Transcriptome analysis reveals effects of red and blue lightemitting diodes(LEDs)on the growth,chlorophyll fluorescence and endogenous plant hormones of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)plantlets cultured in vitro

Red and blue light illumination has been reported to significantly affect plantlet growth.Potato is an important food and feed crop in the world and potato plantlet cultured in vitro plays an important role in potato production.However,few studies have documented the effects of red and blue light on the growth of potato plantlets revealed at the transcriptome level.The objective of this study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro under monochromatic red(RR),monochromatic blue(BB)as well as combined red and blue(RB)LEDs using the RNA-Seq technique.In total,3150 and 814 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected in potato plantlets under RR and BB,respectively,compared to RB(used as control).Compared to the control,the DEGs enriched in"photosynthesis"and"photosynthesis-antenna proteins"metabolic pathways were up-regulated and down-regulated by BB and RR,respectively,which might be responsible for the increases and decreases of maximum quantum yield(F_(v)/F_(m)),photochemical quantum yield(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_(P))and electron transfer rate(ETR)in BB and RR,respectively.Potato plantlets exhibited dwarfed stems and extended leaves under BB,whereas elongated stems and small leaves were induced under RR.These dramatically altered plantlet phenotypes were associated with variable levels of endogenous plant hormones gibberellin(GAs),indoleacetic acid(IAA)and cytokinins(CKs),as assessed in stems and leaves of potato plantlets.In addition,monochromatic red and blue LEDs trigged the opposite expression profiles of DEGs identified in the"plant hormone signal transduction"metabolic pathway,which were closely related to the endogenous plant hormone levels in potato plantlets.Our results provide insights into the responses of potato plantlets cultured in vitro to red and blue LEDs at the transcriptomic level and may contribute to improvements in the micro-propagation of potato plantlets cultured in vitro from the light spectrum aspect.

The Key Factors Affecting Tuber Development of Potato in vitro and the Relation with Protein Fractions

According to previous analysis, some properties bounding up with tuber yield were investigated. The results showed that tuber average weight, plastid Mg2 + -ATPase activity, plastid Ca2 + -ATPase activity, mitochondria Mg2 + -ATPase activity, total soluble protein content, tuber average diameter, and Q-enzyme activity were important factors determining the tuber yield. The linear regression equation was:Y = 0.5211 + 0.0595X(1)+0.8389X(2) +0.0882X(3) -0.0073X(4) +0.1449X(5) +0.3510X(6) +0.0031X(7) -0.00003X(8) + 0.3412X(9) + 0.0127X(10) + 0.2904X(ll) + 0.0570X(12) + 0.0159X(13) + 0.3585X(14) + 0.0134X(15) - 0.1012X(16). At the same time, the relation between several important properties and soluble protein fractions were analyzed.

The Impact of High Temperature during Growing Season on Potato Cultivars with Different Response to Environmental Stresses

Potato crop is the fourth main food crops in the world after maize, rice and wheat. It is characterized by specific temperature requirements and develops best at about 20°C. Forecasts of global warming prompt us to study the tolerance of potato genotypes to heat during the growing season. The aim of this work was to assess the response of chosen potato cultivars to high temperature during the different stages of plant growth under conditions of good soil moisture and drought. The impact of high temperature 32°C/25°C on potato plants was determined in pot experiment in three growth stages. A main measure of tolerance of the potato cultivars to high temperature during the growing season was an evaluation of the yield in relation to the Control combination. Here we demonstrated that tested potato cultivar’s response to high temperature during the growing season is dependent on the growth stage. The earlier it occurs, the more negative its impact on the growth and yield of potatoes is.

