Standardized Production Technology of Virus-free Seed Potato

The research reviewed standardized production technology of virus-free seed potato, including stem tip isolation, tissue culture seedling production, breeder＇s seed and protospecies production, and standard potato tubers＇ production, and concluded a set of standardized production technology for virus-free seed potato, in order to provide theoretical references for improving potato yield.

Study on Virus-free Breeding Technology of Potato Microtuber

It is the simplest,fastest and effective way to improve the yield level of potato by selecting high quality virus-free seed potato for field production and maintaining the original characters of virus-free minituber. Microtuber is featured by small volume,no pathogen,convenient storage and transportation,which can be induced in summer with high temperature and humidity,and overcome a series of problems such as poor survival rate of transplanted test-tube plantlets,and easy pollution of cutting tips. Therefore,it can replace conventional test-tube plantlets directly for reproduction. Meantime,if minitubers are sown ahead of time using cold frame,the growth stage of potato minituber will avoid the occurrence period of aphids. The use of gauze cover for insect prevention has good effect on maintaining the excellent characters of microtuber. The yield and quality of virus-free potato are greatly improved by means of virus-free culture of shoot tip seedlings,subculture propagation of virus-free seedlings,induction of microtubers by dark culture,cultivation of breeder’s seeds in greenhouse and screenhouse to preserve the characters of potato.

Correlations between delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll, metabolism and yield of plants. III. Influence of viral infection on field plants and new technology of clone selection of virus-free planting potato

At the end of potato plants vegetation virus in-fection induced both decrease in maximum amplitude of delayed fluorescence maximal amplitude and increase half time of its decrease, as well as reduction in the amount of stems, plants’ height and assimilation area surface, yield, acceleration of plants development and their early die-off. The differences of DF pa-rameters and yields between strongly and weakly infected plants increase in case of a combined virus infection. In industrial test of the selection of virus-free planting potato by the use of DF parameter, a rise in the yield and de-crease degree of viral infection of crops was obtained.

Establishment of Three Breeding System of Virus-free Strawberry Plantlet in Infantry Regiment of the Twelve Division

Shoot-tip culture of strawberry is the most important way to get virus-free plants.Moreover,detoxification and rapid propagation are the key techniques for producing high-quality seeds and seedlings massively and rapidly and achieving the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency development of strawberry industry.We have recently produced virus-free strawberry seedlings by combing tissue culture technology and stolon-reproduction method and this technology has been widely used.In addition,a relatively perfect three breeding system of virus-free strawberry seedlings was established after production practices,guaranteeing the supply of high-quality seeds and seedlings and technical support for strawberry industry in corps.

Rapid Propagation of Virus-free Sugarcane Plantlets via Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System

By employing temporary immersion bioreactor system(TIBs),we studied virus-free culture of seedlings from sugarcane varieties ROC16 and ROC22,from medium recipe,inoculation amount,sucrose concentration,and variety difference. The results showed,using this method,that proliferation rate of ROC16 improved by 40 times,per flask generated about 800 plantlets; of ROC22 improved by 30 times,per flask generated about 400-600 plantlets. The results provided basis for using TIBs in rapid propagation of plantlets via tissue culture.

A Preliminary Study on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Virus-free Plantlets of Benihoppe Strawberry

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the tissue culture and rapid propagation techniques of Benihoppe strawberry. [ Method] Shoot tips of new stolons of Benihoppe strawberry were used as experimental materials to analyze the effects of media type, cytokinin type and concentration, carbon source type and concentration, and light intensity on tissue culture and propagation of Benihoppe strawberry. [ Result] MS was the optimal media for plantlet propagation. In the media containing 1.2 ing/L BA （with addition of 0.1 mg/L NAA）, fresh weight, dry weight and propagation coefficient of strawberry plantlets reached the maxi- mum, which were 2.259 g, 0. 221 g and 12.4, respectively. The optimal carbon source was 30 g/L sucrose, and the optimal light intensity was 1 600 lx. [ Conclu- sion] The best media for tissue culture and rapid propagation of Benihoppe strawberry was MS ＋ BA 1.2 mg/L ＋ NAA 0. 1 mg/L ＋ sucrose 30 g/L ＋ agar 8 g/L. This study provided scientific basis for large-scale production of Benihoppe strawberry.

