Identification of Microorganisms in Poultry Farms in N’djamena and the Border Areas of Hadjer-Lamis and Chari-Baguirmi Chad

Introduction: On the outskirts of Ndjamena, semi-industrial poultry farming and traditional poultry farming are practised informally on almost all poultry farms in Chad. This type of poultry farming is faced with real health problems attributable to a lack of monitoring of the vaccination schedule, inadequate compliance with biosecurity measures and poor application of the Ichikawa rule based on the 5 M’s. Objective: The aim of this article is to identify the microorganisms responsible for contamination of poultry farms in the study area. Method: The study was carried out from 28/04/2022 to 31/01/2023 on the basis of 300 samples taken from feed, drinking water, droppings and scrapings from poultry housing surfaces in the 30 farms that served as a framework for our research. Sampling was of the simple random type, and farms were selected on the basis of the farmers’ consent. The data were recorded on pre-established survey forms. Our study was cross-sectional, descriptive and prospective. Bacteria were isolated using the reference method NF EN ISO 6579 for Salmonella spp. and cultured on the specific medium eosin methylene blue (EMB) for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Citrobacter freundii. Results: The following results emerged from this study: Escherichia coli (5.33%), Pseudomonas (1.33%), Citrobacter freundii (12%) and Salmonella paratyphi (21.68%). Conclusion: Of the 300 samples analysed, 121 (40.33%) were contaminated with pathogens. This high level of contamination is a health problem. The study shows that biosecurity is less satisfactory on the farms visited. Nevertheless, farms with a very satisfactory level of biosafety ensure food safety and variety for the population.

Planning Evaluation on Spatial Layout of Livestock and Poultry Farms

The problems of spatial layout in livestock and poultry farms were discussed, and the development status of the planning evaluation on the spatial layout in recent years was systematically reviewed. The research progress in planning evaluation systems and methods was mainly intro- duced. And some opinions were proposed to solve these problems.

Detection and Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Part Poultry Farms in Eastern China

Heavy metal contents of water, feed and manure samples in part poultry farms in Eastern China were investigated. In the survey, 49 samples were col- lected including 16 water samples, 24 feed samples and 9 manure samples. The Samples were processed by microwave digestion, the contents of copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, plumbum （Pb）, cadmium （Cd） and chromium （Cr） were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry, the contents of arsenic （As） and mercury （Hg） were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（1CP-MS）. The Sesults showed that the contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Cr in water samples were very low, which reached The Standard of Class 111 Water Quality according to Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water. The contents of Cr and As in part feed samples exceeded National Hygienical Standard, and the exceeding standard rates of Cr and As reached 33.3% and 8.3%, the highest contents of Cr and As were 622.5 mg/kg and 5.8 mg/kg respectively. The contents of all the metals in manures were in the range of the standard except Cu. The study suggested that heavy metal pollution existed in a few poultry farms, the contents of Cu, Cr and As in feeds should be controlled.

Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Small-Scaled Poultry Farms and Retail Chicken

Antibiotics used for agricultural purpose has contributed to the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of ESBL-producing E. coli in small-scaled poultry farms and retail chicken. The cultured E. coli isolates were subjected to phenotypic tests, susceptibility tests, and the polymerase chain reaction for detection of blacTX-M, blasHv, and blaTEM genes. From 120 samples each of chicken feces, retail chicken, soil and chicken feed, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were detected in 75.9%, 63.6%, 39.2%, and 13.3% of the samples, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration （MICs） values indicated that ESBL-producing E. coli were resistance to ampicillin （MIC 〉 32 μg/mL）, gentamicin （M1C ≥ 16 μg/mL）, cefotaxime （MIC 〉 4 μg/mL） and cefhiaxone （MIC 〉 4 gg/mL）, respectively. The total resistance for imipenem was also observed at 1.0% （MIC ≥ 4 gg/mL） and none of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime （MIC 〉 16 μg/mL）. ESBL-producing E. coli from chicken feces and retail chicken carried blasHv gene at a rate of 6.8% and 5.7%, respectively and blaCTX-M gene was also revealed at 2.9% in retail chicken. Moreover, ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from soil harbored blasnv and blaCTX-M genes at 5%. None of the feed samples yielded ESBLs genes. Twenty three resistance patterns were observed for multi-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli. This study highlights the prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistant ESBL-producing E. coli in small-scaledpoultry farms and retail chicken, hence the need to review poultry management practices to minimize the occurrence.

