Effect of Variety and Size of Stem Cutting on Flesh Root Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato

Sweet potato is an important food crop which contributes to food security. Storage roots are stored in the ground and harvested when needed. In coastal Kenya, the production of the crop is limited by lack of adaptable varieties and shortage of planting materials at the onset of long rains. The prevailing prices of sweet potato vines for planting present a hindrance for sweet potato cultivation culminating to low acreages by farmers. This study was carried out during the long rains of 2011 to 2013 to determine the effect of variety and size of sweet potato cutting on root yield. Four sweet potato varieties were planted under four stem cutting sizes of four, six, eight and 10 nodes. The four varieties were K135, Bungoma, SPK004 and Mtwapa 8 （check）. The experimental design was a split plot with varieties assigned to main plots and cutting sizes to sub-plots. The number of roots per plant for Bungoma variety was significantly （P 〈 0.05） less than that for the check, and variety K135 showed significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher number of marketable root per plant than the check. The same trend was observed for root yield per hectare. The check variety had the highest percent of dry matter and was significantly higher than that of SPK004 and Bungoma varieties. There were no significant （P 〈 0.05） differences among the stem cutting sizes as regards to number of roots per plant, number of marketable root per plant and percent of dry matter. The cutting size of six nodes gave similar root yield as the recommended eight nodes, and therefore farmers can adopt shorter vines than the recommended, hence saving on the cost of planting materials.

Study on the Relationship Betweenthe Toxin of Phytophthora infestans(Mont.) de Bary and Resistance of Potato

Plant pathogenic fungi produce mycotoxins which may lead host plants to produce disease symptoms and may have a significant positive role in the course of disease development.The putative Phytophthora infestans toxins were prepared by culturing in liquid medium（60 g rye and 10% tomato juice L-1） for 1 mon at 17℃,filtering through four layers of cheesecloth and being precipitated by ammonium sulfate.The resulted putative toxin solutions were used to study the effects on 3 potato varieties（both leaf and tuber tissues）.The results show that potato leaves and tubers exhibit symptoms similar to the late blight resulted from P.infestans infection.Potato varieties reacting differentially to both the toxin dilutions and toxins produced by different P.infestans isolates suggested the presence of toxin-mediated specificities between potato and P.infestans.Potato leaf and tuber tissues have different and contrary reactions to the toxin.Toxin-mediated specificities are likely present between potato and P.infestans.

Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins for the Identification of Crop Varieties

With the development of the international trade and agricultural science and technology, especially after the execution of the rules on protection of new plant varieties, considerable emphasis has been placed on variety identification. Many evidences have suggested that gel electrophoresis have great influence on this area. This paper reviewed study status of various gel electrophoresis, including development of the meth-

Comparison of Physicochemical,Organoleptic and Nutritional Abilities of Eight Sweet Potato(Ipomoea batatas)Varieties

In Martinique (F.W.I.), biodiversity of vegetable varieties remain unexploited due to public unawareness or supply problems. To further enhance the sweet potato, physicochemical, sensory and nutritional characteristics of eight varieties of sweet potato were established. The eight sweet potatoes cultivars were noticeably diverse with phenotypic, sensory, physicochemical and nutritional characteristics which were very varied. The eight cultivars grown in Martinique were advantageously positioned in relation to the globally identified sweet potato, regarding fibre, starch, potassium, copper, vitamin B1, B3 and B9 contents. Compared to the ordinary potato, Martiniquan sweet potatoes have a much better nutritional potential. Energy value and vitamin C levels were twice as much as in normal potatoes. Martiniquan sweet potatoes cultivars were also richer in minerals and vitamins, with 2.7 times more vitamin B9 and 63 times more beta-carotene than the ordinary potato.