Expression of Invertase Genes in Virus-free Sugarcane

Virus-free sugarcane seedlings have improved biomass and sucrose content compared with ordinary seedlings, and sucrose invertases are key enzymes regulating sugarcane growth and sucrose accumulation. In this study, the differences in the expression levels of 3 invertase genes, CWI, SAI and NI, between virus- free and ordinary sugarcane seedlings were analyzed. Compared with ordinary sugarcane plants, the expression of CWI was mainly up-regulated in immature leaves and stems at elongation stage and leaves and immature internodes at maturation stage, and especially, greatly up-regulated in immature interuedes at maturation stage of virus-free plants. The expression of SAI and NI were mainly up-regnlated in leaves and immature internedes of virus-free plants at maturation stage, which might be beneficial to sugar accumulation and rapid utilization of monosaccharide in the stalks of virus-free plants. It is further indicated that virus-free treatment could significantly improve the expression of sucrose invertases at late growth period, and might facilitate the increase of plant biomass.

甘薯苗期黑斑病对薯苗生长的影响及药剂浸种对黑斑病的防治效果

为明确甘薯苗期黑斑病对薯苗生长的影响及25%肟菌·异菌脲悬浮剂浸种的防治效果,通过人工接菌和药液浸种试验,对各处理的种薯发芽、生长、产苗量及薯苗带菌率进行了调查。结果表明,种薯或基质带菌育苗,种薯发芽数与未接菌处理相比没有显著差异;不同浓度25%肟菌·异菌脲悬浮剂浸种对种薯发芽数也未见显著影响。与未接菌处理相比,种薯带菌和育苗基质带菌处理未药剂浸种时产苗量分别减少43.97%和59.82%。使用25%肟菌·异菌脲悬浮剂500 mg/L浸种时,种薯和基质带菌试验中千克种薯产苗分别为74.12株和69.56株,苗床接菌试验中产苗分别为126.92株和85.31株,均显著高于未药剂浸种的处理。调查发现,种薯或苗床带菌会使萌发的嫩芽受黑斑病菌感染,引起死苗、生长停滞和薯苗带菌,是产苗量减少的主要原因。25%肟菌·异菌脲悬浮剂浸种可减少薯苗发病,增加产苗量。

NaCl胁迫下外源亚精胺对马铃薯幼苗生理特征的影响

【目的】研究NaCl胁迫下外源亚精胺(Spd)对马铃薯幼苗生理特征的影响,为新疆盐渍化区域马铃薯种植提供技术参考。【方法】以晋薯16号马铃薯幼苗为材料,采用不同浓度NaCl模拟盐胁迫处理,研究外源亚精胺Spd对马铃薯植株生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的影响。【结果】盐胁迫抑制了马铃薯植株生长,使得超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等酶促类抗氧化酶活性表现为低盐胁迫促进,高盐胁迫抑制;抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(DSH)等非酶促类抗氧化酶含量均降低;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、氨基酸含量升高;外源亚精胺(Spd)通过提高叶绿素含量、根系活力,调节渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性等方式维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能。【结论】外源亚精胺(Spd)可提升马铃薯耐盐性,缓解盐胁迫对马铃薯植株的抑制作用,其中0.9 mmol/L Spd(S 3)浓度缓解效果最明显。

茎段和穴盘大小对北方叶用甘薯越冬育苗的影响

为探索北方叶用甘薯越冬穴盘育苗,设置4个茎段大小(4、6、8、10 cm,用D1、D2、D3、D4表示)和5种穴盘规格(32、50、72、105、128孔),搭配14个处理,研究不同搭配对种苗成活率、幼苗长势(茎粗、株高等)和鲜重等指标的影响。结果表明:相同穴盘下,随着茎段增长,幼苗的成活率、叶片数、基部茎粗和株高呈现增加的趋势,进而地上部鲜重和整株鲜重也随之增加,以D4处理最高。相同茎段下,随着穴盘孔数增加,幼苗的叶片数、基部茎粗、株高、地上部鲜重和全株鲜重减少,源于穴盘对地下部的影响,以32孔处理最高。不同茎段和穴盘搭配下,D4-32处理的生长情况最好,3月中旬,对于地上部鲜重而言,D2-72处理(9.79 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果(两者间无显著性差异),其叶片数、基部茎粗和株高等指标满足移栽水平;对于整株鲜重而言,D2-105处理(10.21 g)可达到与D4-32处理相同的效果,且可节省228.1%的育苗面积,参考其重量,1月中旬,D3-72处理下的地上部和整株鲜重接近上述两个处理的水平,可节省125.0%的育苗面积。综合秧苗生长情况与经济效益,3月中旬移栽时,推荐D2-105,即含2个腋芽茎段与105孔穴盘的搭配,如有生产条件在1月中旬移栽,推荐D3-72,即含3个腋芽茎段与72孔穴盘的搭配。