Labour and Multi-factor Productivity Analysis and Their Impact on Operations： A Case Study of a Large Poultry Farm

This paper investigates a large integrated poultry farm in terms of its operations, its labour, and multi-factor productivity based on the operations data received from two processing plants over a period of 15 months. The purpose of this paper is to： （a） identify and classify various types of costs that impact the operational success of the farm; （b） collect data, compute labour productivity, multi-factor productivity, rejects, and losses for the two plants; （c） compare the two processing plants of the company from various perspectives, such as rejection in products, process losses, and different types of costs; and （d） recommend ways to improve the productivity and operations of the processing plants to produce good quality products and reduce wastes during the production.

Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming （ECCLPF） in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city＇s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city＇s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei＇an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.

Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant <i>Listeria species</i>in Faecal Samples of Poultry Chickens in Rural Farms in Lagos State, Nigeria

Background: Listeriosis is a common zoonotic disease caused by a foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Poultry meat and products have been established as vehicles of transmission of pathogenic Listeria strains to humans. This study evaluates the occurrence of Listeria species in faeces of poultry chicken in Lagos. Methods: One hundred and fourteen pooled fresh faecal samples from cage-reared broiler chickens were collected from 12 farms in three rural areas in Lagos State from May to August 2019. All samples were analysed for Listeria species detection according to ISO11290-1 standard and confirmed using PCR assay. Susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: Twenty-eight (24.6%) Listeria species were detected from 114 faecal samples. The isolated Listeria species were L. monocytogenes 8 (7.0%), L. ivanovii 9 (7.9%), L. grayi 7 (6.1%) and L. innocua 4 (3.5%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of Listeria species across the different locations (X2 = 4.98, p = 0.08). The listeria species were susceptible to Augmentin (96.4%), vancomycin (85.7%) and co-trimoxazole (82.1%), but resistant to ceftazidime (100%), tetracycline (75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (71.4%). Conclusion: This study reveals high occurrence of multi-drug resistant Listeria species in faecal samples of poultry chickens in Lagos state which may be an important vector in the contamination of the environment and transmission of antibiotic resistant Listeria species to consumers.

Role and Effects of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves in the Growth Process of Livestock and Poultry

Substitutes of feed antibiotics have been a key research topic in the new stage of animal husbandry.Chinese veterinary medicine refers to decoction pieces and their preparations processed from natural plants,animals,and minerals and used for animal disease prevention and improvement of animal production performance under the guidance of Chinese veterinary pharmacy theory.Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract has many active functional components such as chlorogenic acid,E.ulmoides polysaccharides and flavonoids,which have many biological properties such as antibacterial,antioxidant,immune-regulation,sugar ester-and bone metabolism-regulation effects.This paper explored active ingredients and biological properties of E.ulmoides leaf extract,as well as its role and effects in livestock and poultry breeding,providing a scientific basis for the use of E.ulmoides leaves in livestock and poultry breeding.

Study of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Methacompost from a Poultry Company in Ivory Coast: Test for Growing Big Sun Chilli

The objective of this work was to determine the suitability of poultry methacompost from the 2nd methanizer of the BRIN FOUNDATION in Yaokokoroko (Bondoukou, Côte d’Ivoire), to be used in the improvement of soil fertility. The methacompost studied has a C/N ratio = 17.26, which could characterize a stable methacompost with high amending power. It also contains mineral elements Nitrogen (N) = 0.68% DM;Phosphorus (P) = 0.084% DM;Potassium (K) = 0.67% DM;Calcium (Ca) = 0.65% DM;Magnesium (Mg) = 0.15% DM. red in the standard relating to the organic amendments (NFU 44-051). The methacompost has fertilizing and amending properties and could not present any risk for vegetation and soils.

