Transcriptome analysis reveals effects of red and blue lightemitting diodes(LEDs)on the growth,chlorophyll fluorescence and endogenous plant hormones of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)plantlets cultured in vitro

Red and blue light illumination has been reported to significantly affect plantlet growth.Potato is an important food and feed crop in the world and potato plantlet cultured in vitro plays an important role in potato production.However,few studies have documented the effects of red and blue light on the growth of potato plantlets revealed at the transcriptome level.The objective of this study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro under monochromatic red(RR),monochromatic blue(BB)as well as combined red and blue(RB)LEDs using the RNA-Seq technique.In total,3150 and 814 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected in potato plantlets under RR and BB,respectively,compared to RB(used as control).Compared to the control,the DEGs enriched in"photosynthesis"and"photosynthesis-antenna proteins"metabolic pathways were up-regulated and down-regulated by BB and RR,respectively,which might be responsible for the increases and decreases of maximum quantum yield(F_(v)/F_(m)),photochemical quantum yield(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_(P))and electron transfer rate(ETR)in BB and RR,respectively.Potato plantlets exhibited dwarfed stems and extended leaves under BB,whereas elongated stems and small leaves were induced under RR.These dramatically altered plantlet phenotypes were associated with variable levels of endogenous plant hormones gibberellin(GAs),indoleacetic acid(IAA)and cytokinins(CKs),as assessed in stems and leaves of potato plantlets.In addition,monochromatic red and blue LEDs trigged the opposite expression profiles of DEGs identified in the"plant hormone signal transduction"metabolic pathway,which were closely related to the endogenous plant hormone levels in potato plantlets.Our results provide insights into the responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro to red and blue LEDs at the transcriptomic level and may contribute to improvements in the micro-propagation of potato plantlets cultured in vitro from the light spectrum aspect.

马铃薯根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫孵化和趋化的影响及外源酸类物质的验证

【目的】探究马铃薯不同抗性品种、不同生育期根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫(Globodera rostochiensis)孵化和趋化的影响,为马铃薯金线虫绿色防控提供理论依据。【方法】收集4个马铃薯品种3个生育期的根系分泌物,采用浸泡法和滤纸片法研究根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫孵化和趋化的影响;通过GC-MS分析各根系分泌物的组分;选用8种外源酸类物质咖啡酸、丁二酸、氢化肉桂酸、3-羟基丙酸、3-氨基-3-甲基丁酸、乙醇酸、硬脂酸、L-乳酸的标准品,运用浸泡法和滤纸片法验证根系分泌物中占比较大的主要酸类物质对马铃薯金线虫孵化和趋化的影响。【结果】感病品种青薯9号、会-2的根系分泌物比抗病品种宣薯6号、云薯505的根系分泌物刺激孵化快且孵化量大,在3个生育期(15 d(发芽期)、30 d(幼苗期)和55 d(块茎形成期)),感病品种根系分泌物的刺激孵化效果强于抗病品种,各品种30 d(幼苗期)的根系分泌物刺激孵化效果好于15 d(发芽期)、55 d(块茎形成期),青薯9号根系分泌物的刺激孵化率15、30、55 d依次为7.20%、27.30%、5.70%,会-2依次为10.50%、38.00%、9.40%,宣薯6号依次为5.40%、20.40%、16.30%,云薯505依次为13.20%、21.80%、3.10%。感病品种青薯9号的根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫幼虫的吸引能力强;从3个生育期看,除了宣薯6号,其余3个品种15 d根系分泌物的吸引效果好于30、55 d,15、30、55 d的根系分泌物吸引率青薯9号依次为13.73%、9.68%、6.13%,会-2依次为5.65%、4.76%、4.89%,云薯505依次为4.86%、4.13%、2.91%,宣薯6号依次为4.11%、5.77%、6.47%。用GC-MS对根系分泌物进行分析鉴定,马铃薯根系分泌物中主要含有9类物质,其中酸类24种、氨基酸类13种、盐类5种、醇类3种、烃类3种、糖类3种、酚类2种、酮类1种、脂类1种,从种类和所占比例可知酸类、氨基酸类、酚类和醇类是供试马铃薯根系分泌物中的主要成分。选择8种代表性酸类物质验证表明,8种物质中丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸对马铃薯金线虫的孵化有显著影响,咖啡酸、氢化肉桂酸对马铃薯金线虫的趋化有显著影响。但与4个品种30 d根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫的影响对比,上述影响显著的酸类物质刺激孵化效果显著低于根系分泌物,趋化则无显著差异。【结论】不同马铃薯品种的根系分泌物均对马铃薯金线虫孵化和趋化有较大影响,感病品种根系分泌物对马铃薯金线虫孵化、趋化的影响强于抗病品种,总体表现为抗病、感病品种对马铃薯金线虫的影响在根系出现时即播种15 d(发芽期)开始,在30 d(幼苗期)影响最强,到55 d(块茎形成期)影响减弱。马铃薯的根系分泌物种类多样,主要组分为酸类、氨基酸类和醇类,抗病、感病品种略有差异。丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸对孵化的影响显著,咖啡酸、氢化肉桂酸对趋化的影响显著,单一酸性物质对马铃薯金线虫孵化的影响显著小于根系分泌物。