红薯秧替代玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能、乳品质和养分表观消化率的影响

本研究旨在探究红薯秧替代玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能、乳品质和养分表观消化率的影响。试验将健康状况良好、产奶量相似、泌乳天数和胎次相近的80头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组20头。对照组粗饲料为全株玉米青贮,试验组分别使用15%、30%和45%的红薯秧替代全株玉米青贮为试验饲料,试验共计130 d(其中预饲期10 d,正试期120 d)。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,使用45%的红薯秧替代全株玉米青贮可显著降低奶牛5.5%的干物质采食量(P<0.05);使用45%的红薯秧替代全株玉米青贮可显著提高奶牛5.6%的饲料转化率(P<0.05);此外,使用红薯秧替代玉米青贮对奶牛产奶量无显著影响(P>0.05)。使用30%和45%的红薯秧替代玉米青贮可显著提高奶牛的乳脂产量和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05);此外,使用红薯秧替代玉米青贮对奶牛乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、固形物含量和乳糖含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。使用15%~45%的红薯秧替代玉米青贮可显著提高奶牛的粗蛋白表观消化率(P<0.05);使用30%~45%的红薯秧替代玉米青贮可显著提高奶牛的酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率(P<0.05);此外,使用红薯秧替代玉米青贮对奶牛粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率均无显著影响。总之,在本试验条件下,红薯秧最适替代量为45%。

连续继代培养下培养基降本措施对甘薯组培苗生长的影响

为降低甘薯(Dioscorea esculenta(Lour.)Burkill)组培苗快繁培养的生产成本,提高工厂化育苗的经济效益,在MS基本培养基的基础上,通过简化培养基组成、以自来水代替去离子水、以白砂糖代替蔗糖等降本措施,研究了连续继代培养下培养基组成简化或替代措施对甘薯组培苗生长的影响。结果表明,无论是初代培养还是继代培养,以白砂糖代替蔗糖,对甘薯组培苗生长无显著影响,但去除培养基中的微量元素、有机物质或以自来水代替去离子水,均对组培苗产生不利影响,导致株高降低、增殖系数减小、根系生长变差,且这种不利影响在经历长时间的继代培养后进一步加剧,组培苗生长更差。因此,在甘薯组培苗的工厂化生产中,可以用白砂糖代替蔗糖,降低组培生产成本,而其他降本措施不宜采用。

甘薯移栽机作业工况监测系统设计与试验

针对目前我国甘薯裸苗移栽机存在作业状况难以实时监测分析的问题,设计了一种融合多种传感器的甘薯裸苗移栽监测系统,主要包括信息采集处理与远程监测两部分。以漫反射激光传感器、旋转编码器作为信息采集机构,以PLC作为信息处理与逻辑控制器,并结合DTU设备将移栽机作业工况实时发送至OneNet远程云平台,基于MIT APP Inventor开发了手机APP软件,通过手机访问OneNet云平台实现移栽信息远程查看与分析。对关键装置漏栽监测系统准确度进行了试验,结果表明:漏栽监测系统在3种移栽频率下,最高监测精度为98.45%,平均监测精度为98.15%,可以较好地满足甘薯裸苗移栽精确监测方面的要求。