Impact of Organic Soil Amendments on the Physical Characteristics and Yield Components of Potato （Solanum tuberosurn L.） in the Highlands of Cameroon

A field experiment was conducted in the Western Highlands of Cameroon to study the effects of Calliandra calothyrsus, sterilized compost, non-sterilized compost and mineral fertilizers （NPK 11：11：22） on physical characteristics, yield components and late blight disease severity of potato （Solanum tuberosum）. A two factorial treatment combination made up of fertilization schemes and sanitary measures were laid out in a randomized complete block design （RCBD） with four replicates and 10 treatments. Data collected were subjected to a multivariate ANOVA and means separated with the Dunnett t-test with Calliandra calothyrsus considered as the main treatment. Mineral fertilizers and Calliandra calothyrsus significantly augmented stem diameter, plant height and plant vigor, total and marketable yields, despite the fact that late blight severity was high in the two treatments. The correlation matrix showed that total yield had significant and positive correlation with stem diameter （r = 0.74）, plant height （r = 0.61）, plant vigor （r = 0.61） and marketable yield （r = 0.99） and negative correlation （r = -37） with late blight severity. The increase observed is attributed to the nutrient contents of the treatments applied. Leafy prunings of C. calothyrsus increase soil organic matter which probably improves moisture retention and biological activity. The highest late blight severity recorded between the 45 and 60 coincides with active development of plant canopy which influences disease severity and create a canopy microclimate conducive to disease development. This study suggests that Calliandra calothyrsus has the potential of improving potato production provided appropriate fungicide is used.

Genetic Variance Estimates in Heterogeneous Potato Populations Propagated from True Potato Seed(TPS)

Twenty nine cross populations developed according to line × tester mating design along with their twelve parents raised from true potato seeds, were used to study variability and correlation for seven characters. The range of variation for all the characters were found to be wide and pronounced which indicated that characters were quantitative in nature and were under polygenic control. For all the characters, greater portion of the total δ2p was mostly contributed by the δ2g. Among the seven characters, tuber weight per plant showed the highest δ2g, PCV, GCV, H2b, GA and expected GA%. On the other hand, dry matter contents (%) showed the lowest H2b. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients of plant height with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant; no. of branches per plant with no. of tubers per plant and tuber weight per plant were found to be significant and positive.

Effects of different planting systems on yield of potato crop in Kaghan Valley: A mountainous region of Pakistan

Conversion of potato from conventional methods to wide bed planting systems may increase water and nitrogen use efficiency in commercial potato production system by reducing the amount of irrigation water and water applied nitrogen fertilizer bypassing the potato root zone. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) cv. Desiree was tested against different planting system for yield and yield components at Kaghan, a high mountainous Himalayan region ofPakistan. The experiment was carried out at Himalayan Agricultural Research Station (HARS), Kaghan during the summer season of 2005. The results showed that maximum tuber growth (88.7%), number of stems per plant (3.5), plant expansion (45.5 cm), average number of tubers per plant (10.1) and yield per hectare (12.4 t/ha) were significantly different and higher when potatoes were planted on wide bed and covered with soil from one side. Tallest plants (53.4 cm) were observed when potatoes were sown on the ridges. Maximum number of green potatoes (12.5) and injured potatoes (5.3%) were observed when the tubers were planted following local farmers’ method. Keeping in view the soil type, land slopping, we recommend sowing potatoes on relatively plain wide beds and covering it with soil from one side, for potato cultivation in the area.

组织培养条件下马铃薯茎段对NaCl基础抗性的研究

本文以马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)东农303和Favorita两个基因型茎段为材料,研究了在组织培养条件下NaCl胁迫对马铃薯不同基因型茎段芽与根的形成以及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,东农303和Favorit两个基因型对NaCl的基础抗性存在差别,依基因型不同NaCl筛选浓度分别为75mmol/L和100mmol/L。本研究明确了马铃薯两个基因型茎段在组织培养条件下对NaCl的基础抗性,为进一步筛选马铃薯耐盐植株奠定了基础。

微量植物组织汁液直接RT-LAMP可视化检测马铃薯卷叶病毒方法的构建

为建立快速的马铃薯卷叶病毒检测方法以应用于脱病毒后大规模样本的检测,构建利用微量植物组织汁液直接逆转录环介导恒温扩增(RT-LAMP)可视化检测马铃薯卷叶病毒的方法,即以无菌大头针的针尖刺马铃薯植株茎尖时所粘附的汁液直接作为RNA模板,采用Bacillus stearothermophilus(Bst) DNA聚合酶进行RT-LAMP扩增,扩增产物通过肉眼观察有无白色沉淀来诊断马铃薯卷叶病毒.该方法快速、操作简单、成本低,在大规模组织培养无病毒种薯生产中具有很大的应用空间.