Effect of Potassium Levels on Growth and Productivity of Potato Varieties

Potato is one of the priority vegetable crops in the highlands of Eritrea growing as a key component in the livelihood systems of farmers. Potato requires a variety of balanced plant mineral nutrients for growth and development without which yield and qualities of tubers are reduced. Potato growers in Eritrea commonly use Di-ammonium Phosphate, Urea and Farmyard manure while potassium fertilizers are overlooked assuming that the soil is developed from K rich parent material and contains sufficient amount of K to support crop growth. However this assumption is based on the result obtained forty-seven years ago. As a result the yield and quality of potato produced is very low as compared with international standards. Therefore the present experiment was conducted to assess the effect of potassium levels on growth and productivity of potato varieties at Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Eritrea. The experiment was conducted in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with fifteen treatment combinations of three varieties (Ajiba, Zafira and Picasso) and five potassium levels (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg K2O/ha) replicated thrice. The results of the study showed that both variety and potassium had significant effect on growth and yield parameters. Aerial stem number, leaf number per plant and plant height were increased with increasing K levels from 0 to 150 kg while number of days to maturity was increased in the range of 0 - 300 kg K2O/ha. The result also indicated that variety Ajiba treated with 300 kg K2O/ha produced significantly highest tuber weight (1.14 kg) per plant and tuber yield of 49.38 t/ha. The economic analysis result revealed that maximum gross margin 13,665.816 USD/ha was obtained from the application of 300 kg K2O/ha. On the whole, it gives an impression that using potassium fertilizer according to soil requirements will have good influence on growth and tuber yield.

Analysis of Genetical Diversity of Some of the Tetraploides Potato Cultivars Grown in Iran

The genetical diversity of potato, Solanum tuberosum was assessed using morphological traits. To verify, how this diversity is distributed among the main potato varieties grown in Iran. A total of eleven potato varieties, Ramose, Sante, Shepody, Marfona, Maradona, Milova, Santana, Boren, Cosima, Granola and Agria, were evaluated under vivo and situ experimental conditions in Isfahan, conditions, Iran. Seven phenological, floral and morphological vegetative aerial descriptors, Growth Rate = CGR, Net Assimilation Rate = NAR, Leaf Area Duration = LAD, Leaf Area Ratio = LAR and specific Leaf Area = SLA were recorded. The descriptors were evaluated by SAS Software and their means comparison by DMRT test. Certain defined groups were observed, indicating that the diversity of the cultivars are structured with a considerable morphological variation in between the varieties with a very high significant growth indices.

Screening of Extraction Methods for Protein from Potato Tubers

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen different extraction methods for protein from potato tubers.[Methods]The bud eye,lateral and pith parts of Qingshu 168 and Kexin 1 were used as test materials,and were extracted by acetone extraction,trichloroacetic acid(TCA)extraction,salt extraction,alcohol extraction and phenol extraction,respectively.The protein contents of different parts were determined by spectrophotometry.A 2-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of varieties,extraction methods,sampling parts and combinations of different factors on protein content.[Results]The protein contents of different varieties were different,and Qingshu 168 was significantly higher than Kexin 1(P<0.05),reaching 128.0 mg/L.The protein contents obtained by different extraction methods were different.Acetone extraction,salt extraction and TCA extraction showed no significant differences in the protein content,but they were significantly higher than phenol extraction and alcohol extraction(P<0.05).The protein contents obtained by the former three were in the range of153.3-159.7 mg/L.The protein content in the bud eye part of potato tubers was significantly higher than those in the lateral and pith parts(P<0.05),reaching140.7 mg/L.There were significant differences among different combinations of varieties,extraction methods and sampling parts(P<0.05).The comprehensive comparison showed that the salt extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Qingshu 168,and the TCA extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Kexin No.1.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for potato protein extraction and further research.

马铃薯新品种‘牡育薯1号’的选育

‘牡育薯1号’是以‘GP2-12’为母本、‘NS78-17’为父本,通过有性杂交选育而成的鲜食型马铃薯新品种。2022年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号:GPD马铃薯(2022)230011。‘牡育薯1号’生育期77 d,植株半直立,平均株高约68.8 cm,生长势强,茎绿色,叶绿色,花冠浅紫色。天然结实性中等。块茎卵圆形,黄色皮、深黄色肉,芽眼深度中等。平均单株结薯数6.1个,平均单薯重171 g,商品薯率79.70%。干物质含量19.00 g/100 g,淀粉含量13.30 g/100 g,块茎粗蛋白含量2.04 g/100 g,维生素C含量14.20 mg/100 g,还原糖含量1.10%。2年区域试验中,较对照‘克新13号’平均总增产9.16%。中抗晚疫病、中抗马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X,PVX)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)。‘牡育薯1号’适宜在黑龙江省春季种植。