甘薯秧蔓机械化收获防缠绕割台的设计与试验

为解决甘薯秧蔓相互交错缠绕、难以分离导致收获困难的问题,设计了一种甘薯秧蔓机械化收获防缠绕割台,并对仿垄型拨禾切割机构、伸缩弹齿捡拾机构的作业过程进行受力及运动分析,得到其作业参数范围。为避免仿垄型拨禾切割机构和伸缩弹齿捡拾机构在作业过程中发生缠绕,搭建了甘薯秧蔓机械化收获防缠绕割台的试验台架,进行单因素试验,以此来确定仿垄型拨禾切割机构和伸缩弹齿捡拾机构的最佳转速范围;利用Design-Expert 13.0软件中Box-Behnken试验设计方法,研究前进速度、切割转速、捡拾转速三因素两两交互作用对甘薯秧蔓回收率、缠绕程度、伤薯率的影响,并建立回归模型,进行试验参数优化,得到最优工作参数组合,即前进速度0.995 m/s、切割转速61.043 r/min、捡拾转速100.939 r/min,此时甘薯秧蔓的回收率为94.553%、缠绕程度为2.169%、伤薯率为0.213%。为验证最优参数的可靠性,将最优工作参数组合数据化零为整,作为田间试验的作业参数,进行田间试验验证,结果表明:甘薯秧蔓的薯秧蔓回收率为93.55%,缠绕程度为2.42%,伤薯率为0.38%。

马铃薯机械化收获除杂技术与装备研究进展

高效低损除杂是马铃薯机械化收获的核心环节,直接影响马铃薯的收获效率与收获品质,是助推马铃薯收获模式制定与收获装备研发与产业化进程的关键。由于不同马铃薯种植地区的自然环境等区域差异性较大,各地区马铃薯种植和收获模式复杂多变,因此对马铃薯机械化收获的除杂技术、装置结构和作业原理的需求各不相同。机械化收获除杂是减少生产成本、提高经济效益的重要方法,该研究基于国内马铃薯种植农艺,分析了国内外典型的马铃薯收获机基本结构和技术特点,对马铃薯机械化收获秧膜杂处理技术进行归纳总结,阐述薯土分离、薯秧分离、残膜回收及杂质清选等环节的装置结构与工作原理,对比分析不同除杂装置的特点与技术指标。针对国内覆膜种植、丘陵地区土壤粘重等特点,指出制约国内马铃薯除杂机械化发展的关键问题,并提出规范种植体系,研制适用机型与专用装备,农机农艺农信相融合和产学研相结合等建议,以期为马铃薯机械化收获除杂技术装备的研发应用奠定基础。

甘薯裸苗斜插式栽植机构及电控系统研制

针对目前我国甘薯裸苗移栽机存在的栽植质量差和自动化程度低的问题,按照甘薯裸苗移栽的农艺要求,研制一种基于四连杆机构原理的甘薯裸苗斜插式栽植机构及其控制系统。通过理论分析和仿真模拟研究栽植机构的运动轨迹,确定栽植机构的关键结构参数,构建由直流无刷电机、旋转编码器和PLC控制器等组成的栽植机构电控系统。田间试验表明:在目标株距20 cm、作业速度0.4~0.6 km/h时,移栽作业质量指标均达到标准要求,其中作业速度为0.4 km/h时,作业性能优于0.5 km/h和0.6 km/h,此速度下株距变异系数均值为6.71%、栽植角度与深度合格率平均值分别为94.3%、95.0%。对比试验结果表明,0.4 km/h、0.5 km/h和0.6 km/h速度下,电驱控制与传统机械控制相比,栽植株距变异系数平均值分别降低6.25%、6.37%和6.19%,可有效解决拖拉机动力输出轴驱动不稳定性对栽植作业轨迹和株距的影响。

激素配比对甘薯组织培养及试管苗移栽后生长的影响

研究植物外源激素6-BA和NAA不同配比对甘薯愈伤分化、继代扩繁、试管苗移栽后生长的影响,建立高效的甘薯茎尖离体脱毒培养和快速繁殖技术体系。以推广应用面积较大的甘薯品种‘烟薯25’、‘普薯32’、‘龙薯9号’和‘商薯19’为试验材料,在MS培养基中添加6个不同浓度配比的6-BA、NAA,配制愈伤分化培养基和继代扩繁培养基。探讨茎尖组织愈伤率、成苗率、愈伤组织直径、叶片数,同时调查试管苗移栽成活率、叶片数量、株高、基部茎粗等的差异,研究组培苗愈伤分化、继代扩繁和移栽后生长的最佳配方。‘烟薯25’和‘普薯32’的愈伤分化成苗率在A4处理(1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA)下最高,‘龙薯9号’和‘商薯19’愈伤分化成苗率在A3处理(1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA)下最高;‘烟薯25’在B4处理(0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.4 mg/L NAA)下继代扩繁培养长势较好,移栽后成活率高、生长快,‘普薯32’、‘龙薯9号’和‘商薯19’在B3处理(0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA)下继代扩繁培养长势较好、移栽后成活率最高、生长快。在甘薯茎尖组织愈伤分化、继代扩繁过程中,不同甘薯品种适宜的6-BA、NAA配比存在显著差异,实际生产过程中应充分考虑品种特性。