The Key Factors Affecting Tuber Development of Potato in vitro and the Relation with Protein Fractions

According to previous analysis, some properties bounding up with tuber yield were investigated. The results showed that tuber average weight, plastid Mg2 + -ATPase activity, plastid Ca2 + -ATPase activity, mitochondria Mg2 + -ATPase activity, total soluble protein content, tuber average diameter, and Q-enzyme activity were important factors determining the tuber yield. The linear regression equation was:Y = 0.5211 + 0.0595X(1)+0.8389X(2) +0.0882X(3) -0.0073X(4) +0.1449X(5) +0.3510X(6) +0.0031X(7) -0.00003X(8) + 0.3412X(9) + 0.0127X(10) + 0.2904X(ll) + 0.0570X(12) + 0.0159X(13) + 0.3585X(14) + 0.0134X(15) - 0.1012X(16). At the same time, the relation between several important properties and soluble protein fractions were analyzed.

The Impact of High Temperature during Growing Season on Potato Cultivars with Different Response to Environmental Stresses

Potato crop is the fourth main food crops in the world after maize, rice and wheat. It is characterized by specific temperature requirements and develops best at about 20°C. Forecasts of global warming prompt us to study the tolerance of potato genotypes to heat during the growing season. The aim of this work was to assess the response of chosen potato cultivars to high temperature during the different stages of plant growth under conditions of good soil moisture and drought. The impact of high temperature 32°C/25°C on potato plants was determined in pot experiment in three growth stages. A main measure of tolerance of the potato cultivars to high temperature during the growing season was an evaluation of the yield in relation to the Control combination. Here we demonstrated that tested potato cultivar’s response to high temperature during the growing season is dependent on the growth stage. The earlier it occurs, the more negative its impact on the growth and yield of potatoes is.

The Role of Biodiversity in Food Security and Nutrition: A Potato Cultivar Case Study

Biodiversity is considered a critical measure of the agricultural health of the world. Not only does increased biodiversity contribute to nutrient production and consumption, but it acts as a safeguard against food shortages due to pests and diseases by spreading the risk. Biodiversity can improve dietary diversity in such a way to ultimately contribute to improved food and nutrition security. As a result biodiversity is often highlighted in global discussions related to food and nutrition security. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are highly biodiverse food crops, with more than 4000 different cultivars grown globally. The crop is sometimes considered as part of the vegetable component of food baskets, but it is mainly added to meals as a starch because potatoes have a high starch content and are thus high in energy. However, significant differences in the nutritional content (including micronutrient composition) of different potato cultivars have been reported in many countries. It is therefore proposed that specific cultivars could potentially contribute more to critical nutrients required in the diet of countries at risk of malnutrition. The nutritional profile (macronutrients and minerals) of 11 potato cultivars cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa was determined and the contribution which these different potatoes could make to the diet, and consequently to food and nutrition security, is discussed. The results showed that significant differences are found in the nutritional content between the different cultivars. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found in macronutrients such as protein and fat as well as micronutrients such as copper, phosphorus and potassium. These results indicate the potentially beneficial role which a biodiverse range of crops such as potatoes, could play in the food and nutrition security of developing countries.

Genetic Variance Estimates in Heterogeneous Potato Populations Propagated from True Potato Seed(TPS)

Twenty nine cross populations developed according to line × tester mating design along with their twelve parents raised from true potato seeds, were used to study variability and correlation for seven characters. The range of variation for all the characters were found to be wide and pronounced which indicated that characters were quantitative in nature and were under polygenic control. For all the characters, greater portion of the total δ2p was mostly contributed by the δ2g. Among the seven characters, tuber weight per plant showed the highest δ2g, PCV, GCV, H2b, GA and expected GA%. On the other hand, dry matter contents (%) showed the lowest H2b. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients of plant height with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant; no. of branches per plant with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant were found to be significant and positive.

