Integrated pest management of potatoes

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important dicotyledonous source of human food. It ranks fifth major food crop of the world, exceed only by the grasses such as wheat, rice, maize, and barley. It is characteristically a crop of the cool, temperate regions or of elevation of approximately 2,000 m or more in the tropics. It requires cool nights and well drained soil with adequate moisture and does not produce well in low altitude, warm, tropical environment. Commercial production of most potatoes is primarily through vegetative propagation by means of lateral buds formed on the tuber, a modified stem. Trough such vegetative propagation, many diseases are transmitted from generation to generation. Suppression of such diseases and reduction of yield losses due to disease are a necessary part of increasing the food supply. The principles, strategies, and tactics of plant disease management are important to preventing yield losses. Integrated pest management (IPM) may supply effective control of the potato pests including aphids (vector of some viruses), Verticillium wilt blackleg, bacterial ring rot, Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and several weeds (night shades, pigweeds, lambs quarters, and annual grasses). It includes regular inspection for healthy seed or nursery, crop production, correct identification of the problem, cultural practices (crop rotation, sanitation etc.), biological control, soil fumigation (if necessary), seed or nursery stock treatment and disinfestations of cutting tools. In this review, pest management methods of potatoes included in IPM was summarized.

RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle(Leptinotarsa decemlineata): A potential strategy for pest control

Colorado potato beetle(CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineata,is a notorious destructive pest that mainly feeds on the leaves of potato and several other solanaceous plants.CPB is widely recognized for its adaptation to a remarkable variety of host plants and diverse climates,and its high resistance to insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis toxins.RNA interference(RNAi)is a sequence-specific,endogenous gene silencing mechanism evoked by small RNA molecules that is used as a robust tool for virus and pest control.RNAi has been extensively tested for CPB management by employing various target genes and delivery methods.This article reviews the screening of RNAi target genes,efficient RNAi delivery systems,and factors affecting RNAi efficiency in CPB,which may help understand the mechanisms of RNAi and its application in CPB control strategy.

5种药剂对甘薯地下害虫的防治效果研究

为了筛选出适合防治地下害虫的杀虫剂,以甘薯普薯32为试材,在河南郑州和洛阳地下害虫发生严重的地块,研究5种药剂对地下害虫的防治效果。结果表明:0.5%噻虫胺(颗粒)90 kg/hm^(2)和金龟子绿僵菌2亿/g(颗粒)90 kg/hm^(2),防治效果较好,防治效果最高分别是82.77%和79.48%,商品率最高分别为92.51%和91.06%,平均产量比对照增产最高分别是10.49%和9.57%。噻虫胺和金龟子绿僵菌分别代表化学药剂和生物药剂在甘薯地下害虫防治上表现较好。

多特征融合方法在马铃薯图像快速检测中的应用

针对目前马铃薯图像病虫害检测方法识别精度低、效率不高等问题。这里提出了一种主成分分析的特征加权融合自适应算法和改进支持向量机相结合的马铃薯病虫害快速检测方法。主成分分析的特征加权融合自适应算法完成特征块选择、主分量提取、加权和融合。融合后的特征采用决策树的思想,通过改进的支持向量机逐级分类。通过试验进行对比分析。结果表明,与传统的检测方法相比,该方法具有更高的检测精度和更短的执行时间。在病虫害、3类病害和10类虫害的检测准确率分别为98.45%、97.33%和98.00%,运行时间分别为4.81s、3.74s和4.65s。该检测方法为图像病虫害快速检测技术的发展提供了理论方法和依据。

基于无人机植保技术的马铃薯病虫害防治方案研究

分析了植保无人机应用流程、病虫害出现前、发病中和防治后的应用技术。进行了传统人工防治方法与无人机植保技术的效果对比试验,结果表明,采用无人机植保技术在马铃薯病虫害防治效果、产量及品质上均表现出显著优势。

早熟马铃薯高垄种植技术

马铃薯是人们的主要粮食作物之一,也是我国核心经济作物,在农业发展中具有十分重要的作用。以甘肃临洮县马铃薯种植为例,详细介绍了早熟马铃薯高垄种植技术的应用要点,并提出相应的推广措施,旨在提高马铃薯种植效益。

Bactericera cockerelli(Sulc), a potential threat to China’s potato industry

The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.It causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum(Lso),a pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and which potentially costs growers millions of dollars each year.Such producers rely on frequent sprays of pesticides for psyllid control but the results are unsatisfactory and there are negative side effects.The psyllid has spread beyond its native range in southwest US and northern Mexico to Canada,El Salvador,Honduras,Guatemala and Nicaragua via medium to long range dispersal flights perhaps aided by wind currents,and through anthropogenic means.It was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2006 and most recently Australia,most likely through the importation of infested plant material.This review summarizes information from studies on the biology,impact and management of B.cockerelli,and highlights the imminent risk of this insect and its associated pathogen invading China,the world’s largest producer of fresh potatoes.Development of risk maps leading to increased surveillance,could prevent or delay an incursion and facilitate early detection or eradication should this occur.Long-term management with Lso-tolerant potato cultivars and psyllid control using the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae and other natural enemies should be pursued,rather than depending on synthetic pesticides.