国内外甘薯移栽技术装备研究现状及展望

甘薯是重要的粮食作物,是工业原料和新能源作物,而我国是世界上最大的甘薯生产国。甘薯种植农艺以裸苗移栽为主,对移栽姿态要求较高,现阶段我国甘薯移栽机械化水平相对于主粮作物相对较低,生产中大多通过人工栽插完成移栽作业,人工生产成本高、劳动强度大,已成为阻碍我国甘薯高质高效发展的主要技术瓶颈。为此,对国外和国内在甘薯机械化移栽领域开展的技术研究和已有生产装备的作业原理进行了分析,对我国在甘薯机械化移栽相关技术研究和装备研发方面存在的问题进行了探讨,并就我国甘薯移栽技术装备的未来发展方向提出相关建议,旨在为我国甘薯移栽技术装备的研究和推广提供一定的参考,促进我国甘薯移栽机械化的发展。

不同排种量对甘薯采苗量和薯苗质量的影响

为了明确排种量对甘薯采苗量和薯苗质量的影响,以商薯19(S19)和烟薯25(Y25)为试验材料,采用平排的方式,设置10、15、20、25 kg/m^(2)4个排种量,其中25 kg/m^(2)为常规排种量,从采苗量、薯苗质量、薯苗生长特性和薯苗群内环境条件(温湿度和光照强度)等方面进行分析。结果表明:S19和Y25的采苗量均随排种量的增加表现先升高后降低的趋势,以20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理最高,分别为2124株/m^(2)和986株/m^(2),较10、15、25 kg/m^(2)处理分别显著增加107.4%、19.1%、10.1%和100.4%、45.4%、8.6%;Y25叶片净光合速率、茎部剪切力和拉伸力也均以20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理最高,分别较25 kg/m^(2)排种量处理显著增加16.54%、25.4%、44.5%;S19和Y25薯苗壮弱比、茎部机械力、茎部木质素含量及叶片、叶柄和茎干率也都是20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理显著高于25 kg/m^(2)排种量处理。S19和Y25薯苗群体中光照强度随排种量的增加而降低,20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理分别较25 kg/m^(2)排种量处理显著增加20.1%和18.2%;相对湿度则随排种量的增加而增加,20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理分别较25 kg/m^(2)排种量处理显著降低12.2%和4.7%;薯苗群体温度均表现为先下降后上升,S19品种20 kg/m^(2)排种量处理温度较25 kg/m^(2)排种量处理显著降低5.1%。综上,适宜排种量可形成合理的薯苗群体结构,改善群体内部小气候,提高光合性能和茎部机械力,促进薯苗干物质积累,显著提高采苗量和薯苗质量,平排条件下以采苗量为目的的最佳排种量为20 kg/m^(2)。

甘薯脱毒苗组培扩繁基本培养基配方的探究与优化

甘薯在种植过程中因连年种植出现的病害发生加重、产量降低、品质变劣等因素严重制约了甘薯产业的发展。甘薯脱毒技术是脱除病毒、恢复品种种性、提高甘薯产量和品质的有效途径,但生产中脱毒苗的供应能力不足,为了探索其解决办法,以徐薯18、龙薯9号为试验材料,根据甘薯龙薯9号扦插苗自身吸收矿质元素的量计算所得的基质培配方龙9以及1/2龙9、MS、1/2MS为处理,进行了脱毒苗组培扩繁的比较探究。结果表明,徐薯18和龙薯9号1/2龙9配方的茎节数和茎长均为最好,但试验过程中该配方出现了叶片黄化现象,故对1/2龙9配方进行了完善,并在徐薯18、龙薯9号、烟薯25、绵薯10号、遂宁524及北京1号6个甘薯品种进行了验证,结果表明1/2改良龙9配方处理下的各品种茎长和茎节数均优于MS配方,这对于解决生产中脱毒苗供应不足的问题以及经济效益的增加有极其重要的作用。