Analysis of Diversity among Potato Accessions Grown in Eritrea Using Single Linkage Clustering

Potato is an important cash and food crop, a source of income to many small scale farmers in Eritrea. In the long tradition of potato cultivation farmers have adopted a number of landraces. However, very little is known about their genetic diversity which limits further breeding programs to improve productivity. The objective of the study was to characterize potato accessions grown in Eritrea. A total of 21 accessions collected from farmers and NARI were used in this study for characterization employing 33 phenotypic descriptors. Single linkage (nearest neighbor) clustering method using UPGMA employing Euclidean test was used to yield a dendrogram. The clustering generated three main clusters with further sub clusters. The clustering helped to identify accessions that shared the same characteristics and/or that were closely related and vice versa. It was noted that there was no distinct relationship between the clusters groups and geographic sources of accession. Yet, accessions sharing the same name may not necessarily share the same genetic content. Mean deviation of variables for each group from the total mean indicated that Group III followed by group I showed negative deviation in most of the recorded yield related traits. Group I was particularly affected by the presence of two inferior accessions in the group. On the other hand, Group II accessions showed relatively maximum deviation from the total mean and could be recommended for use as parent for any breeding program in Eritrea.

Effects of Agrobacterial<i>rol</i>-Genes on the Thermodynamic and Structural Features of Starches Extracted from Potato Microtubers

Wild-type potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants and their transformants harboring agrobacterial rolB or rolC genes under control of the patatin class I promoter were cultured in vitro. These plants were used as a source of single-node stem cuttings. The structure of native starch in tubers formed on cuttings was determined using methods of X-ray scattering and differential scanning microcalorimetry (DSC). It was found that in starch from tubers of rolB plants the melting temperature of crystalline lamella was lower and their thickness was less than that in wild-type potato. In tubers of rolC plants starch differed from starch in wild-type plants by a higher melting temperature, reduced melting enthalpy, and a greater thickness of crystalline lamellae. The melting of starch from tubers of rolC plants proceeded as the melting of two independent crystalline structures with melting temperatures of 338.0°K and 342.8°K. Overall data show that starches of different structure can be obtained by using transgenic approach.

Effects of different planting systems on yield of potato crop in Kaghan Valley: A mountainous region of Pakistan

Conversion of potato from conventional methods to wide bed planting systems may increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water and water applied nitrogen fertilizer bypassing the potato root zone. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cv. Desiree was tested against different planting system for yield and yield components at Kaghan, a high mountainous Himalayan region ofPakistan. The experiment was carried out at Himalayan Agricultural Research Station (HARS), Kaghan during the summer season of 2005. The results showed that maximum tuber growth (88.7%), number of stems per plant (3.5), plant expansion (45.5 cm), average number of tubers per plant (10.1) and yield per hectare (12.4 t/ha) were significantly different and higher when potatoes were planted on wide bed and covered with soil from one side. Tallest plants (53.4 cm) were observed when potatoes were sown on the ridges. Maximum number of green potatoes (12.5) and injured potatoes (5.3%) were observed when the tubers were planted following local farmers’ method. Keeping in view the soil type, land slopping, we recommend sowing potatoes on relatively plain wide beds and covering it with soil from one side, for potato cultivation in the area.

马铃薯低氮肥胁迫响应TCP转录因子的鉴定与分析

TCP转录因子是植物特有的一类转录因子,参与植物生物学过程的多个方面。为研究马铃薯TCP转录因子在响应低氮肥胁迫中的作用,该研究以氮肥供应不足(0.05 mmol·L^(-1))和氮肥供应充足(7.5 mmol·L^(-1))条件下马铃薯的根和叶片构建4个转录组文库进行测序,并对差异表达的TCP转录因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)在4个转录组文库中共鉴定TCP转录因子24个,它们主要分布在2号、3号、6号染色体上。(2)经结构域分析显示,24个TCP转录因子均具有典型的basic-Helix-Loop-Helix结构域。(3)经系统进化分析显示,马铃薯与拟南芥TCP蛋白可聚集在一起,分属于10个亚类。(4)转录组测序结果显示,在低氮肥胁迫下,大多数TCP转录因子被抑制表达,有3个TCP转录因子在根中显著性差异表达,5个TCP转录因子在叶中特异性表达。(5)根据GO功能注释分析和马铃薯TCP转录因子与拟南芥TCP转录因子的亲缘关系分析推测,这些TCP转录因子参与了马铃薯对低氮肥胁迫的响应。该研究结果为进一步研究马铃薯与其他粮食作物TCP转录因子响应低氮肥胁迫的分子功能奠定了基础。