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.

Simulation modelling of potato virus Y spread in relation to initial inoculum and vector activity

Potato virus Y(PVY)is a non-persistent virus that is transmitted by many aphid species and causes significant damage to potato production.We constructed a spatially-explicit model simulating PVY spread in a potato field and used it to investigate possible effects of transmission efficiency,initial inoculum levels,vector behavior,vector abundance,and timing of peak vector activity on PVY incidence at the end of a simulated growing season.Lower PVY incidence in planted seed resulted in lower virus infection at the end of the season.However,when populations of efficient PVY vectors were high,significant PVY spread occurred even when initial virus inoculum was low.Non-colonizing aphids were more important for PVY spread compared to colonizing aphids,particularly at high densities.An early-season peak in the numbers of noncolonizing aphids resulted in the highest number of infected plants in the end of the season,while mid-and late-season peaks caused relatively little virus spread.Our results highlight the importance of integrating different techniques to prevent the number of PVY-infected plants from exceeding economically acceptable levels instead of trying to control aphids within potato fields.Such management plans should be implemented very early in a growing season.

不同药剂对甘薯地下害虫的防治效果

为了研究噻虫胺、金龟子绿僵菌、辛硫磷、球孢白僵菌等药剂不同施用量(60、75、90 kg/hm^(2))对甘薯地下害虫的防治效果,以甘薯‘烟薯25’为试材,在河南郑州和鹤壁地下害虫发生严重的地块,筛选适合的甘薯地下害虫药剂及施用量。结果表明:4种药剂对‘烟薯25’的防治效果在郑州和鹤壁效果相似,适合‘烟薯25’的化学药剂是0.5%噻虫胺90 kg/hm^(2),防治效果和商品率最高为86.67%和92.63%,鲜薯产量比对照最高增产14.95%;金龟子绿僵菌2亿/g施用量75 kg/hm^(2),防治效果较好,防治效果和商品率最高为77.85%和91.45%,鲜薯比对照增产最高为9.52%;球孢白僵菌150亿/g 75 kg/hm^(2)防治效果较好,防治效果和商品率最高为78.03%和91.62%,鲜薯比对照增产最高为10.86%。化学药剂噻虫胺和生物药剂金龟子绿僵菌、球孢白僵菌对‘烟薯25’地下害虫防治效果较好,适合在甘薯种植上进行示范推广。

我国马铃薯害虫防控现状与展望

马铃薯是我国主要粮食作物之一,也是粮菜兼用的重要经济作物,在种植业结构调整、保障粮食安全和推进乡村振兴中发挥极其重要的作用。马铃薯害虫是我国马铃薯产业可持续健康发展的严重威胁,本文以马铃薯甲虫、茄二十八星瓢虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、蛴螬、蚜虫等我国马铃薯常发性重大害虫为对象,简要概述了这几类害虫的防控现状,并就马铃薯害虫综合治理未来应重点关注领域进行了讨论。

甘薯病虫害的研究特征与趋势述评

为了解甘薯病虫害领域研究热点和发展趋势,为甘薯病虫害研究提供参考,基于可视化分析软件CiteSpace,对CNKI知网数据库和WOS核心合集数据库中2000—2021年共1648篇甘薯病虫害相关文献进行分析。发表甘薯病虫害文献最多的国家依次为美国和中国;谢逸萍团队和陈书龙团队分别是国内病害和虫害文献发文最多的作者团队,Clark C A团队和Haraguchi D团队分别是国际病害和虫害文献发文最多的作者团队;国际研究机构和团队合作密切,国内研究机构和团队合作较少;Plant Disease和Journal of Economic Entomology分别是病害和虫害发文量最高的国际期刊;关键词分析显示,中文文献研究侧重于茎线虫病和甘薯小象甲,英文文献侧重于甘薯病毒病和烟粉虱。针对严重制约甘薯产业发展的甘薯病毒病、烟粉虱、甘薯茎线虫病和甘薯小象甲,以及新近发生的甘薯茎腐病、甘薯基腐病和甘薯根结线虫病等病虫害,开展智慧检测预警、蔓延机制、功能基因挖掘、抗病虫品种选育、精准对靶施药等研究将逐渐成为热点。

