10 min后BPA的降解率达到81.5%。Cl^(-)、SO_4^(2-)、NO^(-)_(3)、HCO^(-)_(3)等共存阴离子未影响Fe(Ⅵ)体系的氧化能力,但Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)因加速了Fe(Ⅵ)自分解而抑制了BPA降解。通过淬灭实验对体系中的活性氧物种进行识别,Fe(Ⅵ)及其高价铁氧中间体Fe(Ⅴ)/Fe(Ⅳ)在氧化BPA中起主导作用。在实际水体(自来水、市政二级出水和地下水)中,Fe(Ⅵ)氧化体系对BPA的降解未受到明显影响,证实其具有较高的环境适应性。

电解法制备高铁酸钾及对Sb(Ⅲ)去除效能的研究

实验采用电解法制备高铁酸钾固体,采用XRD、SEM及分光光度法进行表征和纯度分析,证明了纯度可达90%以上。采用K2FeO4对水体中Sb(Ⅲ)进行降解去除,实验表明,在溶液pH=5,Sb(Ⅲ)初始浓度为2?mg/L时,投加K2FeO4为50?mg/L为最优投加量。通过K2FeO4及分解产物在不同pH值下对Sb(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅴ)去除实验,发现K2FeO4主要通过分解产物即絮凝、吸附作用对Sb(Ⅲ)去除,去除率在90%以上,且受pH值影响小。通过K2FeO4除Sb(Ⅲ)沉淀物的XPS、FTIR表征分析,证明了Sb(Ⅲ)可以有效的被K2FeO4去除。

超声波-高铁酸钾联合处理间甲酚废水的研究

采用超声波-高铁酸钾联合法处理间甲酚废水,和单独使用高铁酸钾氧化间甲酚废水进行对比,发现在相同的高铁酸钾投加量0.8 g/L的条件下,联合法处理间甲酚废水的效果优于单独高铁酸钾法,间甲酚去除率增加接近20%。联合法处理0.1 g/L间甲酚废水时,最佳反应条件是:高铁酸钾投加量0.8 g/L,间甲酚废水溶液pH值为8,反应时间为50 min,此时间甲酚去除率为89.1%。联合法对间甲酚废水溶液pH值的兼容性较高,在pH值为7~9内,间甲酚去除率均达到87%以上。

硅酸钾水性无机涂料的贮存稳定性及耐水性能的研究

主要研究了不同模数的硅酸钾和不同种类的有机乳胶对涂料贮存稳定性和耐水性能的影响。通过对比实验制备了涂料样品,并对涂料的黏度、耐水性、贮存稳定性等进行了表征。实验结果表明:硅酸钾模数为3.5的无机涂料贮存稳定性最好,硅酸钾模数在3.5~3.9的耐水性能较为优异;对比了纯丙乳胶、苯丙乳胶和硅丙乳胶对涂料性能的影响,结果发现使用苯丙乳胶的硅酸钾水性无机涂料贮存稳定性最好,且苯丙乳胶和硅丙乳胶的耐水性能均优于纯丙乳胶。本实验使用3.5模数硅酸钾和苯丙乳胶所制备的硅酸钾水性无机涂料性能满足TCSTM 00632.3—2022《建筑涂饰工程用涂料产品技术要求第3部分:无机建筑涂料体系》的标准要求。

二硫化钼基负极材料的研究进展

本征电子导电性差、层状结构易发生堆积、层内活性位点不足等问题阻碍了2H相二硫化钼(2H-MoS_(2))作为锂离子电池、钠离子电池及钾离子电池用高容量负极材料的发展。总结2H-MoS_(2)负极材料存在的问题,归纳目前在原子掺杂、缺陷工程、与碳材料复合、层间扩展工程等方面的研究进展;分析不同改性策略的作用机制,并对2H-MoS_(2)材料在锂离子电池、钠离子电池及钾离子电池中的发展进行展望。

高铁酸盐及其联用工艺在水处理中应用综述

综述了高铁酸钾的相关特性以及其在水处理应用中的研究现状,并对其在应用中所展现的优缺点进行解析,重点介绍为克服高铁酸钾单独应用中所出现的缺陷,高铁酸钾与其他技术联用的研究进展。分析了各种高铁酸钾联用技术对于水中污染物的降解原理,并对于国内外水中污染物的研究报道进行了系统的梳理,最后对高铁酸钾联用技术在未来水环境治理中的发展进行展望。