Estimation of interannual trends of ammonia emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2017

As the only alkaline gas in the atmosphere,ammonia could react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to form the secondary particles.A large amount of NH3 in the atmosphere accelerates the rate of formation of fine particles;it therefore plays an important role in haze pollution.Livestock and poultry farming and nitrogen fertilizer application are the two main NH3 emission sources.Jiangsu Province contributes the largest proportion of NH3 emissions from agriculture in key areas of national air pollution control in China.The aims of this study are to investigate NH3 emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province using the emissions factor method,and analyze and summarize the characteristics and trends of NH3 emissions from 2000 to 2017.Results show that the NH3 emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2017 were mainly contributed by livestock and poultry farming(78.08%)and nitrogen fertilizer application(21.92%).Furthermore,a general fluctuation trend of an initial decrease and then an increase,of NH3 emissions from agriculture,could be found from 2000 to 2012,with minimum NH3 emissions in 2007(708.76 kt yr−1)and maximum emissions in 2012(837.64 kt yr−1);and then a decreasing trend was apparent from 2012(837.64 kt yr−1)to 2017(690.64 kt yr−1).A detailed estimation of the interannual trends and potential measures are also proposed.This study provides a solid theoretical foundation for the development of NH3 emissions control in Jiangsu Province.

Parasitoids Collected from Animal Feces in Brazil

The purpose of the paper is to report the species of dipteran parasitoids in poultry feces on farms,buffalo,and cattle in the field in Brazil.The experiments were carried out from April 2006 to December 2007.The pupae were obtained by the flotation method.They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergency of the adult flies or their parasitoids.The specie more frequent was Spalangia endius Walker(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)with 7.2%.Were obtained from bovine feces 628 pupae of dipterous in buffalo feces,3,437 pupae were collected and from chicken feces 2,799 pupae,from which 78,172 and 504 parasitoids emerged,respectively.The most frequent species in bovine,of buffalo and chicken feces were:Gnathopleura quadridentata Wharton(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)with 25.6%,Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)with 21.5%and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae(Rondani,1875)with 46.8%,respectively.

EGG PRODUCTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK

Eggs are one of the most nutritious and affordable animal products worldwide.From 1985,egg production in China has retained the leading place in the world.A total of 33 Mt of eggs were produced in 2019 representing˃40%of the world total production.Egg production in China is characterized by diversity in several aspects,including layer breeds,products and production systems.New breeds and synthetic lines are developed to improve the genetic potentials of egg production and feed efficiency of layers.In the past,layer farms were run mostly by small households with 100 to 1000 layers per farm.Over the past decades,egg production in China has developed toward standardization and expansion of production systems,and many of these modern intensive farms raise millions of layers.Although the Chinese egg products maintain strong competitiveness over other animal products and imported egg products,the egg industry will grow at a slower pace compared to the past.Chinese consumers are more concerned about the quality and safety of eggs and egg products,as well as the environmental issues related to animal production,which presents challenges for the Chinese egg industry.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC WEIGHING PLATFORM FOR MONITORING BODYWEIGHT OF BROILER CHICKENS IN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION

Bodyweight is a key indicator of broiler production as it measures the production efficiency and indicates the health of a flock.Currently,broiler weight(i.e.,bodyweight)is primarily weighed manually,which is timeconsuming and labor-intensive,and tends to create stress in birds.This study aimed to develop an automatic and stress-free weighing platform for monitoring the weight of floor-reared broiler chickens in commercial production.The developed system consists of a weighing platform,a real-time communication terminal,computer software and a smart phone applet userinterface.The system collected weight data of chickens on the weighing platform at intervals of 6 s,followed by filtering of outliers and repeating readings.The performance and stability of this system was systematically evaluated under commercial production conditions.With the adoption of data preprocessing protocol,the average error of the new automatic weighing system was only 10.3 g,with an average accuracy 99.5%with the standard deviation of 2.3%.Further regression analysis showed a strong agreement between estimated weight and the standard weight obtained by the established live-bird sales system.The variance(an indicator of flock uniformity)of broiler weight estimated using automatic weighing platforms was in accordance with the standard weight.The weighing system demonstrated superior stability for different growth stages,rearing seasons,growth rate types(medium-and slow-growing chickens)and sexes.The system is applicable for daily weight monitoring in floor-reared broiler houses to improve feeding management,growth monitoring and finishing day prediction.Its application in commercial farms would improve the sustainability of poultry industry.