甘薯骨干亲本南瑞苕的利用与研究进展

南瑞苕是从美国引进的优良甘薯品种,也是我国甘薯育种上的骨干种质材料,具有显著的经济效益。收集、整理有关南瑞苕的研究报道和数据,综述南瑞苕的种质研究与引种表现、其后代及衍生品种选育、分子标记及遗传多样性分析、遗传转化等育种利用,组织培养与脱毒技术、块根的发育、代谢及产量、抗氧化特性等栽培生理,茎蔓顶部越冬做种技术、压蔓平栽、施肥与栽插等栽培技术,线虫、黑斑病、病毒病、干旱抗逆性等方面的研究进展;从南瑞苕优良基因的发掘和利用、南瑞苕产量和品质的形成机理和调控因素等方面展望其研究方向。

不同加工型马铃薯块茎中淀粉含量及其理化特性差异分析

马铃薯淀粉是重要工业原料,因其优异的理化特性在原料市场需求量稳定。为探究不同马铃薯品种淀粉理化特性差异,以6个马铃薯品种为研究对象,比较淀粉含量及理化特性,结合其在生育期和贮藏期的动态变化进行综合评价。结果表明,不同马铃薯品种淀粉理化特性在基因型间存在显著差异。生育期间淀粉含量整体呈升高趋势;直链淀粉含量呈阶梯式下降趋势;透明度呈逐步下降趋势;冻融稳定性在苗后70 d最佳。贮藏期间淀粉含量和淀粉析水率主要受贮藏温度影响;直链淀粉含量和淀粉透明度受贮藏温度和贮藏时间的共同调控;淀粉粒径分布因品种而异。通过主成分分析得出,生育期综合表现较好的是延薯5号和东农317,贮藏期综合得分较高的是东农317和克新27。

马铃薯新品种比较试验

为了筛选出适宜克拜地区大面积推广种植的马铃薯新品种,本研究对黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院自育的6个马铃薯品种进行产量、品质的筛选和鉴定试验。结果表明,有3个品种综合性状良好,其中,高淀粉品种克202032-37,块茎圆形,淡黄皮白肉,淀粉含量18.5 g/100 g,产量31 187.50 kg/hm^(2),比对照增产3.96%;中晚熟品种克202045-14,块茎椭圆形,白皮白肉,淀粉含量15.9 g/100 g,产量41 375.00 kg/hm^(2),比对照增产37.92%;中熟品种克202042-2,块茎圆形,白皮白肉,淀粉含量15.7 g/100 g,产量42 820.51 kg/hm^(2),比对照增产42.74%。这3份材料可作为优质品种继续鉴定筛选,为该地区马铃薯高产优质生产提供参考。

早熟彩色马铃薯新品种石薯7号的选育

石薯7号由HZ09-6作母本、WN07-5作父本杂交选育而成。该品种属早熟彩色品种,河北二季作区春季地膜覆盖种植从出苗到成熟65 d左右,植株直立。薯块短卵圆形,红皮红肉,薯皮光滑,芽眼中等;单株结薯数7个,结薯集中,匍匐茎极短,单株块茎质量0.48 kg。中抗晚疫病、早疫病。2019—2020年区域试验平均667 m2产量2077.39 kg,商品薯率82.7%。品质佳,干物质含量(w,后同)19.6 g·100 g^(-1),淀粉含量16.8 g·100 g^(-1),蛋白质含量2.24 g·100 g^(-1),鲜薯维生素C含量15.9 mg·100 g^(-1),还原糖含量0.18 g·100 g^(-1),粗纤维含量0.35 g·100 g^(-1),肉质细腻。适宜在河北省二季作区春播种植。2022年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记。

菜用甘薯品种评价及营养品质分析

本研究对25个菜用甘薯品种进行茎尖表型性状描述、食味以及营养品质评价,并对产量进行比较。结果表明:福菜薯18号、万菜薯5号、湘菜薯2号、鄂菜薯2号、湘菜薯4号、宁菜薯3号、川菜薯211、鄂菜薯3号、福菜薯23、薯绿1号食用品质综合表现与对照福薯7-6相当。隶属函数法评价结果表明,叶片营养品质综合排名前十的依次为福菜薯23、福菜薯18号、万菜薯7号、湘菜薯4号、台农71、万菜薯5号、鄂菜薯2号、湘菜薯3号、宁菜薯4号、鄂菜薯10号;叶柄营养品质综合排名前十的依次为鄂菜薯2号、万菜薯5号、台农71、万菜薯1号、广菜薯3号、福菜薯22、宁菜薯4号、湘菜薯4号、湘菜薯3号、宁菜薯1号;茎营养品质综合排名前十的依次为万菜薯19号、湘菜薯4号、万菜薯8号、鄂菜薯10号、台农71、宁菜薯1号、福菜薯22、川菜薯211、万菜薯5号、福菜薯18号。参试品种中,湘菜薯4号和川菜薯211的茎叶产量显著低于对照品种福薯7-6,其余品种均高于对照或与对照相当。生产上可根据菜用甘薯的营养品质和产量特性进行开发利用及配套栽培技术管理。