高温和利巴韦林对马铃薯的生长及PLRV、PYV的影响

为了了解高温和利巴韦林处理对马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)卷叶病毒(Potato leave-roll virus,PLRV)和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato Y virus,PYV)脱毒的影响,以宝塔百利、红王和"803"为材料,采用高温和化学处理结合茎尖培养技术对上述马铃薯进行处理,采用RT-PCR方法检测病毒基因。结果表明,长时间的高温处理抑制马铃薯组培苗的生长,"803"的存活率最高为80.1%,宝塔百利的存活率最低为41.1%;利巴韦林对马铃薯生长的抑制作用较明显,其浓度超过75 mg/L时生根效果差,到125 mg/L时对马铃薯生长抑制效果最明显;RT-PCR结果显示,高温处理结合利巴韦林的处理上均未检测到病毒。

Planting Adaptability of Four Kinds of Common Vegetabless in Shanghai

[Objectives]To explore the planting adaptability of vegetables in Shanghai.[Methods]In this paper,cowpea(Vigna unguiculate(L.)Walp.),cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)were selected as experimental materials and planted in the open air.The growth status,the occurrence of diseases and insect pests,and the taste evaluation of these four kinds of common vegetables were mainly studied.[Results]The results showed that the four kinds of common vegetables in Shanghai had strong growth,strong adaptability,less pests and diseases,and good taste.[Conclusions]The cowpea,cucumber,eggplant,and potato are suitable for planting in Shanghai.

马铃薯DHN基因家族的鉴定与分析

脱水素(dehydrin,DHN)作为一种高亲水性蛋白,在植物响应各种生物、非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。本研究在马铃薯基因组中鉴定出7个StDHNs基因,不均匀地分布在3条染色体上,编码氨基酸数目为80~243 aa,内含子数目均为1;StDHNs蛋白分子量在8.54~25.12 kDa之间,等电点为5.24~7.38,共3个保守motifs,保守基序及进化关系分析表明StDHN家族成员在进化上具有高度的保守性。转录表达分析结果显示,StDHN5、StDHN6、StDHN7在特定逆境胁迫下显著高表达。诱导表达模式分析表明,StDHN5、StDHN6受到盐和ABA胁迫的显著诱导,StDHN7响应干旱胁迫。本研究结果可为深入研究马铃薯DHN基因家族的功能及其在逆境胁迫抗性中的应用提供科学依据。

马铃薯种质资源抗黑痣病鉴定及SSR聚类分析

马铃薯黑痣病已成为影响马铃薯产量和商品价值的重要土传病害。为丰富马铃薯抗黑痣病种质资源,提高抗黑痣病育种工作效率,研究通过54份马铃薯种质资源地下茎与匍匐茎黑痣病抗性评价,共筛选出7份中抗资源,分别为克17-33-270、龙18-124-8、龙18-7-100、ND11-7-22、克18-134-5、克17-115-1、克17-6-9。研究利用8对SSR适宜引物对7份抗性材料DNA进行PCR扩增,获得SSR多态性条带42条,多态性比率89.36%,遗传相似性系数在0.444 4~0.833 3之间,以相似性系数0.62为基准,可将7份抗性材料分为3类,其中克18-134-5和克17-115-1为一类;龙18-124-8和龙18-7-100为一类;克17-33-270、ND11-7-22和克17-6-9为一类。