马铃薯植株株型构成要素解析

马铃薯植株的理想株型是获得高质量群体的基础。为获得理想株型构成要素参数,本研究对26个马铃薯品种(系)进行产量组分分析,选择中高产品种(系)测定植株茎、叶相关株型性状,结合方差分析、相关性分析和灰色关联分析确定理想株型构成要素及其参数。聚类分析将26个马铃薯品种(系)划分为超高产、高产、中产、中低产和低产五种类型。中高产品种(系)平均主茎数为2.29~2.89;三种产量类型中,超高产品种(系)自然株高均值最小,高产品种(系)最大;超高产品种(系)直立性E值最大,中产品种(系)最小;超高产品种(系)基部第4、第5、第7、第8节间长度均最小,基部第4到第8节间直径均最大,基部第3、第4、第5、第7茎叶夹角均最小。除超高产品种G6和高产品种G4,其余品种(系)叶片均属于疏散型,小叶为7或9个,马铃薯羽状复叶在主茎上螺旋上升排列,66.67%的品种(系)同一螺旋轨迹相邻羽状复叶水平相差60°。理想株型的主要构成要素包括幼苗期至块茎成熟期叶面积指数、基部第3至第7茎叶夹角、基部第4至第8节间直径、羽状复叶数量及长度和绝对株高。理想株型的次要构成要素为主茎数和自然株高。本研究解析的高产马铃薯品种(系)株型参数为田间高效管理和株型育种提供了理论基础。

马铃薯StCYP83基因家族鉴定及其抗晚疫病的功能分析

【目的】通过鉴定马铃薯StCYP83基因家族成员,分析其响应致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)侵染的表达模式,挖掘具有抗晚疫病功能的StCYP83并解析其免疫机制,为马铃薯抗晚疫病分子育种提供新型抗性基因资源。【方法】利用双向BLAST法鉴定StCYP83基因家族成员,通过ExPASy Prot Param、Cell-Ploc 2.0、ESPript等软件分析StCYP83蛋白序列基本信息、亚细胞定位情况、保守基序;利用qRT-PCR技术分析StCYP83响应致病疫霉侵染的表达模式;利用农杆菌介导的本氏烟瞬时表达体系和马铃薯过表达(OE)稳定转化植株分析候选基因影响寄主植物抗致病疫霉的免疫功能及作用机理。【结果】在马铃薯基因组中共鉴定到10个StCYP83家族基因,分别命名为StCYP83B1—StCYP83B10,编码蛋白长度介于387—503aa,分子量介于44—57 kDa,亚细胞定位预测结果显示StCYP83蛋白均定位于内质网膜。qRT-PCR结果表明,StCYP83家族成员在不同程度上均可响应致病疫霉侵染而诱导表达,暗示StCYP83家族基因可能在马铃薯与致病疫霉互作中发挥作用。基于此,从中选取明显响应致病疫霉侵染而诱导上调表达、且与拟南芥AtCYP83B1同源性最高的StCYP83B1用于后续的免疫功能解析。本氏烟瞬时过表达的接菌测试结果表明,StCYP83B1具有抗致病疫霉的生物学功能;同时,过表达StCYP83B1可显著促进PTI标记基因(NbWRKY7、NbWRKY8)、SA信号通路标记基因(NbPR1和NbPR2)和JA信号通路标记基因(NbPR3和NbLOX)的上调表达,并提高flg22诱发的活性氧迸发。此外,StCYP83B1编码蛋白保守基序中的半胱氨酸位点为其抗性功能所必需。StCYP83B1过表达(StCYP83B1-OE)株系对致病疫霉的抗性有所增强,且呈现出增强的PTI免疫反应,包括flg22诱发的活性氧水平升高以及PTI标记基因(StWRKY7、StWRKY8和StACRE31)的显著诱导上调表达。此外,马铃薯SA信号通路相关基因(StPR1、StPR2、StPR5和StPAL2)和JA信号通路相关基因(StLOX、StAOS和StOPR3)也被诱导上调表达。【结论】共鉴定到10个StCYP83家族成员,StCYP83家族成员在不同程度上均可响应致病疫霉的侵染而诱导表达。StCYP83B1通过激活PTI、SA和JA信号通路调控植物对致病疫霉的抗性;而StCYP83B1血红素结合域中的半胱氨酸位点为其抗性功能所必需。