马铃薯块茎低温糖化研究进展及展望

为减少马铃薯采收后病虫害、块茎萌发等造成的损失,通常将马铃薯置于2~5℃低温环境贮存,但随马铃薯块茎贮存时间推移,葡萄糖、果糖等还原糖积累过多,发生“低温糖化”(Cold-induced sweetening,CIS)。过高含量的还原糖与游离氨基酸在高温油炸过程中发生化学反应,产生褐色、味苦的物质,严重影响马铃薯加工质量。因此,控制马铃薯低温糖化是马铃薯加工产业链高效运转的关键。综述总结前人研究进展,从低温条件下淀粉-糖代谢响应和马铃薯块茎微观结构变化两个方面,解释低温糖化现象成因,概括马铃薯品种、贮藏条件、植物激素因素对低温糖化的影响,并从分子育种和外源施加植物激素两个方面对调控马铃薯低温糖化提出建议及展望。

乌兰察布马铃薯主栽品种营养品质及淀粉性状比较分析

通过对10个马铃薯品种的干物质、淀粉、还原糖、直链淀粉和支链淀粉、淀粉粒径、淀粉黏度等综合分析,筛选出3个专用马铃薯加工品种。结果表明,希森6号、乌克兰红和G22干物质含量较高,还原糖含量低,透光率、冻融稳定性和沉凝性较高,且支链淀粉含量高,黏度性质优良,综合表现突出,具有良好的推广应用前景。

基于SSR构建中国主栽草莓品种指纹图谱

【目的】利用SSR分子标记构建中国主栽草莓品种的DNA指纹图谱,为保护育种者权益和实现草莓资源的高效鉴定提供基础数据。【方法】以中国目前主栽的草莓品种(70个)为材料,采用荧光毛细管电泳技术对28个SSR分子标记进行评估,利用筛选后的高效SSR标记构建草莓品种的DNA指纹图谱。【结果】从28对引物中选出了5对多态性较高、重复性较好的核心引物。核心引物共检测出40个等位位点,平均每对引物检测出8个等位位点;共检测到142个带型,平均每对引物检测出28.4个带型;各标记的多态信息含量(PIC)为0.79~0.87,平均PIC值为0.83;聚类分析结果表明,草莓品种之间的相似系数范围为0.65~0.97。【结论】成功构建了具有唯一对应关系的70个草莓品种的DNA指纹图谱,为未来草莓品种的资源保护和利用推广提供数据支撑。

陇中黄土丘陵区不同品种马铃薯块茎产量和品质比较

为评价不同品种马铃薯的综合品质性状,以5个中熟和7个晚熟马铃薯品种为参试材料,在陇中黄土丘陵区开展田间试验,对不同品种马铃薯块茎的产量、营养品质和矿质元素进行测定和比较,并采用隶属函数法和系统聚类分析对其进行综合评价。结果表明:中熟品种中,京张薯1号产量最高(14180 kg/hm^(2)),显著高于陇薯20号;晚熟品种中,青薯9号产量最高(20170 kg/hm^(2)),陇薯10号次之(18703 kg/hm^(2)),显著高于其余5个品种。中熟品种中,京张薯1号的淀粉含量、维生素C含量和粗蛋白含量最高,且其矿质元素(K、Zn)含量丰富,希森6号还原糖含量最低;晚熟品种中,陇薯10号淀粉含量、维生素C含量和粗蛋白含量最高,陇薯14号还原糖含量最低,青薯9号和陇薯10号矿质元素(K、Zn)含量丰富。根据综合评价结果,中熟品种京张薯1号和晚熟品种陇薯10号综合品质较优,建议在陇中旱作区推广种植。