马铃薯PPR蛋白家族基因SoDIPPR的克隆及其在干旱条件下的表达特征分析

【目的】PPR(pentatricope ptide repeat)蛋白家族在植物的生长发育、细胞器形成、细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复、RNA的编辑加工、细胞核与细胞器之间信号传递、逆境防御等方面具有重要作用。研究旨在了解PPR蛋白家族SoDIPPR基因在马铃薯中的表达情况及其在干旱胁迫下的作用【。方法】以抗旱马铃薯二倍体品系H145为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP技术寻找与抗旱性密切相关的基因cDNA片段,利用RACE技术克隆其基因全长cDNA,并利用半定量RT-PCR和Northern杂交法研究其在干旱条件下的表达情况。【结果】从抗旱马铃薯二倍体品系H145中克隆了一个836bp全长cDNA序列,命名为SoDIPPR,该序列开放阅读框长为588bp,编码195个氨基酸序列。序列分析表明,SoDIPPR蛋白存在PPR结构域、激酶结合区、和C端SMR(small MutS related protein)区域。SoDIPPR蛋白序列与GenBank数据库中的其它PPR蛋白进行同源序列比对,构建系统进化树,发现SoDIPPR与其它14个高等植物的PPR蛋白同源性为57%～82%,与苜蓿DNA错配修复蛋白MuTs2、水稻盐诱导蛋白(Q9LS25)和叶绿体RNA结合蛋白(Q75IP8)的同源性达69%～82%。半定量RT-PCR和Northern杂交结果表明,SoDIPPR基因在干旱胁迫下叶片和根系里的表达量明显增加,说明SoDIPPR基因在马铃薯抗旱中起一定作用。在持续干旱条件下,SoDIPPR基因在抗旱品系H145与干旱敏感品系H214中表达模式不同。【结论】马铃薯SoDIPPR基因编码的蛋白与其它植物PPR家族蛋白同源性较高,SoDIPPR基因参与马铃薯对干旱胁迫的应答反应,可能对抵抗干旱胁迫有一定作用。

水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响

以云南主栽培马铃薯品种会-2和合作88为材料,进行盆栽比较试验,研究了水分胁迫对马铃薯光合生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,两种马铃薯品种的叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶面积、SPAD值和产量随干旱胁迫强度增强而降低。两种马铃薯品种水分胁迫处理结果存在差异。随干旱胁迫强度增强,会-2品种光合生理指标、叶面积下降程度较合作88品种小,但合作88品种产量下降程度较会-2品种小。

氮磷钾及有机肥对马铃薯生长发育和干物质积累的影响

采取田间试验,探讨不同施肥处理对马铃薯生长发育及干物质积累的影响。结果表明,N1PKM处理(氮300 kg.hm-2,磷200 kg.hm-2,钾200 kg.hm-2,有机肥17.5 t.hm-2)的马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量最高,比对照处理的叶片叶绿素a、b、总量分别高出15.12%、18.18%和36.37%。施用磷肥有效促进了叶面积的增加,N1PKM、N1P、N1PK、P处理的叶面积比对照分别高出27.78%,24.57%,20.26%和20.16%。其中施用磷肥促进马铃薯根系生长的效果最明显,而单施钾肥、有机肥对根长发育的影响不明显。氮、磷、钾、有机肥配比施用可以促进马铃薯地上及地下部的生长,采用氮磷钾与有机肥配合施用时,马铃薯干物质累积总量N1PKM>N1PK>N1K>N1P。N1PKM处理的马铃薯生物量较对照显著提高了117.1%,可以作为旱地马铃薯的施肥方案。