半干旱区膜下滴灌量与滴灌次数对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率影响

为实现半干旱区马铃薯节水增产,确定适宜的灌水量与灌水次数,在滴灌条件下,以‘冀张薯12号’马铃薯为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,以覆膜无灌水作为对照(CK),分别灌水600(W1)、1200(W2)、1800 m^(3)·hm^(-2)(W3)及灌水2(F1)、3(F2)、4次(F3),共计10个处理,分析不同灌水量与灌水次数对马铃薯生长、产量、水分利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯的株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积量、SPAD值均随着生育期的推进先增后减。与CK相比,滴灌能显著促进马铃薯生长,提高地上部干物质累积量,以W2F3处理的生长指标最高。马铃薯耗水量和产量均随着滴灌量和灌水次数的增加而增加;水分利用效率随着滴灌量的增加先升高后降低。其中W2F3处理的水分利用效率和纯收益最高,分别为102.30 kg·hm^(-2)·mm-1和24203.88元·hm^(-2),较CK分别显著增加49.63%和117.19%。由此表明,适宜的灌水量和合理的灌水次数有利于促进马铃薯生长,提高产量并获得较高的经济收益,为该区马铃薯滴灌技术的推广与应用提供了理论支撑和科学指导。

不同马铃薯品种产量及营养品质分析与评价

为筛选出优质高产马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)新品种,采用等距分级法对8个参试马铃薯品种进行产量和营养品质综合分析与评价。结果表明,中薯3号营养品质最优,华薯16号产量最高,中薯685综合指数最高。综合产量和营养品质来看,中薯685为最优品种,其次是华薯16号。

冷凉灌区马铃薯施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长及产量的影响

为了明确不同施肥量(复合肥)和种植密度对冷凉灌区马铃薯生长的影响。试验以‘冀张薯12号’为供试品种,开展施肥量与种植密度二因素试验,设3个施肥量(600、1100、1600 kg/hm^(2))与4个种植密度(5.25万、6万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm^(2)),研究不同施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯生长、产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:增加施肥量能延缓马铃薯生育期,提高种植密度能缩短生育期;随施肥量增大,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值均显著增大;随种植密度增加,马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积指数及叶片SPAD值与产量均表现为先增后减趋势,施肥量与种植密度对马铃薯株高、SPAD值与产量的影响顺序为施肥量>密度;随施肥量和群体种植密度的增加,马铃薯大薯产量、大薯数、产量、水分利用效率均呈先增后减的变化趋势,产量要素之间呈极显著正相关关系,其中,以处理F2D3的马铃薯产量与水分利用效率最大。通过二元二次回归分析表明,当施肥量达到1065.366 kg/hm^(2),种植密度达到6.746万株/hm^(2)时,马铃薯能够获得最大的产量50255.98 kg/hm^(2)。施肥量达到1044.312 kg/hm^(2),种植密度6.582万株/hm^(2)时水分利用效率达到最大110.456 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)。适宜的施肥量与种植密度能够促进马铃薯生长,有利于马铃薯产量与水分利用效率的提高,当施肥量(复合肥)介于1044.312~1065.366 kg/hm^(2)时,种植密度介于6.582万~6.746万株/hm^(2)时能实现增产和水分利用协同增加,是冷凉地区马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。

Planting Adaptability of Four Kinds of Common Vegetabless in Shanghai

[Objectives]To explore the planting adaptability of vegetables in Shanghai.[Methods]In this paper,cowpea(Vigna unguiculate(L.)Walp.),cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)were selected as experimental materials and planted in the open air.The growth status,the occurrence of diseases and insect pests,and the taste evaluation of these four kinds of common vegetables were mainly studied.[Results]The results showed that the four kinds of common vegetables in Shanghai had strong growth,strong adaptability,less pests and diseases,and good taste.[Conclusions]The cowpea,cucumber,eggplant,and potato are suitable for planting in Shanghai.

黄腐酸改善连作马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的研究

研究了黄腐酸对连作马铃薯幼苗生长发育、块茎营养和抗性生理的影响。结果表明,连作马铃薯幼苗生长发育受到显著抑制,而黄腐酸处理对连作马铃薯的生长发育表现出显著的促进作用;黄腐酸处理相对提高了马铃薯块茎的淀粉含量、Vc含量和可溶性蛋白含量;黄腐酸处理显著减小了连作引起的叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量下降的幅度,相对提高了SOD和CAT活性,并降低了MDA含量和活性氧水平。黄腐酸处理减轻了连作所造成的生理障碍,从而提高了马铃薯幼苗对连作障碍的整体抗性,促进了连作马铃薯的生长发育,改善了马铃薯块茎营养。

水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响

以云南主栽培马铃薯品种会-2和合作88为材料,进行盆栽比较试验,研究了水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,两种马铃薯品种的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶面积、SPAD值和产量随干旱胁迫强度增强而降低。两种马铃薯品种水分胁迫处理结果存在差异。随干旱胁迫强度增强,会-2品种光合生理指标、叶面积下降程度较合作88品种小,但合作88品种产量下降程度较会-2品种小。