马铃薯疮痂病抗病种质资源评价筛选

马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces scabies)近年在中国北方一作区、西南混作区、中原二季作区普遍发生,选育抗病品种是最有效、经济的防治方法。试验筛选对疮痂病具有抗性的马铃薯品种(系)材料。2022年利用自然病圃法对31个马铃薯品种(系)材料的疮痂病抗性进行评价鉴定并测定产量,2023年对筛选出的12份材料重复鉴定。2022年参试的31份品种(系)材料中,‘希森5号’‘Z496’‘Z740’‘Z759’‘Z760’‘Z812’‘Z917’‘Z962’‘Z1148’‘Z1152’‘Z1356’11份品种(系)材料具有疮痂病抗性,产量表现优异。2023年进一步测试鉴定结果表明,‘Z962’连续两年抗性鉴定结果为抗病材料(R),产量与当地主栽品种‘尤金’无显著差异;‘Z1148’‘Z1152’‘Z1356’‘Z740’‘Z760’‘Z917’产量高于对照品种,但仅‘Z740’产量与对照差异显著,对马铃薯疮痂病具有中等抗性(MR)。‘希森5号’和‘Z496’对疮痂病具有较强抗性,可作为杂交亲本材料进行疮痂病抗病育种创制杂交组合。研究筛选评价了31份马铃薯材料疮痂病抗性,为疮痂病抗病育种和病害防控提供基础材料。

基于SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳的马铃薯品种遗传多样性分析及分子身份证构建

【目的】对引进的马铃薯品种进行遗传多样性分析和评价。【方法】使用SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳法分析51份引进的马铃薯品种的遗传多样性,并构建分子身份证。【结果】41对引物共扩增出327个等位位点,311个等位位点在相同位置存在差异性,多态性比例是95.11%;引物多态性信息指数(PIC)在0-0.89之间,平均为0.71;Shannon's(I)在0-0.54之间,平均为0.32。在遗传相似系数GS为0.76时,将供试材料分为6大类,第Ⅰ类包括14个品种;第Ⅱ类包括30个品种,第Ⅲ类包括3个品种,第Ⅴ类包括2个品种;第Ⅳ类和第Ⅵ类各包含1个品种。聚类分析发现维拉斯、定薯4号、克新33号和东农312这4个品种可作为马铃薯育种材料。【结论】筛选到3对核心引物STM0037、SSR0387、SSR01054可用于构建51个马铃薯品种的指纹图谱和分子身份证。

不同品种(系)马铃薯源葡萄糖培养基对腐生真菌的培养效果

【目的】以尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、燕麦镰刀菌(Fusarium avenaceum)、茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、三线镰刀菌(Fusarium tricinctum)为供试材料,筛选适合作为腐生真菌马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(potato dextrose agar,PDA)原料的马铃薯品种。【方法】选用15个不同品种(系)的马铃薯,以商品PDA培养基为对照,初筛对比不同品种(系)马铃薯制备的PDA培养基上尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长速度和产孢量;验证初筛得到的马铃薯品种(系)是否适宜其他镰刀菌株的生长。【结果】初筛得到马铃薯品种(系)17W-12和大西洋制备的PDA培养基对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长速度和产孢量的支持效果最好,菌丝密度、均匀度、边缘整齐度都优于其他品种(系)和商品PDA培养基;陇薯7号和青薯9号制备的PDA培养基表现较差。4种镰刀菌在大西洋品种制备的PDA培养基上生长速度和产孢量均显著高于其他处理组。与青薯9号制备的PDA培养基相比,在大西洋制备的PDA培养基上培养7 d,4种镰刀菌(尖孢镰刀菌、燕麦镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌)的菌丝平均生长速度分别增加了243.73%、243.75%、171.92%、126.28%,产孢量分别增加了18.59倍、4.49倍、1.27倍、2.19倍;与商品PDA培养基相比,在大西洋制备的PDA培养基上培养7 d,4种镰刀菌(尖孢镰刀菌、燕麦镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌)的菌丝平均生长速度分别增加了74.53%、78.33%、178.60%、145.09%,产孢量分别增加了6.57倍、2.14倍、24.64倍、1.57倍。【结论】大西洋是全世界广泛栽培的加工型马铃薯经典品种,可作为PDA培养基的优选原料使用。