马铃薯蚜虫生物防治研究进展

马铃薯害虫是影响马铃薯产量和质量的要素之一。当下防治害虫主要以化学防治和物理防治为主,而生物防治是目前各类植物病虫害防治领域关注的热点。以马铃薯蚜虫为例,主要介绍了马铃薯蚜虫的主要危害(直接伤害、间接伤害),分析马铃薯蚜虫防治过程中存在过度依赖化学农药、缺乏综合防治策略、马铃薯蚜虫监测和预警系统不完善等问题。总结生物防治技术在马铃薯蚜虫防治中的应用对策,为发展和推广新型生物防治技术,实现更高效、更环保的害虫防治提供参考。

马铃薯主要病虫害绿色防控关键技术

马铃薯在甘肃定西地区广泛栽培,但在栽培过程中极易感染病虫害,对马铃薯的产量、品质造成不利影响。以定西地区为例,就马铃薯栽培过程中主要病虫害绿色防控关键技术展开探讨,以期为广大马铃薯栽培人员提供参考。

浅谈马铃薯栽培技术及病虫害防治措施

马铃薯既是西藏地区重要的粮食作物、原料作物,也是带动当地农民致富增收的重要经济作物,保证西藏自治区马铃薯安全稳定生产,对当地的粮食安全意义重大。以西藏地区为例,分析了马铃薯栽培技术要点,探讨了马铃薯病虫害防治措施,为保障马铃薯的产量和品质提供技术支持。

马铃薯栽培及其病虫害防治技术研究初报

作为一种主要的粮食作物,马铃薯具有极高的经济和社会价值。然而,马铃薯的生产常常受到各种病虫害的严重影响。传统化学农药可以有效控制马铃薯病虫害,但长期依赖化学防治往往会引发一系列环境和健康问题。近年来,随着农业可持续发展和环境保护意识的提高,安全、有效和环境友好的病虫害管理方法越来越受到推崇。论述了土壤和微环境在马铃薯生长中的重要性,分析了影响马铃薯生长的主要病虫害,提出了几种病虫害防治策略,为相关行业提供一定的参考。

马铃薯高产栽培及病虫害防治技术

马铃薯不仅营养价值极高,而且加工方式多样且口味独特,市场对马铃薯的需求量极大。马铃薯属于产量较高的农作物,但是获得高产的前提是必须遵循科学的种植栽培技术,掌握各时期马铃薯管理重点,做好各类病害和虫害防治工作,才能够实现高产。基于此,文章根据临潭县马铃薯生产经验,从马铃薯的栽培技术以及各类病虫害防控策略方面总结了马铃薯高产栽培技术。

欧亚经济联盟进境马铃薯检疫性有害生物名录

欧亚经济联盟(Eurasian Economic Union,EAEU)检疫对象统一清单中主要危害马铃薯的检疫性有害生物有42种(属),体现了EAEU成员国在进境马铃薯检疫方面的关注点。对EAEU进境马铃薯检疫性有害生物名录进行了概述,对其中14种(属)中国国内报道较少的有害生物的分布、寄主、危害等进行了简要介绍,以期为中国马铃薯潜在外来入侵物种提供预警信息参考,并为中国马铃薯出口EAEU提供对策,以及为中国马铃薯产业发展提供建议。

甘薯黑痣病、茎线虫及地下害虫药剂防治试验

针对陕西关中甘薯主产区近年来频发的黑痣病和茎线虫、地下害虫,试验选择9种低毒高效药剂,在陕西省宝鸡市农科院试验基地开展不同药剂田间防治试验研究。试验结果表明:480g/L嘧菌酯对甘薯黑痣病防治效果为52.93%;41.7%氟吡菌酰胺对甘薯茎线虫防治效果为78.79%;200g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺对蛴螬、金针虫等地下害虫防治效果优于40%辛硫磷和1%联苯噻虫胺,平均商品率较对照提高10.62%。

基于马铃薯病虫害知识图谱的问答系统

开展农业知识图谱的问答系统研究在整个智能农业领域中具有重要的意义。以马铃薯病虫害为例,设计了马铃薯病虫害知识图谱问答系统,通过BIO、BMES和BIOES 3种方式标注数据后设计了BIiLSTM-CRF、Word2vec-BILSTMCRF和Bert-BILSTM-CRF 3种模型进行命名实体识别。试验结果表明,BEMS标注方式效果最佳,Bert-BILSTM-CRF模型在命名实体识别时性能最佳,其F_(1)值为85.62%。结合Neo4j图数据库匹配相应Cypher语句实现问答交互,应用基于Javascript语言的VUE前端框架,搭建完整的问答系统页面。