多效唑对马铃薯试管苗生长和块茎形成的影响

采用离体培养方法,研究了不同浓度多效唑处理对马铃薯试管苗生长和块茎形成的影响.结果表明,0.1～1mg/L多效唑处理完全抑制了MS扩繁培养基中马铃薯试管苗的生长,而0.01mg/L多效唑处理虽抑制了试管苗茎叶的生长,但叶色加深、根重和根长显著增加.在试管薯诱导条件下,0.1mg/L多效唑处理促进了'夏波蒂'提早结薯,使单瓶试管薯鲜重、平均直径和单薯鲜重都显著增加,同时降低了畸形薯率;而单瓶试管薯的结薯数量低于BA+CCC处理,但接近对照.这些结果表明:与广泛应用的矮壮素相比,在马铃薯试管薯生产中使用多效唑能提高试管薯产量和质量,且其使用浓度仅为矮壮素的1/5000,有利于降低残留并节约成本,是矮壮素较好的替代物之一.

马铃薯开花与未开花品种的生理生化差异性研究

研究马铃薯开花与未开花品种叶片的生理生化差异性,旨在探讨这些物质变化与花芽分化的相关性。以马铃薯开花品种YS205、HZ88和未开花品种YS304为材料,研究3个品种在花芽分化前期、始花期、盛花期和末花期的叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性以及碳水化合物的含量变化,结果表明,3个品种的可溶性蛋白质含量均先升后降,其中YS304上升和下降的速度较快;淀粉和可溶性糖含量整体呈上升趋势,YS304的含量变化趋于平缓;3个品种的SOD活性均不断上升,以YS304的上升速度最快;POD和CAT活性先升后降,在花芽分化前期均以YS304的活性最高,之后3个品种活性迅速下降;盛花期各器官的碳水化合物以花蕾中的最高,花蕾中的SOD活性较低,POD和CAT活性较高,说明花蕾是叶片同化产物供应的主要部位。可以看出,积累较高的淀粉和可溶性糖含量有利于花芽分化,但较高的蛋白质含量不一定促进花芽分化,花芽分化前期未开花品种YS304的酶活性较开花品种YS205和HZ88上升得快,但并未促进其开花,说明马铃薯开花与否,受叶片中淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响较大。

纯合四倍体马铃薯遗传转化体系优化及转基因块茎的褐化鉴定

以农杆菌介导的反义POT32基因对纯合四倍体马铃薯不同外植体类型进行遗传转化,发现叶片预培养2d,侵染10min,共培养3d所得的抗性愈伤组织频率最高,污染频率最低。茎段预培养2～3d,侵染8min,共培养2d能够获得较高的抗性愈伤组织频率和较低的茎外植体污染率。试管微型薯在农杆菌工程菌侵染10min时获得高达52.8%的抗性愈伤组织频率。另外,1mg/LNAA+5mg/LGA3+2mg/LZT的激素配比能够有效促进不定芽分化并提高转化频率,其不定芽及转化频率分别为12.5%和8.3%。对块茎褐化的检测结果表明,转基因块茎的褐变强度和PPO活性明显低于对照(未转基因品种),且PPO活性与褐变强度及褐变指数呈正相关(r1=0.8244**,r3=0.7524*)。损伤后的转基因块茎的褐化出现时间及褐化指数明显迟于及低于对照。

超低温保存法去除马铃薯X病毒和马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒

病毒病严重危害马铃薯生产,是造成马铃薯减产和品质下降的主要因素。PVX和PSTVd属于危害马铃薯最主要的病毒。本文尝试用超低温保存法和常规方法(茎尖分生组织培养、温热疗法以及温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养)来去除马铃薯试管苗中的PSTVd和PVX。结果显示马铃薯茎尖经过超低温保存后,存活率和成苗率分别为83.64%和72.04%,高于茎尖分生组织培养(46.67%和31.49%)、温热疗法(72.22%和44.44%)以及温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养(50.54%和30.38%)。4种方法都可以去除PVX,其中超低温保存法的脱毒率最高,为59.13%,温热疗法结合茎尖分生组织培养为56.02%,温热疗法和茎尖分生组织培养较低,为42.61%和35.83%。但是4种方法都未能有效地去除PSTVd类病毒,只能通过严格检疫来控制。

保水剂特性测定及其在农业中的应用

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